NCERT Textbook: नए और अप्रत्याशित विषयों पर लेखन | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Rationalised 2023-24
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Rationalised 2023-24
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Rationalised 2023-24
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Rationalised 2023-24
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Rationalised 2023-24
Page 4


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Rationalised 2023-24
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156
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Rationalised 2023-24
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158
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Rationalised 2023-24
Page 5


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ctk; mlh lkexzh ij fuHkZj gks tkrs gSaA ekSfyd iz;kl ,oa vH;kl dks ckfèkr djusokyh ;g
fuHkZjrk gekjs vanj fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dh {kerk fodflr ugha gksus nsrhA blfy, ;g cgqr
”k:jh gS fd ge fucaèk osQ ijaijkxr fo"k;ksa dks NksM+ dj u, rjg osQ fo"k;ksa ij fy[kus dk
vH;kl djsaA ;gh vH;kl gesa vius ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa ls ,dµvfHkO;fDr osQ vfèkdkj dk
iwjk&iwjk mi;ksx dj ikus dh lkeF;Z nsxkA
,sls ys[ku osQ fy, vkidks ftl rjg osQ fo"k; fn, tk ldrs gSa] mudh la[;k vifjfer
gSA vkiosQ lkeus dh nhokj] ml nhokj ij Vaxh ?kM+h] ml nhokj esa ckgj dh vksj [kqyrk
>jks[kkµoqQN Hkh mldk fo"k; gks ldrk gSA ,ssls fo"k; Hkh gks ldrs gSa] ftuesa buosQ eqdkcys
[kqykiu FkksM+k de gks vkSj ^I
+
kQksdl* vfèkd Li"V gksA tSls Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgdksa esa L=kh] cgqr
”k:jh gS f'k{kk] bR;kfnA
;gk¡ ftrus fo"k; ,d >VosQ esa lq>k fn, x,] ”kkfgj gS] os cgqr vyx&vyx izÑfr osQ
gSa vkSj blhfy, vkils budh ek¡x Hkh vyx&vyx fdLe dh gksxhA dksbZ fo"k; vkidks
rk£oQd fopkj izfØ;k esa mrkjuk pkgrk gS] dksbZ vkils ;g ek¡x djrk gS fd tks oqQN vkius
ns[kk&lquk gS ;k ns[k&lqu jgs gSa] mls FkksM+h ckjhdh ls iqu%ladfyr djrs gq, ,d O;oLFkk esa
<ky nsa] dksbZ viuh Le`fr;ksa dks [kaxkyus osQ fy, vkidks izsfjr djrk gS] rks dksbZ vuqHko dks
vizR;kf'kr fo"k;ksa ij ys[ku de le; esa vius
fopkjksa dks ladfyr dj mUgsa lqanj vkSj lq?kM+ <ax
ls vfHkO;Dr djus dh pqukSrh gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 157
u, vkSj vizR;kf'kr fo"k;ksa ij ys[ku
lS¼kafrd u”kfj;s ls tk¡pus&ij[kus osQ fy, vkidks mdlkrk gSA bu ek¡xksa osQ tokc esa vki tks
oqQN fy[ksaxs] og dHkh fucaèk cu iM+sxk] dHkh laLej.k] dHkh js[kkfp=k dh 'kDy ysxk] rks dHkh
;k=kko`Ùkkar dhA blhfy, ge mls ,d lkekU; uke nsaxsµys[k] rkfd vkidks ,slk u yxs fd ge
vki ij fdlh foèkk fo'ks"k osQ Hkhrj gh ys[ku djus dk ncko cuk jgs gSaA
vc loky gS fd ,slk ys[k izLrqr djus dh pqukSrh lkeus gks] rks D;k djuk pkfg,\ dgus
dh ”k:jr ugha fd fy[kus dk dksbZ I
+
kQkWewZyk vkt rd nqfu;k esa ugha cukA vxj I
+
kQkWewZyk gksrk]
rks oaQI;wVj gekjs eqdkcys csgrj ys[kd lkfcr gks ldrk FkkA oLrqr% ys[ku dh jpukRedrk dk
iwjk lacaèk I
+
kQkWewZys dk otwn u gksus dh blh lpkbZ ls gSA blosQ ckotwn ;gk¡ oqQN ,sls lq>ko fn,
tk ldrs gSa] tks vpkud lkeus vk, fo"k; ls eq[kkeq[ke gksus esa vkidh enn dj ldrs gSaA
vOoy rks ;g è;ku esa j[ksa fd bl rjg osQ ys[ku esa fo"k; nks [kaHkksa osQ chp caèkh jLlh
dh rjg ugha gksrk] ftl ij pyrs gq, ge ,d dne Hkh bèkj&mèkj j[kus dk tksf[ke ugha mBk
ldrsA og rks [kqys eSnku dh rjg gksrk gS] ftlesa csykx nkSM+us] owQnus vkSj oqQyk¡ps Hkjus dh
NwV gksrh gSA njvly] fn, x, fo"k; osQ lkgp;Z ls tks Hkh lkFkZd vkSj lqlaxr fopkj gekjs
eu esa vkrs gSa] mUgsa ge ;gk¡ O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA gk¡] vis{kkÑr Li"V I
+
kQksdl okys fo"k;
feyus ij (elyu] Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgdksa esa L=kh) bl fopkj&izokg dks FkksM+k fu;af=kr j[kuk iM+rk
gSA bu ij fy[krs gq, fo"k; esa O;Dr oLrqfLFkfr dh ge mis{kk ugha dj ldrsA blhfy, cgqr
[kqykiu j[kusokys fo"k;ksa ij vxj ge 'krkfèkd dks.kksa ls fopkj dj ldrs gSa] rks muls fHkUu]
¯dfpr osaQfnzr izÑfr osQ fo"k;ksa ij fopkj djus osQ dks.k LokHkkfod :i ls FkksM+s de gksrs gSaA
ysfdu bruk r; gS fd fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij ,d gh O;fDr osQ ”ksgu esa dbZ rjhdksa ls lkspus
dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr vxj vkiosQ lkFk gks] rks lcls igys nks&rhu feuV Bgj dj
;g r; dj ysa fd muesa ls fdl dks.k ls mHkjusokys fopkjksa dks vki FkksM+k foLrkj ns ldrs
gSaA ;g r; dj ysus osQ ckn vki ,d vkd"kZd&lh 'kq#vkr ij fopkj djsaA gk¡] ;s [k;ky jgs
fd og 'kq#vkr vkd"kZd gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk fuokZg&;ksX; Hkh gksA ,slk u gks fd vkxs vki tks
oqQN dguk pkgrs gksa] mls bl izLFkku osQ lkFk lqlac¼ vkSj lqlaxr :i esa fijks ikuk vkiosQ
fy, eqefdu u gksA blfy, 'kq#vkr ls vkxs ckr oSQls flyflysokj c<+sxh] bldh ,d :ijs[kk
vkiosQ ”ksgu esa gksuh pkfg,A oLrqr% lqlac¼rk fdlh Hkh rjg osQ ys[ku dk ,d cqfu;knh
fu;e gSA [kklrkSj ls] tc fo"k; ij fopkj djus dh pkSgfí;k¡ cgqr l[rh ls r; u dj nh
xbZ gksa] ml lwjr esa lqlac¼rk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, dksf'k'k djuh iM+rh gSA tc pkSgfí;k¡ l[rh
ls r; dj nh xbZ gksa] rc ckgjh@vkjksfir vuq'kklu gh fopkj&izokg esa dekscs'k vkarfjd
lac¼rk dk;e dj nsrk gSA
fooj.k&foospu osQ lqlac¼ gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk mldk lqlaxr gksuk Hkh vPNs ys[ku dh ,d
[kkfl;r gSA vkidh dgh xbZ ckrsa u flI
+
kZQ vkil esa tqM+h gqbZ gksa] cfYd muesa rkyesy Hkh
gksA vxj vkidh nks ckrsa vkil esa gh ,d&nwljs dk [kaMu djrh gksa] rks ;g ys[ku dk gh
ugha] fdlh Hkh rjg dh vfHkO;fDr dk ,d v{kE; nks"k gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 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123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 123456789012345 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
158
lqlac¼rk vkSj lqlaxfr dks vkSj csgrj rjhosQ ls le>us osQ fy, ,d eksVk mnkgj.k fn;k
tk ldrk gSA eku yhft, ekSle dh ppkZ djrs&djrs vki ,dk,d jktuhfr ij ckr djus
yxsa vkSj ,slk djus dk dksbZ Bksl vkèkkj ;k dkj.kµelyu] lekurk osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ
O;aX; djuk ;k bu nksuksa dk dksbZ ikjLifjd izHkko js[kkafdr djukµizdV u gks] rks vkidh
ckrksa esa lac¼rk dk vHkko fn[ksxkA blh rjg ekSle dh ppkZ djrs gq, vki fdlh [kkl fnu]
le; vkSj LFkku osQ ekSle dks ,d ckj [kq'kxokj crk,¡ vkSj nwljh ckj mckÅ] rks vkidh ckrsa
vlaxr tku iM+saxhA vki viuh dgh gqbZ ckr dks bl rjg [kqn gh >qByk nsa] rks dkSu vkidks
i<+uk pkgsxk\ blfy, ys[kµpkgs og laLej.kkRed gks] js[kkfp=kkRed gks vFkok oSpkfjd]
mldh lqlac¼rk vkSj lqlaxfr osQ izfr gj ys[kd dks lpsr gksuk pkfg,A oSls gekjs lkspus dh
izfØ;k LokHkkfod :i ls bu xq.kksa dks èkkj.k djrh gh gS] fiQj Hkh lpsr u jgus ij] laHko
gS] ;s xq.k dgha&dgha unkjn gks tk,¡!
;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd lkekU;r% fucaèkksa ;k vkys[kksa@iz'uksÙkjksa esa tgk¡ ^eSa* 'kSyh dk
iz;ksx o£tr gksrk gS] ogha bl rjg osQ ys[ku esa ^eSa* dh vkoktkgh csjksdVksd py ldrh gSA
;gk¡ fo"k; dh izÑfr esa gh fufgr gksrk gS fd ys[k esa O;Dr fopkjksa esa vkRefu"Brk vkSj ys[kd
osQ O;fDrRo dh Nki gksxhA blfy, vU;=k oLrqfu"Brk osQ vkxzg ls ^eSa* 'kSyh dks Hkys gh Bhd
u ekuk tkrk gks] ;gk¡ ml ij dksbZ izfrcaèk ugha gksrkA
vkb,] vc vkiosQ lkeus oqQN uewus is'k djsa! lcls igys rhu uewus ,d gh fo"k;µ
^nhoky ?kM+h* ijA ;g fcyoqQy [kqyk gqvk fo"k; gSA fo"k; izLrkfor djusokyk ;gk¡ fdlh
rjg dh pkSgíh ugha ck¡èk jgk] og vkidks bl ckr dh NwV ns jgk gS fd bl fo"k; osQ lkFk
vkiosQ ”ksgu esa tks Hkh [k;ky mHkj jgs gSa] mUgsa lqlaxr rjhosQ ls 'kCnc¼ djsaA vxj og
^nhoky ?kM+h dh mi;ksfxrk*] ^nhoky ?kM+h dk bfrgkl* tSlk dksbZ fo"k; izLrkfor djrk] rks
ckr vkSj FkhA ogk¡ <hyk&<kyk gh lgh] ,d caèku gksrk vkSj vki mldh e;kZnk dk è;ku j[krs
gq, ys[ku djrsA ij ;gk¡ vkidks [kqys eSnku esa NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA vki ftl fn'kk esa tkdj
tqxkyh djuk pkgrs gSa] djsa! bu rhu uewuksa dks ns[k dj ;g ckr vkiosQ lkeus lkI
+
kQ gks tk,xhA
nhoky ?kM+h&1
mls ns[krs gh fdlh fI
+
kQYe dk ,d [kwclwjr&lk n`'; ;kn vkrk gSA ?kfM+;ksa dh ,d nqdku
esa uk;d&ukf;dk dh eqykdkr gksrh gSA gj rjI
+
kQ Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr dh ?kfM+;k¡ V¡xh gSaA ckjg ctus
gh okys gSaA T;ksa gh uk;d oqQN dguk pkgrk gSA vkSj og oqQN cM+k gh ekuh[ks”k gSµ?kfM+;ksa
dh lqb;k¡ ckjg ij ig¡qp tkrh gSa vkSj ,d&,d dj lkjh ?kfM+;ksa ls ckjg ckj ?kaVh ctus dh
vkok”k mBus yxrh gSA vxys oqQN lsosaQM rd ,slk laxhre; 'kksj xw¡trk jgrk gS fd uk;d
gdyk dj pqi jg tkrk gSA ?kfM+;ksa us ekuks mldk eap gh Nhu fy;k gks! fIkQj uk;d&ukf;dk]
nksuksa bl eèkqj foMacuk ij eqloQjkrs gq, ,d&nwljs dks ns[krs jg tkrs gSa--- ;g [kwclwjr n`';
esjh ;knnk'r esa mlh rjg V¡xk gS] ftl rjg nhokj ij ?kM+h V¡xh gksrh gSA dgha vkrh&tkrh
ugha] ges'kk fLFkj] fIkQj Hkh xfr'khy!
Rationalised 2023-24
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eqnzk esa FksA gj dksbZ Hkou'kkL=k ls ysdj lkSan;Z'kkL=k rd dk fo'ks"kK gksus dk nkok dj jgk
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nhoky ?kM+h rkjksa osQ chp pedrs èkoy pk¡n dh rjg LFkkfir jghA pk¡n rks vc Hkh gS] ij
rkjs ugha jgsA ;g pk¡n ,slk gS] tks rdjhcu lHkh eè;oxhZ; ?kjksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA esjh gh rjg
mu ?kjksa osQ ckf'kanksa osQ eu esa Hkh mls ysdj oqQN&u&oqQN ;knsa clh gksaxhA ;g fdruk vthc
gS fd tks izfr{k.k le; osQ chrs tkus ij VdVdh yxk, j[krk gS] ogh Le`fr;ksa osQ :i esa
gekjs Hkhrj le; dks dgha fLFkj Hkh dj nsrk gSA
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kQ&lqFkjh nhokj ij dhy osQ lgkjs V¡xh gqbZA dhy fn[krh ughaA
bldk eryc ;g fd dhy ij mlosQ V¡xs gksus dk dksbZ izR;{k izek.k miyCèk ugha gSA ysfdu
roZQ'kkfL=k;ksa us rks roZQlaxr vuqeku dks Hkh izek.k dh gh Js.kh esa j[kk gSA blfy, roZQ ij
vkèkkfjr ;g vuqeku fcyoqQy fujkin gS fd ?kM+h dhy osQ lgkjs V¡xh gSA--- og viuh txg
fcyoqQy fLFkj gS] irk ugha dc ls] ysfdu py jgh gSA mlosQ dk¡Vksa esa ,d vuojr pØh;
xfr gSA pØ ;k o`Ùk dh u dksbZ 'kq#vkr gksrh gS] u mldk var gksrk gSA bl rjg bu dk¡Vksa
dh pØh; xfr gesa crkrh gS fd le; vukfn vuar gSA ?kM+h dks nhokj osQ vklu ij fcBk
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gksus osQ fy, ughaA ;g fojksèkkHkkl&lk yxrk gS uk! fdlh >qosQ gq, erZcku ls yxkrkj ikuh
fxj jgk gS] ij u ikuh de gksrk gS] u erZcku [kkyh gksrk gSA xkSj djsa rks ;g
fojksèkkHkkl ugha gSA le; vuar gS] ij ge lcdk viuk&viuk le; vuar ughaA
?kM+h osQ pØ esa gj FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwjh ij tks ydhjsa gSa] os le; osQ Ñf=ke [kaM gh
lgh] os gesa crkrh gSa fd gj balku dk] gj ph”k dk vkSj gj dke dk viuk le;
gksrk gSA og 'kq: Hkh gksrk gS vkSj [kRe HkhA ;kn vkrk gS] dkSu cusxk djksM+ifr dk
og NksVk&lk cgqp£pr tqeykµ^rks vkidk le; 'kq: gksrk gS vc!*
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+
kQ&lqFkjh nhokj ij dhy osQ lgkjs V¡xh gqbZA fcyoqQy
fLFkj gS viuh txg ij] irk ugha dc ls] ij yxkrkj py jgh gS] ¯gnh esa
fVo~Q&fVo~Q&fVo~Q&fVo~Q vkSj vaxzs”kh esa fVo~Q&VkWd] fVo~Q&VkWd! mls vaxzs”kh ;k ¯gnh ugha
Rationalised 2023-24