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NCERT Textbook - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
tUe % 14 vizSy] lu~ 1891] egw (eè; izns'k)esa
izeq[k jpuk,¡ %nW dkLV~l bu bafM;k] ns;j esosQfu”e]
tsusfll ,aM MsoyiesaV (1917] izFke izdkf'kr o`Qfr)_
n vuVpscYl] gw vkj ns\ (1948)_ gw vkj n 'kwnzk”k
(1946)_ cq¼k ,aM fg”k èkEek (1957)_ FkkV~l vkWu
fyaX;qfLVd LVsV~l (1955)_ n izkWCye vkWI
+
kQ n jQih(1923)_
n ,cksyq'ku vkWI
+
kQ izksfoaf'k;y I
+
kQk;ukal bu fczfV'k bafM;k
(ih,p-Mh- dh Fkhfll] 1916)_ n jkb”k ,aM I
+
kQkWy vkWI
+
kQ
n fganw oheSu (1965)_ ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV(1936)_
yscj  ,aM  ikfyZ;kesaVªh  MSeksØslh(1943)_  cqf¼”e  ,aM
dE;qfu”e(1956)] (iqLrosaQ o Hkk"k.k)_ ewd uk;d] cfg"o`Qr
Hkkjr] turk(if=kdk&laiknu)_ ¯gnh esa mudk laiw.kZ okÄ~e; Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dY;k.k ea=kky;
ls ckck lkgc vakcsMdj laiw.kZ okÄ~e; uke ls 21 [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gks pqdk gS
fuèku % fnlacj] lu~ 1956 fnYyh esa
vxj balkuksa osQ vuq:i thus dh lqfo/k oqQN yksxksa rd gh lhfer gS] rc ftl
lqfoèkk dks vkerkSj ij Lora=krk dgk tkrk gS] mls fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dguk mfpr gSA
ekuo&eqfDr osQ iqjks/k ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj vius le; osQ lcls lqifBr
tuksa esa ls ,d FksA izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ ckn cM+kSnk ujs'k osQ izksRlkgu ij mPprj f'k{kk osQ
fy, U;w;koZQ(vesfjdk)fiQj ogk¡ ls yanu x,A mUgksaus laLo`Qr dk /kfeZd] ikSjkf.kd vkSj iwjk
oSfnd okÄ~e; vuqokn osQ ”kfj;s i<+k vkSj ,sfrgkfld&lkekftd {ks=k esa vusd ekSfyd
LFkkiuk,¡ izLrqr dhaA lc feykdj os bfrgkl&ehekald] fofèkosÙkk] vFkZ'kkL=kh] lekt'kkL=kh]
f'k{kkfon~ rFkk èkeZ&n'kZu osQ O;k[;krk cu dj mHkjsA Lons'k esa oqQN le; mUgksaus odkyr
Hkh dhA lekt vkSj jktuhfr esa csgn lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, mUgksaus vNwrksa] fL=k;ksa vkSj
e”knwjksa dks ekuoh; vfèkdkj o lEeku fnykus osQ fy, vFkd la?k"kZ fd;kA
15
Reprint 2024-25
Page 2


ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
tUe % 14 vizSy] lu~ 1891] egw (eè; izns'k)esa
izeq[k jpuk,¡ %nW dkLV~l bu bafM;k] ns;j esosQfu”e]
tsusfll ,aM MsoyiesaV (1917] izFke izdkf'kr o`Qfr)_
n vuVpscYl] gw vkj ns\ (1948)_ gw vkj n 'kwnzk”k
(1946)_ cq¼k ,aM fg”k èkEek (1957)_ FkkV~l vkWu
fyaX;qfLVd LVsV~l (1955)_ n izkWCye vkWI
+
kQ n jQih(1923)_
n ,cksyq'ku vkWI
+
kQ izksfoaf'k;y I
+
kQk;ukal bu fczfV'k bafM;k
(ih,p-Mh- dh Fkhfll] 1916)_ n jkb”k ,aM I
+
kQkWy vkWI
+
kQ
n fganw oheSu (1965)_ ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV(1936)_
yscj  ,aM  ikfyZ;kesaVªh  MSeksØslh(1943)_  cqf¼”e  ,aM
dE;qfu”e(1956)] (iqLrosaQ o Hkk"k.k)_ ewd uk;d] cfg"o`Qr
Hkkjr] turk(if=kdk&laiknu)_ ¯gnh esa mudk laiw.kZ okÄ~e; Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dY;k.k ea=kky;
ls ckck lkgc vakcsMdj laiw.kZ okÄ~e; uke ls 21 [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gks pqdk gS
fuèku % fnlacj] lu~ 1956 fnYyh esa
vxj balkuksa osQ vuq:i thus dh lqfo/k oqQN yksxksa rd gh lhfer gS] rc ftl
lqfoèkk dks vkerkSj ij Lora=krk dgk tkrk gS] mls fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dguk mfpr gSA
ekuo&eqfDr osQ iqjks/k ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj vius le; osQ lcls lqifBr
tuksa esa ls ,d FksA izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ ckn cM+kSnk ujs'k osQ izksRlkgu ij mPprj f'k{kk osQ
fy, U;w;koZQ(vesfjdk)fiQj ogk¡ ls yanu x,A mUgksaus laLo`Qr dk /kfeZd] ikSjkf.kd vkSj iwjk
oSfnd okÄ~e; vuqokn osQ ”kfj;s i<+k vkSj ,sfrgkfld&lkekftd {ks=k esa vusd ekSfyd
LFkkiuk,¡ izLrqr dhaA lc feykdj os bfrgkl&ehekald] fofèkosÙkk] vFkZ'kkL=kh] lekt'kkL=kh]
f'k{kkfon~ rFkk èkeZ&n'kZu osQ O;k[;krk cu dj mHkjsA Lons'k esa oqQN le; mUgksaus odkyr
Hkh dhA lekt vkSj jktuhfr esa csgn lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, mUgksaus vNwrksa] fL=k;ksa vkSj
e”knwjksa dks ekuoh; vfèkdkj o lEeku fnykus osQ fy, vFkd la?k"kZ fd;kA
15
Reprint 2024-25
Je foHkktu vkSj tkfr&izFkk
121
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa esa ls ,d MkW- Hkhejko vakcsMdj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
fparu esa vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ LFkku osQ vfèkdkjh gSaA mUgksaus thou Hkj nfyrksa dh eqfDr ,oa
lkekftd lerk osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA mudk iwjk ys[ku blh la?k"kZ vkSj ljksdkj ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA Lo;a nfyr tkfr esa tUes MkW- vakcsMdj dks cpiu ls gh tkfr&vkèkkfjr
mRihM+u&'kks"k.k ,oa vieku ls xqtjuk iM+k FkkA blhfy, fo|ky; osQ fnuksa esa tc ,d
vè;kid us muls iwNk fd ¶rqe i<+&fy[k dj D;k cuksxs\¸ rks ckyd Hkhejko us tokc
fn;k Fkk eSa i<+&fy[k dj odhy cuw¡xk] vNwrksa osQ fy, u;k dkuwu cukm¡Qxk vkSj
NqvkNwr dks [kRe d:¡xkA MkW- vakcsMdj us viuk iwjk thou blh ladYi osQ ihNs >ksad
fn;kA blosQ fy, mUgksaus tedj i<+kbZ dhA O;kid vè;;u ,oa ¯pru&euu osQ cy ij
mUgksaus ¯gnqLrku osQ Lokèkhurk laxzke esa ,d u;h varoZLrq Hkjus dk dke fd;kA og ;g
Fkk fd nklrk dk lcls O;kid o xgu :i lkekftd nklrk gS vkSj mlosQ mUewyu osQ
fcuk dksbZ Hkh Lora=krk oqQN yksxksa dk fo'ks"kkfèkdkj jgsxh] blfy, vèkwjh gksxhA
muosQ fparu o jpukRedrk osQ eq[;r% rhu izsjd O;fDr jgsµcq¼] dchj vkSj
T;ksfrck iqQysA tkfroknh mRihM+u osQ dkj.k ¯gnw lekt ls eksgHkax gksus osQ ckn os cq¼ osQ
lerkoknh n'kZu esa vk'oLr gq, vkSj 14 vDrwcj] lu~ 1956 dks 5 yk[k vuq;kf;;ksa osQ
lkFk ckS¼ erkuq;k;h cu x,A
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku&fuekZ.k esa mudh egrh Hkwfedk vkSj ,dfu"B leiZ.k osQ dkj.k gh
ge vkt mUgsa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk fuekZrk dg dj J¼katfy vfiZr djrs gSaA mudh
lewph cgqeq[kh fo}Ùkk ,dkar Kku&lkèkuk dh txg ekuo&eqfDr o tu&dY;k.k osQ fy,
Fkhµ;g ckr os vius fparu vkSj fØ;k osQ {k.kksa ls cjkcj lkfcr djrs jgsA vius bl
iz;kstu esa os vfèkdrj liQy Hkh gq,A
;gk¡ izLrqr ikB vkacsMdj osQ fo[;kr Hkk"k.k ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV (1936)
osQ yybZ flag ;kno }kjk o`Qr ¯gnh&:ikarj tkfr&Hksn dk mPNsn osQ nks izdj.kksa osQ rkSj
ij gSA ;g Hkk"k.k tkfr&ik¡fr rksM+d eaMy (ykgkSj) osQ okf"kZd lEesyu (lu~ 1936) osQ
vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k osQ :i esa rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk_ ijarq bldh Økafrdkjh n`f"V ls vk;kstdksa
dh iw.kZr% lgefr u cu ldus osQ dkj.k lEesyu gh LFkfxr gks x;k vkSj ;g i<+k u tk
ldkA ckn esa] vkacsMdj us bls Lora=k iqfLRkdk osQ :i esa izdkf'kr dj forfjr fd;k] tks
i;kZIr yksdfiz; gqbZA muosQ vuqlkj lekurk] Lora=krk o caèkqrkµ ;s rhu rÙo vkn'kZ lekt
esa vfuok;Zr% gksus pkfg,] ftlls yksdra=k lkewfgd thoup;kZ dh ,d jhfr rFkk lekt
osQ lfEefyr vuqHkoksa osQ vknku&iznku dh izfØ;k osQ vFkZ rd Hkh igq¡psA ;gk¡ izLrqr ikB
mDr iqfLrdk osQ izfrfufèk izdj.k gSaA vkt osQ tkfr&e”kgc vkèkkfjr fo"kkDr
lkekftd&jktuSfrd ekgkSy esa budh izklafxdrk vkSj c<+ xbZ gSA
ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
Reprint 2024-25
Page 3


ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
tUe % 14 vizSy] lu~ 1891] egw (eè; izns'k)esa
izeq[k jpuk,¡ %nW dkLV~l bu bafM;k] ns;j esosQfu”e]
tsusfll ,aM MsoyiesaV (1917] izFke izdkf'kr o`Qfr)_
n vuVpscYl] gw vkj ns\ (1948)_ gw vkj n 'kwnzk”k
(1946)_ cq¼k ,aM fg”k èkEek (1957)_ FkkV~l vkWu
fyaX;qfLVd LVsV~l (1955)_ n izkWCye vkWI
+
kQ n jQih(1923)_
n ,cksyq'ku vkWI
+
kQ izksfoaf'k;y I
+
kQk;ukal bu fczfV'k bafM;k
(ih,p-Mh- dh Fkhfll] 1916)_ n jkb”k ,aM I
+
kQkWy vkWI
+
kQ
n fganw oheSu (1965)_ ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV(1936)_
yscj  ,aM  ikfyZ;kesaVªh  MSeksØslh(1943)_  cqf¼”e  ,aM
dE;qfu”e(1956)] (iqLrosaQ o Hkk"k.k)_ ewd uk;d] cfg"o`Qr
Hkkjr] turk(if=kdk&laiknu)_ ¯gnh esa mudk laiw.kZ okÄ~e; Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dY;k.k ea=kky;
ls ckck lkgc vakcsMdj laiw.kZ okÄ~e; uke ls 21 [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gks pqdk gS
fuèku % fnlacj] lu~ 1956 fnYyh esa
vxj balkuksa osQ vuq:i thus dh lqfo/k oqQN yksxksa rd gh lhfer gS] rc ftl
lqfoèkk dks vkerkSj ij Lora=krk dgk tkrk gS] mls fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dguk mfpr gSA
ekuo&eqfDr osQ iqjks/k ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj vius le; osQ lcls lqifBr
tuksa esa ls ,d FksA izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ ckn cM+kSnk ujs'k osQ izksRlkgu ij mPprj f'k{kk osQ
fy, U;w;koZQ(vesfjdk)fiQj ogk¡ ls yanu x,A mUgksaus laLo`Qr dk /kfeZd] ikSjkf.kd vkSj iwjk
oSfnd okÄ~e; vuqokn osQ ”kfj;s i<+k vkSj ,sfrgkfld&lkekftd {ks=k esa vusd ekSfyd
LFkkiuk,¡ izLrqr dhaA lc feykdj os bfrgkl&ehekald] fofèkosÙkk] vFkZ'kkL=kh] lekt'kkL=kh]
f'k{kkfon~ rFkk èkeZ&n'kZu osQ O;k[;krk cu dj mHkjsA Lons'k esa oqQN le; mUgksaus odkyr
Hkh dhA lekt vkSj jktuhfr esa csgn lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, mUgksaus vNwrksa] fL=k;ksa vkSj
e”knwjksa dks ekuoh; vfèkdkj o lEeku fnykus osQ fy, vFkd la?k"kZ fd;kA
15
Reprint 2024-25
Je foHkktu vkSj tkfr&izFkk
121
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa esa ls ,d MkW- Hkhejko vakcsMdj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
fparu esa vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ LFkku osQ vfèkdkjh gSaA mUgksaus thou Hkj nfyrksa dh eqfDr ,oa
lkekftd lerk osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA mudk iwjk ys[ku blh la?k"kZ vkSj ljksdkj ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA Lo;a nfyr tkfr esa tUes MkW- vakcsMdj dks cpiu ls gh tkfr&vkèkkfjr
mRihM+u&'kks"k.k ,oa vieku ls xqtjuk iM+k FkkA blhfy, fo|ky; osQ fnuksa esa tc ,d
vè;kid us muls iwNk fd ¶rqe i<+&fy[k dj D;k cuksxs\¸ rks ckyd Hkhejko us tokc
fn;k Fkk eSa i<+&fy[k dj odhy cuw¡xk] vNwrksa osQ fy, u;k dkuwu cukm¡Qxk vkSj
NqvkNwr dks [kRe d:¡xkA MkW- vakcsMdj us viuk iwjk thou blh ladYi osQ ihNs >ksad
fn;kA blosQ fy, mUgksaus tedj i<+kbZ dhA O;kid vè;;u ,oa ¯pru&euu osQ cy ij
mUgksaus ¯gnqLrku osQ Lokèkhurk laxzke esa ,d u;h varoZLrq Hkjus dk dke fd;kA og ;g
Fkk fd nklrk dk lcls O;kid o xgu :i lkekftd nklrk gS vkSj mlosQ mUewyu osQ
fcuk dksbZ Hkh Lora=krk oqQN yksxksa dk fo'ks"kkfèkdkj jgsxh] blfy, vèkwjh gksxhA
muosQ fparu o jpukRedrk osQ eq[;r% rhu izsjd O;fDr jgsµcq¼] dchj vkSj
T;ksfrck iqQysA tkfroknh mRihM+u osQ dkj.k ¯gnw lekt ls eksgHkax gksus osQ ckn os cq¼ osQ
lerkoknh n'kZu esa vk'oLr gq, vkSj 14 vDrwcj] lu~ 1956 dks 5 yk[k vuq;kf;;ksa osQ
lkFk ckS¼ erkuq;k;h cu x,A
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku&fuekZ.k esa mudh egrh Hkwfedk vkSj ,dfu"B leiZ.k osQ dkj.k gh
ge vkt mUgsa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk fuekZrk dg dj J¼katfy vfiZr djrs gSaA mudh
lewph cgqeq[kh fo}Ùkk ,dkar Kku&lkèkuk dh txg ekuo&eqfDr o tu&dY;k.k osQ fy,
Fkhµ;g ckr os vius fparu vkSj fØ;k osQ {k.kksa ls cjkcj lkfcr djrs jgsA vius bl
iz;kstu esa os vfèkdrj liQy Hkh gq,A
;gk¡ izLrqr ikB vkacsMdj osQ fo[;kr Hkk"k.k ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV (1936)
osQ yybZ flag ;kno }kjk o`Qr ¯gnh&:ikarj tkfr&Hksn dk mPNsn osQ nks izdj.kksa osQ rkSj
ij gSA ;g Hkk"k.k tkfr&ik¡fr rksM+d eaMy (ykgkSj) osQ okf"kZd lEesyu (lu~ 1936) osQ
vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k osQ :i esa rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk_ ijarq bldh Økafrdkjh n`f"V ls vk;kstdksa
dh iw.kZr% lgefr u cu ldus osQ dkj.k lEesyu gh LFkfxr gks x;k vkSj ;g i<+k u tk
ldkA ckn esa] vkacsMdj us bls Lora=k iqfLRkdk osQ :i esa izdkf'kr dj forfjr fd;k] tks
i;kZIr yksdfiz; gqbZA muosQ vuqlkj lekurk] Lora=krk o caèkqrkµ ;s rhu rÙo vkn'kZ lekt
esa vfuok;Zr% gksus pkfg,] ftlls yksdra=k lkewfgd thoup;kZ dh ,d jhfr rFkk lekt
osQ lfEefyr vuqHkoksa osQ vknku&iznku dh izfØ;k osQ vFkZ rd Hkh igq¡psA ;gk¡ izLrqr ikB
mDr iqfLrdk osQ izfrfufèk izdj.k gSaA vkt osQ tkfr&e”kgc vkèkkfjr fo"kkDr
lkekftd&jktuSfrd ekgkSy esa budh izklafxdrk vkSj c<+ xbZ gSA
ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
Reprint 2024-25
Je Je Je Je Je     foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu     vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj     tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk
;g foMacuk dh gh ckr gS] fd bl ;qx esa Hkh ^tkfrokn* osQ
iks"kdksa dh deh ugha gSaA blosQ iks"kd dbZ vkèkkjksa ij bldk
leFkZu djrs gSaA leFkZu dk ,d vkèkkj ;g dgk tkrk gS] fd
vkèkqfud lH; lekt ^dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk* osQ fy, Je foHkktu
dks vko';d ekurk gS] vkSj p¡wfd tkfr&izFkk Hkh Je foHkktu
dk gh nwljk :i gS blfy, blesa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gSA bl roZQ
osQ lacaèk esa igyh ckr rks ;gh vkifÙktud gS] fd tkfr&izFkk
Je foHkktu osQ lkFk&LkkFk Jfed&foHkktu dk Hkh :i fy, gq, gSA Je foHkktu] fu'p;
gh lH; lekt dh vko';drk gS] ijarq fdlh Hkh lH; lekt esa Je foHkktu dh
O;oLFkk Jfedksa dk fofHk oxks± esa vLokHkkfod foHkktu ugha djrhA Hkkjr dh tkfr&izFkk
dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g Jfedksa dk vLokHkkfod foHkktu gh ugha djrh
cfYd foHkkftr fofHk oxks± dks ,d&nwljs dh vis{kk m¡Qp&uhp Hkh djkj nsrh gS] tks fd
fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh lekt esa ugha ik;k tkrkA
tkfr&izFkk dks ;fn Je foHkktu eku fy;k tk,] rks ;g LokHkkfod foHkktu ugha
gS] D;ksafd ;g euq"; dh jQfp ij vkèkkfjr ugha gSA oqQ'ky O;fDr ;k l{ke&Jfed&lekt
dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge O;fDr;ksa dh {kerk bl lhek rd
fodflr djsa] ftlls og viuk is'kk ;k dk;Z dk pquko Lo;a dj losQA bl fl¼kar osQ
foijhr tkfr&izFkk dk nwf"kr fl¼kar ;g gS fd blls euq"; osQ izf'k{k.k vFkok mldh
futh {kerk dk fopkj fd, fcuk] nwljs gh n`f"Vdks.k tSls ekrk&firk osQ lkekftd Lrj
osQ vuqlkj] igys ls gh vFkkZr xHkZèkkj.k osQ le; ls gh euq"; dk is'kk fuèkkZfjr dj fn;k
tkrk gSA
tkfr&izFkk is'ks dk nks"kiw.kZ iwoZfuèkkZj.k gh ugha djrh cfYd euq"; dks thou&Hkj osQ
fy, ,d is'ks esa ck¡èk Hkh nsrh gSA Hkys gh is'kk vuqi;qDr ;k vi;kZIr gksus osQ dkj.k og
Hkw[kksa ej tk,A vkèkqfud ;qx esa ;g fLFkfr izk;% vkrh gS] D;ksafd m|ksx&èkaèkksa dh
izfØ;k o rduhd eas fujarj fodkl vkSj dHkh&dHkh vdLekr ifjorZu gks tkrk gS]
Reprint 2024-25
Page 4


ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
tUe % 14 vizSy] lu~ 1891] egw (eè; izns'k)esa
izeq[k jpuk,¡ %nW dkLV~l bu bafM;k] ns;j esosQfu”e]
tsusfll ,aM MsoyiesaV (1917] izFke izdkf'kr o`Qfr)_
n vuVpscYl] gw vkj ns\ (1948)_ gw vkj n 'kwnzk”k
(1946)_ cq¼k ,aM fg”k èkEek (1957)_ FkkV~l vkWu
fyaX;qfLVd LVsV~l (1955)_ n izkWCye vkWI
+
kQ n jQih(1923)_
n ,cksyq'ku vkWI
+
kQ izksfoaf'k;y I
+
kQk;ukal bu fczfV'k bafM;k
(ih,p-Mh- dh Fkhfll] 1916)_ n jkb”k ,aM I
+
kQkWy vkWI
+
kQ
n fganw oheSu (1965)_ ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV(1936)_
yscj  ,aM  ikfyZ;kesaVªh  MSeksØslh(1943)_  cqf¼”e  ,aM
dE;qfu”e(1956)] (iqLrosaQ o Hkk"k.k)_ ewd uk;d] cfg"o`Qr
Hkkjr] turk(if=kdk&laiknu)_ ¯gnh esa mudk laiw.kZ okÄ~e; Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dY;k.k ea=kky;
ls ckck lkgc vakcsMdj laiw.kZ okÄ~e; uke ls 21 [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gks pqdk gS
fuèku % fnlacj] lu~ 1956 fnYyh esa
vxj balkuksa osQ vuq:i thus dh lqfo/k oqQN yksxksa rd gh lhfer gS] rc ftl
lqfoèkk dks vkerkSj ij Lora=krk dgk tkrk gS] mls fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dguk mfpr gSA
ekuo&eqfDr osQ iqjks/k ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj vius le; osQ lcls lqifBr
tuksa esa ls ,d FksA izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ ckn cM+kSnk ujs'k osQ izksRlkgu ij mPprj f'k{kk osQ
fy, U;w;koZQ(vesfjdk)fiQj ogk¡ ls yanu x,A mUgksaus laLo`Qr dk /kfeZd] ikSjkf.kd vkSj iwjk
oSfnd okÄ~e; vuqokn osQ ”kfj;s i<+k vkSj ,sfrgkfld&lkekftd {ks=k esa vusd ekSfyd
LFkkiuk,¡ izLrqr dhaA lc feykdj os bfrgkl&ehekald] fofèkosÙkk] vFkZ'kkL=kh] lekt'kkL=kh]
f'k{kkfon~ rFkk èkeZ&n'kZu osQ O;k[;krk cu dj mHkjsA Lons'k esa oqQN le; mUgksaus odkyr
Hkh dhA lekt vkSj jktuhfr esa csgn lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, mUgksaus vNwrksa] fL=k;ksa vkSj
e”knwjksa dks ekuoh; vfèkdkj o lEeku fnykus osQ fy, vFkd la?k"kZ fd;kA
15
Reprint 2024-25
Je foHkktu vkSj tkfr&izFkk
121
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa esa ls ,d MkW- Hkhejko vakcsMdj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
fparu esa vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ LFkku osQ vfèkdkjh gSaA mUgksaus thou Hkj nfyrksa dh eqfDr ,oa
lkekftd lerk osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA mudk iwjk ys[ku blh la?k"kZ vkSj ljksdkj ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA Lo;a nfyr tkfr esa tUes MkW- vakcsMdj dks cpiu ls gh tkfr&vkèkkfjr
mRihM+u&'kks"k.k ,oa vieku ls xqtjuk iM+k FkkA blhfy, fo|ky; osQ fnuksa esa tc ,d
vè;kid us muls iwNk fd ¶rqe i<+&fy[k dj D;k cuksxs\¸ rks ckyd Hkhejko us tokc
fn;k Fkk eSa i<+&fy[k dj odhy cuw¡xk] vNwrksa osQ fy, u;k dkuwu cukm¡Qxk vkSj
NqvkNwr dks [kRe d:¡xkA MkW- vakcsMdj us viuk iwjk thou blh ladYi osQ ihNs >ksad
fn;kA blosQ fy, mUgksaus tedj i<+kbZ dhA O;kid vè;;u ,oa ¯pru&euu osQ cy ij
mUgksaus ¯gnqLrku osQ Lokèkhurk laxzke esa ,d u;h varoZLrq Hkjus dk dke fd;kA og ;g
Fkk fd nklrk dk lcls O;kid o xgu :i lkekftd nklrk gS vkSj mlosQ mUewyu osQ
fcuk dksbZ Hkh Lora=krk oqQN yksxksa dk fo'ks"kkfèkdkj jgsxh] blfy, vèkwjh gksxhA
muosQ fparu o jpukRedrk osQ eq[;r% rhu izsjd O;fDr jgsµcq¼] dchj vkSj
T;ksfrck iqQysA tkfroknh mRihM+u osQ dkj.k ¯gnw lekt ls eksgHkax gksus osQ ckn os cq¼ osQ
lerkoknh n'kZu esa vk'oLr gq, vkSj 14 vDrwcj] lu~ 1956 dks 5 yk[k vuq;kf;;ksa osQ
lkFk ckS¼ erkuq;k;h cu x,A
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku&fuekZ.k esa mudh egrh Hkwfedk vkSj ,dfu"B leiZ.k osQ dkj.k gh
ge vkt mUgsa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk fuekZrk dg dj J¼katfy vfiZr djrs gSaA mudh
lewph cgqeq[kh fo}Ùkk ,dkar Kku&lkèkuk dh txg ekuo&eqfDr o tu&dY;k.k osQ fy,
Fkhµ;g ckr os vius fparu vkSj fØ;k osQ {k.kksa ls cjkcj lkfcr djrs jgsA vius bl
iz;kstu esa os vfèkdrj liQy Hkh gq,A
;gk¡ izLrqr ikB vkacsMdj osQ fo[;kr Hkk"k.k ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV (1936)
osQ yybZ flag ;kno }kjk o`Qr ¯gnh&:ikarj tkfr&Hksn dk mPNsn osQ nks izdj.kksa osQ rkSj
ij gSA ;g Hkk"k.k tkfr&ik¡fr rksM+d eaMy (ykgkSj) osQ okf"kZd lEesyu (lu~ 1936) osQ
vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k osQ :i esa rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk_ ijarq bldh Økafrdkjh n`f"V ls vk;kstdksa
dh iw.kZr% lgefr u cu ldus osQ dkj.k lEesyu gh LFkfxr gks x;k vkSj ;g i<+k u tk
ldkA ckn esa] vkacsMdj us bls Lora=k iqfLRkdk osQ :i esa izdkf'kr dj forfjr fd;k] tks
i;kZIr yksdfiz; gqbZA muosQ vuqlkj lekurk] Lora=krk o caèkqrkµ ;s rhu rÙo vkn'kZ lekt
esa vfuok;Zr% gksus pkfg,] ftlls yksdra=k lkewfgd thoup;kZ dh ,d jhfr rFkk lekt
osQ lfEefyr vuqHkoksa osQ vknku&iznku dh izfØ;k osQ vFkZ rd Hkh igq¡psA ;gk¡ izLrqr ikB
mDr iqfLrdk osQ izfrfufèk izdj.k gSaA vkt osQ tkfr&e”kgc vkèkkfjr fo"kkDr
lkekftd&jktuSfrd ekgkSy esa budh izklafxdrk vkSj c<+ xbZ gSA
ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
Reprint 2024-25
Je Je Je Je Je     foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu     vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj     tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk
;g foMacuk dh gh ckr gS] fd bl ;qx esa Hkh ^tkfrokn* osQ
iks"kdksa dh deh ugha gSaA blosQ iks"kd dbZ vkèkkjksa ij bldk
leFkZu djrs gSaA leFkZu dk ,d vkèkkj ;g dgk tkrk gS] fd
vkèkqfud lH; lekt ^dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk* osQ fy, Je foHkktu
dks vko';d ekurk gS] vkSj p¡wfd tkfr&izFkk Hkh Je foHkktu
dk gh nwljk :i gS blfy, blesa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gSA bl roZQ
osQ lacaèk esa igyh ckr rks ;gh vkifÙktud gS] fd tkfr&izFkk
Je foHkktu osQ lkFk&LkkFk Jfed&foHkktu dk Hkh :i fy, gq, gSA Je foHkktu] fu'p;
gh lH; lekt dh vko';drk gS] ijarq fdlh Hkh lH; lekt esa Je foHkktu dh
O;oLFkk Jfedksa dk fofHk oxks± esa vLokHkkfod foHkktu ugha djrhA Hkkjr dh tkfr&izFkk
dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g Jfedksa dk vLokHkkfod foHkktu gh ugha djrh
cfYd foHkkftr fofHk oxks± dks ,d&nwljs dh vis{kk m¡Qp&uhp Hkh djkj nsrh gS] tks fd
fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh lekt esa ugha ik;k tkrkA
tkfr&izFkk dks ;fn Je foHkktu eku fy;k tk,] rks ;g LokHkkfod foHkktu ugha
gS] D;ksafd ;g euq"; dh jQfp ij vkèkkfjr ugha gSA oqQ'ky O;fDr ;k l{ke&Jfed&lekt
dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge O;fDr;ksa dh {kerk bl lhek rd
fodflr djsa] ftlls og viuk is'kk ;k dk;Z dk pquko Lo;a dj losQA bl fl¼kar osQ
foijhr tkfr&izFkk dk nwf"kr fl¼kar ;g gS fd blls euq"; osQ izf'k{k.k vFkok mldh
futh {kerk dk fopkj fd, fcuk] nwljs gh n`f"Vdks.k tSls ekrk&firk osQ lkekftd Lrj
osQ vuqlkj] igys ls gh vFkkZr xHkZèkkj.k osQ le; ls gh euq"; dk is'kk fuèkkZfjr dj fn;k
tkrk gSA
tkfr&izFkk is'ks dk nks"kiw.kZ iwoZfuèkkZj.k gh ugha djrh cfYd euq"; dks thou&Hkj osQ
fy, ,d is'ks esa ck¡èk Hkh nsrh gSA Hkys gh is'kk vuqi;qDr ;k vi;kZIr gksus osQ dkj.k og
Hkw[kksa ej tk,A vkèkqfud ;qx esa ;g fLFkfr izk;% vkrh gS] D;ksafd m|ksx&èkaèkksa dh
izfØ;k o rduhd eas fujarj fodkl vkSj dHkh&dHkh vdLekr ifjorZu gks tkrk gS]
Reprint 2024-25
Je foHkktu vkSj tkfr&izFkk
123
ftlosQ dkj.k euq"; dks viuk is'kk cnyus dh vko';drk iM+ ldrh gS vkSj ;fn
izfrowQy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh euq"; dks viuk is'kk cnyus dh Lora=krk u gks] rks blosQ fy,
Hkw[kksa ejus osQ vykok D;k pkjk jg tkrk gS\ ¯gnw èkeZ dh tkfr izFkk fdlh Hkh O;fDr
dks ,slk is'kk pquus dh vuqefr ugha nsrh gS] tks mldk iSr`d is'kk u gks] Hkys gh og mlesa
ikjaxr gksA bl izdkj is'kk ifjorZu dh vuqefr u nsdj tkfr&izFkk Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dk
,d izeq[k o izR;{k dkj.k cuh gqbZ gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd Je foHkktu dh n`f"V ls Hkh tkfr&izFkk xaHkhj nks"kksa ls
;qDr gSA tkfr&izFkk dk Je foHkktu euq"; dh LosPNk ij fuHkZj ugha jgrkA euq"; dh
O;fDrxr Hkkouk rFkk O;fDrxr jQfp dk blesa dksbZ LFkku vFkok egÙo ugha jgrkA ^iwoZ
ys[k* gh bldk vkèkkj gSA bl vkèkkj ij gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk iM+sxk fd vkt osQ m|ksxksa
esa xjhch vkSj mRihM+u bruh cM+h leL;k ugha ftruh ;g fd cgqr ls yksx ^fuèkkZfjr*
dk;Z dks ^vjQfp* osQ lkFk osQoy foo'krko'k djrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr LoHkkor% euq"; dks
nqHkkZouk ls xzLr jgdj Vkyw dke djus vkSj de dke djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSA  ,slh
fLFkfr esa tgk¡ dke djus okyksa dk u fny yxrk gks u fnekx] dksbZ oqQ'kyrk oSQls izkIr
dh tk ldrh gSA vr% ;g fufoZokn :i ls fl¼ gks tkrk gS fd vkfFkZd igyw ls Hkh
tkfr&izFkk gkfudkjd izFkk gSA D;ksafd ;g euq"; dh LokHkkfod izsj.kkjQfp o vkRe&'kfDr
dks nck dj mUgsa vLokHkkfod fu;eksa esa tdM+ dj fuf"Ø; cuk nsrh gSA
esjh dYiuk dk vkn'kZ&lekt
tkfr&izFkk osQ [ksntud ifj.kkeksa dh uhjl xkFkk dks lqurs&lqukrs vki esa ls oqQN
yksx fu'p; gh mQc x, gksaxsA ;g vLokHkkfod Hkh ugha gSA vr% vc eSa leL;k osQ
jpukRed igyw dks ysrk gw¡A esjs }kjk tkfr&izFkk dh vkykspuk lqudj vki yksx eq>ls ;g
iz'u iwNuk pkgsaxs fd ;fn eSa tkfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ gw¡] rks fiQj esjh n`f"V esa vkn'kZ&lekt
D;k gS\ Bhd gS] ;fn ,slk iwNsaxs] rks esjk mÙkj gksxk fd esjk vkn'kZ&lekt Lora=krk] lerk]
Hkzkr`rk ij vkèkkfjr gksxkA D;k ;g Bhd ugha gS] Hkzkr`rk vFkkZr HkkbZpkjs esa fdlh dks D;k
vkifÙk gks ldrh gS\ fdlh Hkh vkn'kZ&lekt esa bruh xkfr'khyrk gksuh pkfg, ftlls
dksbZ Hkh okafNr ifjorZu lekt osQ ,d Nksj ls nwljs rd lapkfjr gks losQA ,sls lekt
osQ cgqfofèk fgrksa esa lcdk Hkkx gksuk pkfg, rFkk lcdks mudh j{kk osQ izfr ltx jguk
pkfg,A lkekftd thou esa vckèk laioZQ osQ vusd lkèku o volj miyCèk jgus pkfg,A
rkRi;Z ;g fd nwèk&ikuh osQ feJ.k dh rjg HkkbZpkjs dk ;gh okLrfod :i gS] vkSj blh
Reprint 2024-25
Page 5


ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
tUe % 14 vizSy] lu~ 1891] egw (eè; izns'k)esa
izeq[k jpuk,¡ %nW dkLV~l bu bafM;k] ns;j esosQfu”e]
tsusfll ,aM MsoyiesaV (1917] izFke izdkf'kr o`Qfr)_
n vuVpscYl] gw vkj ns\ (1948)_ gw vkj n 'kwnzk”k
(1946)_ cq¼k ,aM fg”k èkEek (1957)_ FkkV~l vkWu
fyaX;qfLVd LVsV~l (1955)_ n izkWCye vkWI
+
kQ n jQih(1923)_
n ,cksyq'ku vkWI
+
kQ izksfoaf'k;y I
+
kQk;ukal bu fczfV'k bafM;k
(ih,p-Mh- dh Fkhfll] 1916)_ n jkb”k ,aM I
+
kQkWy vkWI
+
kQ
n fganw oheSu (1965)_ ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV(1936)_
yscj  ,aM  ikfyZ;kesaVªh  MSeksØslh(1943)_  cqf¼”e  ,aM
dE;qfu”e(1956)] (iqLrosaQ o Hkk"k.k)_ ewd uk;d] cfg"o`Qr
Hkkjr] turk(if=kdk&laiknu)_ ¯gnh esa mudk laiw.kZ okÄ~e; Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dY;k.k ea=kky;
ls ckck lkgc vakcsMdj laiw.kZ okÄ~e; uke ls 21 [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gks pqdk gS
fuèku % fnlacj] lu~ 1956 fnYyh esa
vxj balkuksa osQ vuq:i thus dh lqfo/k oqQN yksxksa rd gh lhfer gS] rc ftl
lqfoèkk dks vkerkSj ij Lora=krk dgk tkrk gS] mls fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dguk mfpr gSA
ekuo&eqfDr osQ iqjks/k ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj vius le; osQ lcls lqifBr
tuksa esa ls ,d FksA izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ ckn cM+kSnk ujs'k osQ izksRlkgu ij mPprj f'k{kk osQ
fy, U;w;koZQ(vesfjdk)fiQj ogk¡ ls yanu x,A mUgksaus laLo`Qr dk /kfeZd] ikSjkf.kd vkSj iwjk
oSfnd okÄ~e; vuqokn osQ ”kfj;s i<+k vkSj ,sfrgkfld&lkekftd {ks=k esa vusd ekSfyd
LFkkiuk,¡ izLrqr dhaA lc feykdj os bfrgkl&ehekald] fofèkosÙkk] vFkZ'kkL=kh] lekt'kkL=kh]
f'k{kkfon~ rFkk èkeZ&n'kZu osQ O;k[;krk cu dj mHkjsA Lons'k esa oqQN le; mUgksaus odkyr
Hkh dhA lekt vkSj jktuhfr esa csgn lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, mUgksaus vNwrksa] fL=k;ksa vkSj
e”knwjksa dks ekuoh; vfèkdkj o lEeku fnykus osQ fy, vFkd la?k"kZ fd;kA
15
Reprint 2024-25
Je foHkktu vkSj tkfr&izFkk
121
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa esa ls ,d MkW- Hkhejko vakcsMdj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
fparu esa vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ LFkku osQ vfèkdkjh gSaA mUgksaus thou Hkj nfyrksa dh eqfDr ,oa
lkekftd lerk osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA mudk iwjk ys[ku blh la?k"kZ vkSj ljksdkj ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA Lo;a nfyr tkfr esa tUes MkW- vakcsMdj dks cpiu ls gh tkfr&vkèkkfjr
mRihM+u&'kks"k.k ,oa vieku ls xqtjuk iM+k FkkA blhfy, fo|ky; osQ fnuksa esa tc ,d
vè;kid us muls iwNk fd ¶rqe i<+&fy[k dj D;k cuksxs\¸ rks ckyd Hkhejko us tokc
fn;k Fkk eSa i<+&fy[k dj odhy cuw¡xk] vNwrksa osQ fy, u;k dkuwu cukm¡Qxk vkSj
NqvkNwr dks [kRe d:¡xkA MkW- vakcsMdj us viuk iwjk thou blh ladYi osQ ihNs >ksad
fn;kA blosQ fy, mUgksaus tedj i<+kbZ dhA O;kid vè;;u ,oa ¯pru&euu osQ cy ij
mUgksaus ¯gnqLrku osQ Lokèkhurk laxzke esa ,d u;h varoZLrq Hkjus dk dke fd;kA og ;g
Fkk fd nklrk dk lcls O;kid o xgu :i lkekftd nklrk gS vkSj mlosQ mUewyu osQ
fcuk dksbZ Hkh Lora=krk oqQN yksxksa dk fo'ks"kkfèkdkj jgsxh] blfy, vèkwjh gksxhA
muosQ fparu o jpukRedrk osQ eq[;r% rhu izsjd O;fDr jgsµcq¼] dchj vkSj
T;ksfrck iqQysA tkfroknh mRihM+u osQ dkj.k ¯gnw lekt ls eksgHkax gksus osQ ckn os cq¼ osQ
lerkoknh n'kZu esa vk'oLr gq, vkSj 14 vDrwcj] lu~ 1956 dks 5 yk[k vuq;kf;;ksa osQ
lkFk ckS¼ erkuq;k;h cu x,A
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku&fuekZ.k esa mudh egrh Hkwfedk vkSj ,dfu"B leiZ.k osQ dkj.k gh
ge vkt mUgsa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk fuekZrk dg dj J¼katfy vfiZr djrs gSaA mudh
lewph cgqeq[kh fo}Ùkk ,dkar Kku&lkèkuk dh txg ekuo&eqfDr o tu&dY;k.k osQ fy,
Fkhµ;g ckr os vius fparu vkSj fØ;k osQ {k.kksa ls cjkcj lkfcr djrs jgsA vius bl
iz;kstu esa os vfèkdrj liQy Hkh gq,A
;gk¡ izLrqr ikB vkacsMdj osQ fo[;kr Hkk"k.k ,uhfgys'ku vkWI
+
kQ dkLV (1936)
osQ yybZ flag ;kno }kjk o`Qr ¯gnh&:ikarj tkfr&Hksn dk mPNsn osQ nks izdj.kksa osQ rkSj
ij gSA ;g Hkk"k.k tkfr&ik¡fr rksM+d eaMy (ykgkSj) osQ okf"kZd lEesyu (lu~ 1936) osQ
vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k osQ :i esa rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk_ ijarq bldh Økafrdkjh n`f"V ls vk;kstdksa
dh iw.kZr% lgefr u cu ldus osQ dkj.k lEesyu gh LFkfxr gks x;k vkSj ;g i<+k u tk
ldkA ckn esa] vkacsMdj us bls Lora=k iqfLRkdk osQ :i esa izdkf'kr dj forfjr fd;k] tks
i;kZIr yksdfiz; gqbZA muosQ vuqlkj lekurk] Lora=krk o caèkqrkµ ;s rhu rÙo vkn'kZ lekt
esa vfuok;Zr% gksus pkfg,] ftlls yksdra=k lkewfgd thoup;kZ dh ,d jhfr rFkk lekt
osQ lfEefyr vuqHkoksa osQ vknku&iznku dh izfØ;k osQ vFkZ rd Hkh igq¡psA ;gk¡ izLrqr ikB
mDr iqfLrdk osQ izfrfufèk izdj.k gSaA vkt osQ tkfr&e”kgc vkèkkfjr fo"kkDr
lkekftd&jktuSfrd ekgkSy esa budh izklafxdrk vkSj c<+ xbZ gSA
ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vkacsMdj
Reprint 2024-25
Je Je Je Je Je     foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu foHkktu     vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj     tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk tkfr&izFkk
;g foMacuk dh gh ckr gS] fd bl ;qx esa Hkh ^tkfrokn* osQ
iks"kdksa dh deh ugha gSaA blosQ iks"kd dbZ vkèkkjksa ij bldk
leFkZu djrs gSaA leFkZu dk ,d vkèkkj ;g dgk tkrk gS] fd
vkèkqfud lH; lekt ^dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk* osQ fy, Je foHkktu
dks vko';d ekurk gS] vkSj p¡wfd tkfr&izFkk Hkh Je foHkktu
dk gh nwljk :i gS blfy, blesa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gSA bl roZQ
osQ lacaèk esa igyh ckr rks ;gh vkifÙktud gS] fd tkfr&izFkk
Je foHkktu osQ lkFk&LkkFk Jfed&foHkktu dk Hkh :i fy, gq, gSA Je foHkktu] fu'p;
gh lH; lekt dh vko';drk gS] ijarq fdlh Hkh lH; lekt esa Je foHkktu dh
O;oLFkk Jfedksa dk fofHk oxks± esa vLokHkkfod foHkktu ugha djrhA Hkkjr dh tkfr&izFkk
dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g Jfedksa dk vLokHkkfod foHkktu gh ugha djrh
cfYd foHkkftr fofHk oxks± dks ,d&nwljs dh vis{kk m¡Qp&uhp Hkh djkj nsrh gS] tks fd
fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh lekt esa ugha ik;k tkrkA
tkfr&izFkk dks ;fn Je foHkktu eku fy;k tk,] rks ;g LokHkkfod foHkktu ugha
gS] D;ksafd ;g euq"; dh jQfp ij vkèkkfjr ugha gSA oqQ'ky O;fDr ;k l{ke&Jfed&lekt
dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge O;fDr;ksa dh {kerk bl lhek rd
fodflr djsa] ftlls og viuk is'kk ;k dk;Z dk pquko Lo;a dj losQA bl fl¼kar osQ
foijhr tkfr&izFkk dk nwf"kr fl¼kar ;g gS fd blls euq"; osQ izf'k{k.k vFkok mldh
futh {kerk dk fopkj fd, fcuk] nwljs gh n`f"Vdks.k tSls ekrk&firk osQ lkekftd Lrj
osQ vuqlkj] igys ls gh vFkkZr xHkZèkkj.k osQ le; ls gh euq"; dk is'kk fuèkkZfjr dj fn;k
tkrk gSA
tkfr&izFkk is'ks dk nks"kiw.kZ iwoZfuèkkZj.k gh ugha djrh cfYd euq"; dks thou&Hkj osQ
fy, ,d is'ks esa ck¡èk Hkh nsrh gSA Hkys gh is'kk vuqi;qDr ;k vi;kZIr gksus osQ dkj.k og
Hkw[kksa ej tk,A vkèkqfud ;qx esa ;g fLFkfr izk;% vkrh gS] D;ksafd m|ksx&èkaèkksa dh
izfØ;k o rduhd eas fujarj fodkl vkSj dHkh&dHkh vdLekr ifjorZu gks tkrk gS]
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Je foHkktu vkSj tkfr&izFkk
123
ftlosQ dkj.k euq"; dks viuk is'kk cnyus dh vko';drk iM+ ldrh gS vkSj ;fn
izfrowQy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh euq"; dks viuk is'kk cnyus dh Lora=krk u gks] rks blosQ fy,
Hkw[kksa ejus osQ vykok D;k pkjk jg tkrk gS\ ¯gnw èkeZ dh tkfr izFkk fdlh Hkh O;fDr
dks ,slk is'kk pquus dh vuqefr ugha nsrh gS] tks mldk iSr`d is'kk u gks] Hkys gh og mlesa
ikjaxr gksA bl izdkj is'kk ifjorZu dh vuqefr u nsdj tkfr&izFkk Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dk
,d izeq[k o izR;{k dkj.k cuh gqbZ gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd Je foHkktu dh n`f"V ls Hkh tkfr&izFkk xaHkhj nks"kksa ls
;qDr gSA tkfr&izFkk dk Je foHkktu euq"; dh LosPNk ij fuHkZj ugha jgrkA euq"; dh
O;fDrxr Hkkouk rFkk O;fDrxr jQfp dk blesa dksbZ LFkku vFkok egÙo ugha jgrkA ^iwoZ
ys[k* gh bldk vkèkkj gSA bl vkèkkj ij gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk iM+sxk fd vkt osQ m|ksxksa
esa xjhch vkSj mRihM+u bruh cM+h leL;k ugha ftruh ;g fd cgqr ls yksx ^fuèkkZfjr*
dk;Z dks ^vjQfp* osQ lkFk osQoy foo'krko'k djrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr LoHkkor% euq"; dks
nqHkkZouk ls xzLr jgdj Vkyw dke djus vkSj de dke djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSA  ,slh
fLFkfr esa tgk¡ dke djus okyksa dk u fny yxrk gks u fnekx] dksbZ oqQ'kyrk oSQls izkIr
dh tk ldrh gSA vr% ;g fufoZokn :i ls fl¼ gks tkrk gS fd vkfFkZd igyw ls Hkh
tkfr&izFkk gkfudkjd izFkk gSA D;ksafd ;g euq"; dh LokHkkfod izsj.kkjQfp o vkRe&'kfDr
dks nck dj mUgsa vLokHkkfod fu;eksa esa tdM+ dj fuf"Ø; cuk nsrh gSA
esjh dYiuk dk vkn'kZ&lekt
tkfr&izFkk osQ [ksntud ifj.kkeksa dh uhjl xkFkk dks lqurs&lqukrs vki esa ls oqQN
yksx fu'p; gh mQc x, gksaxsA ;g vLokHkkfod Hkh ugha gSA vr% vc eSa leL;k osQ
jpukRed igyw dks ysrk gw¡A esjs }kjk tkfr&izFkk dh vkykspuk lqudj vki yksx eq>ls ;g
iz'u iwNuk pkgsaxs fd ;fn eSa tkfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ gw¡] rks fiQj esjh n`f"V esa vkn'kZ&lekt
D;k gS\ Bhd gS] ;fn ,slk iwNsaxs] rks esjk mÙkj gksxk fd esjk vkn'kZ&lekt Lora=krk] lerk]
Hkzkr`rk ij vkèkkfjr gksxkA D;k ;g Bhd ugha gS] Hkzkr`rk vFkkZr HkkbZpkjs esa fdlh dks D;k
vkifÙk gks ldrh gS\ fdlh Hkh vkn'kZ&lekt esa bruh xkfr'khyrk gksuh pkfg, ftlls
dksbZ Hkh okafNr ifjorZu lekt osQ ,d Nksj ls nwljs rd lapkfjr gks losQA ,sls lekt
osQ cgqfofèk fgrksa esa lcdk Hkkx gksuk pkfg, rFkk lcdks mudh j{kk osQ izfr ltx jguk
pkfg,A lkekftd thou esa vckèk laioZQ osQ vusd lkèku o volj miyCèk jgus pkfg,A
rkRi;Z ;g fd nwèk&ikuh osQ feJ.k dh rjg HkkbZpkjs dk ;gh okLrfod :i gS] vkSj blh
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vkjksg
124
dk nwljk uke yksdra=k gSA D;ksafd yksdra=k osQoy 'kklu dh ,d i¼fr gh ugha gS]
yksdra=k ewyr% lkewfgd thoup;kZ dh ,d jhfr rFkk lekt osQ lfEefyr vuqHkoksa osQ
vknku&iznku dk uke gSA buesa ;g vko';d gS fd vius lkfFk;ksa osQ izfr J¼k o lEeku
dk Hkko gksA
blh izdkj Lora=krk ij Hkh D;k dksbZ vkifÙk gks ldrh gS\ xeukxeu dh Lokèkhurk]
thou rFkk 'kkjhfjd lqj{kk dh Lokèkhurk osQ vFkks± esa 'kk;n gh dksbZ ^Lora=krk* dk fojksèk
djsA blh izdkj laifÙk osQ vfèkdkj] thfodksiktZu osQ fy, vko';d vkS”kkj o lkexzh
j[kus osQ vfèkdkj ftlls 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kk tk losQ] osQ vFkZ esa Hkh ^Lora=krk* ij dksbZ
vkifÙk ugha gks ldrhA rks fiQj euq"; dh 'kfDr osQ l{ke ,oa izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx dh Hkh
Lora=krk D;ksa u iznku dh tk,\
tkfr&izFkk osQ iks"kd] thou] 'kkjhfjd&lqj{kk rFkk laifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dh Lora=krk dks
rks Lohdkj dj ysaxs] ijarq euq"; osQ l{ke ,oa izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx dh Lora=krk nsus osQ fy,
tYnh rS;kj ugha gksaxs] D;ksafd bl izdkj dh Lora=krk dk vFkZ gksxk viuk O;olk; pquus dh
Lora=krk fdlh dks ugha gS] rks mldk vFkZ mls ^nklrk* esa tdM+dj j[kuk gksxk] D;ksafd
^nklrk* osQoy dkuwuh ijkèkhurk dks gh ugha dgk tk ldrkA ^nklrk* esa og fLFkfr Hkh
lfEefyr gS ftlls oqQN O;fDr;ksa dks nwljs yksxksa osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr O;ogkj ,oa drZO;ksa dk
ikyu djus osQ fy, foo'k gksuk iM+rk gSA ;g fLFkfr dkuwuh ijkèkhurk u gksus ij Hkh ikbZ
tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tkfr izFkk dh rjg ,sls oxZ gksuk laHko gS] tgk¡ oqQN yksxksa dh
viuh bPNk osQ fo#¼ is'ks viukus iM+rs gSaA
vc vkb, lerk ij fopkj djsaA D;k ^lerk* ij fdlh dh vkifÙk gks ldrh gSA
izQkalhlh ozQkafr osQ ukjs esa ^lerk* 'kCn gh fookn dk fo"k; jgk gSA ^lerk* osQ vkykspd
;g dg ldrs gSa fd lHkh euq"; cjkcj ugha gksrsA vkSj mudk ;g roZQ o”ku Hkh j[krk
gSA ysfdu rF; gksrs gq, Hkh ;g fo'ks"k egÙo ugha j[krkA D;ksafd 'kkfCnd vFkZ esa ^lerk*
vlaHko gksrs gq, Hkh ;g fu;ked fl¼kar gSA euq";ksa dh {kerk rhu ckrksa ij fuHkZj jgrh
gSA (1) 'kkjhfjd oa'k ijaijk] (2) lkekftd mÙkjkfèkdkj vFkkZr lkekftd ijaijk osQ :i
esa ekrk&firk dh dY;k.k dkeuk] f'k{kk rFkk oSKkfud KkuktZu vkfn] lHkh miyfCèk;k¡
ftuosQ dkj.k lH; lekt] taxyh yksxksa dh vis{kk fof'k"Vrk izkIr djrk gS] vkSj var esa
(3) euq"; osQ vius iz;RuA bu rhuksa n`f"V;ksa ls fuLlansg euq"; leku ugha gksrsA rks D;k
bu fo'ks"krkvksa osQ dkj.k] lekt dks Hkh muosQ lkFk vleku O;ogkj djuk pkfg,\ lerk
fojksèk djus okyksa osQ ikl bldk D;k tokc gS\
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FAQs on NCERT Textbook - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar - Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts

1. Who was Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar?
Ans. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, commonly known as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was a prominent social reformer, jurist, and politician in India. He played a crucial role in the formation of the Indian Constitution and is widely regarded as the architect of the Indian Constitution. Ambedkar was also a leading advocate for the rights of Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) and worked tirelessly towards their social and political empowerment.
2. What is the significance of the NCERT textbook on Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar?
Ans. The NCERT textbook on Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar holds significant importance as it provides comprehensive information about the life, contributions, and philosophies of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. It enables students to understand his immense role in shaping modern India, promoting social justice, and fighting against caste discrimination. The textbook serves as an essential resource for students to learn about the principles of equality, justice, and inclusivity that Ambedkar stood for.
3. What are the key topics covered in the NCERT textbook on Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar?
Ans. The NCERT textbook on Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar covers various key topics related to his life and work. It includes chapters on his early life, education, involvement in the freedom struggle, leadership in the Dalit movement, role in the drafting of the Indian Constitution, and his vision for social justice and equality. The textbook also delves into Ambedkar's thoughts on caste system, untouchability, women's rights, and economic reforms.
4. How can studying the life of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar benefit students?
Ans. Studying the life of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar can benefit students in several ways. It helps them understand the struggles faced by marginalized sections of society and the importance of social justice. By learning about Ambedkar's vision for a more inclusive and equal society, students develop a sense of empathy, respect for diversity, and commitment to fighting discrimination. Additionally, studying Ambedkar's contributions and ideologies can inspire students to actively participate in social reforms and contribute positively to society.
5. Is the NCERT textbook on Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar available in multiple languages?
Ans. Yes, the NCERT textbook on Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is available in multiple languages. The textbook is published in various regional languages, including Hindi, English, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, and more. This ensures that students from different states and linguistic backgrounds can access and learn from the valuable content present in the textbook, promoting a wider understanding and appreciation of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's life and teachings.
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