NCERT Textbook - फिराक गोरखपुरी | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??
ewy uke % j?kqifr lgk; ^fI
+
kQjkd*
tUe % 28 vxLr] lu~ 1896] xksj[kiqj (mÙkj izns'k)
f'k{kk % jkeo`Q".k  dh dgkfu;ksa ls 'kqjQvkr] ckn dh f'k{kk
vjch] I
+
kQkjlh vkSj vaxzs”kh esaA 1917 esa fMIVh dysDVj osQ in
ij p;fur] ij Lojkt vkanksyu osQ fy, 1918 esa in&R;kxA
1920 esa Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa fgLlsnkjh osQ dkj.k Ms<+ o"kZ dh
tsyA bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; osQ vaxzs”kh foHkkx esa vè;kid
jgsA
lEeku % xqys&uXek osQ fy, lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj]
KkuihB iqjLdkj vkSj lksfo;r ySaM usg: vokMZ
egÙoiw.kZ o`Qfr;k¡ % xqys&uXek] c”es f”kanxh% jaxs&'kk;jh] mnZw x”kyxksbZ
fuèku % lu~ 1983
vc rqels jQ[klr gksrk gw¡ vkvks l¡Hkkyks lk”ks&x”ky @
u, rjkus NsM+ks @ esjs uXeksa dks uhan vkrh gS
mnwZ 'kk;jh dk cM+k fgLlk jQekfu;r] jgL; vkSj 'kkL=kh;rk ls c¡/k jgk gS ftlesa
yksdthou vkSj izo`Qfr osQ i{k cgqr de mHkj ik, gSaA u”khj vdcjkcknh] bYrkI
+
kQ gqlSu
gkyh tSls ftu oqQN 'kk;jksa us bl fjok;r dks rksM+k gS] muesa ,d izeq[k uke fI
+
kQjkd
xksj[kiqjh dk Hkh gSA
fI
+
kQjkd us ijaijkxr Hkkocks/ vkSj 'kCn&HkaMkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mls u;h Hkk"kk
vkSj u, fo"k;ksa ls tksM+kA muosQ ;gk¡ lkekftd nq[k&nnZ O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr cudj 'kk;jh
esa <yk gSA balku osQ gkFkksa balku ij tks xq”kjrh gS mldh rY[k lPpkbZ vkSj vkus okys dy
osQ izfr ,d mEehn] nksuksa dks Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ izrhdksa ls tksM+dj fI
+
kQjkd
us viuh 'kk;jh dk vuwBk egy [kM+k fd;kA mnwZ 'kk;jh vius yk{kf.kd iz;ksxksa vkSj
pqLr eqgkojsnkjh osQ fy, fo[;kr gSA 'ksj fy[ks ugha tkrs] dgs tkrs gSaA ;kuh ,d rjg
?
?? ?? ?
Reprint 2024-25
Page 2


????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??
ewy uke % j?kqifr lgk; ^fI
+
kQjkd*
tUe % 28 vxLr] lu~ 1896] xksj[kiqj (mÙkj izns'k)
f'k{kk % jkeo`Q".k  dh dgkfu;ksa ls 'kqjQvkr] ckn dh f'k{kk
vjch] I
+
kQkjlh vkSj vaxzs”kh esaA 1917 esa fMIVh dysDVj osQ in
ij p;fur] ij Lojkt vkanksyu osQ fy, 1918 esa in&R;kxA
1920 esa Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa fgLlsnkjh osQ dkj.k Ms<+ o"kZ dh
tsyA bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; osQ vaxzs”kh foHkkx esa vè;kid
jgsA
lEeku % xqys&uXek osQ fy, lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj]
KkuihB iqjLdkj vkSj lksfo;r ySaM usg: vokMZ
egÙoiw.kZ o`Qfr;k¡ % xqys&uXek] c”es f”kanxh% jaxs&'kk;jh] mnZw x”kyxksbZ
fuèku % lu~ 1983
vc rqels jQ[klr gksrk gw¡ vkvks l¡Hkkyks lk”ks&x”ky @
u, rjkus NsM+ks @ esjs uXeksa dks uhan vkrh gS
mnwZ 'kk;jh dk cM+k fgLlk jQekfu;r] jgL; vkSj 'kkL=kh;rk ls c¡/k jgk gS ftlesa
yksdthou vkSj izo`Qfr osQ i{k cgqr de mHkj ik, gSaA u”khj vdcjkcknh] bYrkI
+
kQ gqlSu
gkyh tSls ftu oqQN 'kk;jksa us bl fjok;r dks rksM+k gS] muesa ,d izeq[k uke fI
+
kQjkd
xksj[kiqjh dk Hkh gSA
fI
+
kQjkd us ijaijkxr Hkkocks/ vkSj 'kCn&HkaMkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mls u;h Hkk"kk
vkSj u, fo"k;ksa ls tksM+kA muosQ ;gk¡ lkekftd nq[k&nnZ O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr cudj 'kk;jh
esa <yk gSA balku osQ gkFkksa balku ij tks xq”kjrh gS mldh rY[k lPpkbZ vkSj vkus okys dy
osQ izfr ,d mEehn] nksuksa dks Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ izrhdksa ls tksM+dj fI
+
kQjkd
us viuh 'kk;jh dk vuwBk egy [kM+k fd;kA mnwZ 'kk;jh vius yk{kf.kd iz;ksxksa vkSj
pqLr eqgkojsnkjh osQ fy, fo[;kr gSA 'ksj fy[ks ugha tkrs] dgs tkrs gSaA ;kuh ,d rjg
?
?? ?? ?
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?
50
dk laokn izeq[k gksrk gSA ehj vkSj xkfyc dh rjg fI
+
kQjkd us Hkh dgus dh bl 'kSyh dks
lk/dj vke&vkneh ;k lk/kj.k&tu ls viuh ckr dgh gSA izo`Qfr] ekSle vkSj HkkSfrd
txr osQ lkSan;Z dks 'kk;jh dk fo"k; cukrs gq, dgk] ¶fnO;rk HkkSfrdrk ls i`FkoQ oLrq ugha
gSA ftls ge HkkSfrd dgrs gSa ogh fnO; Hkh gSA¸
fI
+
kQjkd dh #ckbZ esa fganh dk ,d ?kjsyw :i fn[krk gSA Hkk"kk lgt vkSj izlax Hkh
lwjnkl osQ okRlY; o.kZu dh lknxh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA eq>s pk¡n pkfg,] eS;k jh] eSa
panz f[kykSuk ySgksa tSls ¯cc vkt Hkh mu cPpksa osQ fy, ,d euyqHkkou f[kykSuk gS tks
okrkuqowQfyr dejksa esa can ugha jgrs] Nr ij pVkbZ fcNkdj lksrs gSa rFkk pankekek osQ
ufn;k fdukjs mrjus vkSj dfYir nwèk&Hkkr [kkus dh dYiuk ls fugky gSaA ekek Hkh rks
,d lk{kkr f[kykSuk gS cPpksa dkµ[kkldj mu cPpksa dk ftuosQ thou esa eg¡xs f[kykSus
Hkys u gksa ij tks panzkHk fj'rksa dk eeZ le>rs gSa! ,d dfBu nkSj gS ;gµ
?kj ykSV cgqr jks, ek¡&cki vosQys esa]
fe^h osQ f[kykSus Hkh lLrs u Fks esys esa
yksdk nsuk] ?kqVfu;ksa esa ysdj diM+s fiUgkuk] xslqvksa esa oaQ?kh djuk] :iorh
eq[kM+k] ueZ ned] ftn;k;k ckyd] jl dh iqryhµ;s oqQN foy{k.k iz;ksx gSa] fganh]
mnZw vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ vuwBs xBcaèku osQ ftls xkaèkh th fganqLrkuh osQ :i esa iYyfor djuk
pkgrs FksA ek¡ gkFk esa vkbZuk nsdj cPps dks cgyk jgh gSµ¶ns[k] vkbZus esa pk¡n mrj vk;k
gSA¸ pk¡n dh ijNkb± Hkh pk¡n gh gSA dYiuk dh vk¡[k dk Hkyk D;k eqdkcykA ¶:iorh
eq[kM+s iS ueZ ned¸ ykus osQ fy, NBs&Nekls] ioZ&R;ksgkj ij gh lgh] oqQN uUgha I
+
kQjekb'ksa
Hkh iwjh dj nh tkrh gSaµnhokyh esa phuh&fe^h osQ f[kykSus] jk[kh esa ^fctyh dh rjg
ped jgs yPNs*A
j{kkcaèku ,d ehBk caèku gSA j{kkcaèku osQ dPps èkkxksa ij fctyh osQ yPNs gSaA lkou
esa j{kkcaèku vkrk gSA lkou dk tks lacaèk >huh ?kVk ls gS] ?kVk dk tks lacaèk fctyh ls]
ogh lacaèk HkkbZ dk cgu lsA
Reprint 2024-25
Page 3


????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??
ewy uke % j?kqifr lgk; ^fI
+
kQjkd*
tUe % 28 vxLr] lu~ 1896] xksj[kiqj (mÙkj izns'k)
f'k{kk % jkeo`Q".k  dh dgkfu;ksa ls 'kqjQvkr] ckn dh f'k{kk
vjch] I
+
kQkjlh vkSj vaxzs”kh esaA 1917 esa fMIVh dysDVj osQ in
ij p;fur] ij Lojkt vkanksyu osQ fy, 1918 esa in&R;kxA
1920 esa Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa fgLlsnkjh osQ dkj.k Ms<+ o"kZ dh
tsyA bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; osQ vaxzs”kh foHkkx esa vè;kid
jgsA
lEeku % xqys&uXek osQ fy, lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj]
KkuihB iqjLdkj vkSj lksfo;r ySaM usg: vokMZ
egÙoiw.kZ o`Qfr;k¡ % xqys&uXek] c”es f”kanxh% jaxs&'kk;jh] mnZw x”kyxksbZ
fuèku % lu~ 1983
vc rqels jQ[klr gksrk gw¡ vkvks l¡Hkkyks lk”ks&x”ky @
u, rjkus NsM+ks @ esjs uXeksa dks uhan vkrh gS
mnwZ 'kk;jh dk cM+k fgLlk jQekfu;r] jgL; vkSj 'kkL=kh;rk ls c¡/k jgk gS ftlesa
yksdthou vkSj izo`Qfr osQ i{k cgqr de mHkj ik, gSaA u”khj vdcjkcknh] bYrkI
+
kQ gqlSu
gkyh tSls ftu oqQN 'kk;jksa us bl fjok;r dks rksM+k gS] muesa ,d izeq[k uke fI
+
kQjkd
xksj[kiqjh dk Hkh gSA
fI
+
kQjkd us ijaijkxr Hkkocks/ vkSj 'kCn&HkaMkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mls u;h Hkk"kk
vkSj u, fo"k;ksa ls tksM+kA muosQ ;gk¡ lkekftd nq[k&nnZ O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr cudj 'kk;jh
esa <yk gSA balku osQ gkFkksa balku ij tks xq”kjrh gS mldh rY[k lPpkbZ vkSj vkus okys dy
osQ izfr ,d mEehn] nksuksa dks Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ izrhdksa ls tksM+dj fI
+
kQjkd
us viuh 'kk;jh dk vuwBk egy [kM+k fd;kA mnwZ 'kk;jh vius yk{kf.kd iz;ksxksa vkSj
pqLr eqgkojsnkjh osQ fy, fo[;kr gSA 'ksj fy[ks ugha tkrs] dgs tkrs gSaA ;kuh ,d rjg
?
?? ?? ?
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?
50
dk laokn izeq[k gksrk gSA ehj vkSj xkfyc dh rjg fI
+
kQjkd us Hkh dgus dh bl 'kSyh dks
lk/dj vke&vkneh ;k lk/kj.k&tu ls viuh ckr dgh gSA izo`Qfr] ekSle vkSj HkkSfrd
txr osQ lkSan;Z dks 'kk;jh dk fo"k; cukrs gq, dgk] ¶fnO;rk HkkSfrdrk ls i`FkoQ oLrq ugha
gSA ftls ge HkkSfrd dgrs gSa ogh fnO; Hkh gSA¸
fI
+
kQjkd dh #ckbZ esa fganh dk ,d ?kjsyw :i fn[krk gSA Hkk"kk lgt vkSj izlax Hkh
lwjnkl osQ okRlY; o.kZu dh lknxh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA eq>s pk¡n pkfg,] eS;k jh] eSa
panz f[kykSuk ySgksa tSls ¯cc vkt Hkh mu cPpksa osQ fy, ,d euyqHkkou f[kykSuk gS tks
okrkuqowQfyr dejksa esa can ugha jgrs] Nr ij pVkbZ fcNkdj lksrs gSa rFkk pankekek osQ
ufn;k fdukjs mrjus vkSj dfYir nwèk&Hkkr [kkus dh dYiuk ls fugky gSaA ekek Hkh rks
,d lk{kkr f[kykSuk gS cPpksa dkµ[kkldj mu cPpksa dk ftuosQ thou esa eg¡xs f[kykSus
Hkys u gksa ij tks panzkHk fj'rksa dk eeZ le>rs gSa! ,d dfBu nkSj gS ;gµ
?kj ykSV cgqr jks, ek¡&cki vosQys esa]
fe^h osQ f[kykSus Hkh lLrs u Fks esys esa
yksdk nsuk] ?kqVfu;ksa esa ysdj diM+s fiUgkuk] xslqvksa esa oaQ?kh djuk] :iorh
eq[kM+k] ueZ ned] ftn;k;k ckyd] jl dh iqryhµ;s oqQN foy{k.k iz;ksx gSa] fganh]
mnZw vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ vuwBs xBcaèku osQ ftls xkaèkh th fganqLrkuh osQ :i esa iYyfor djuk
pkgrs FksA ek¡ gkFk esa vkbZuk nsdj cPps dks cgyk jgh gSµ¶ns[k] vkbZus esa pk¡n mrj vk;k
gSA¸ pk¡n dh ijNkb± Hkh pk¡n gh gSA dYiuk dh vk¡[k dk Hkyk D;k eqdkcykA ¶:iorh
eq[kM+s iS ueZ ned¸ ykus osQ fy, NBs&Nekls] ioZ&R;ksgkj ij gh lgh] oqQN uUgha I
+
kQjekb'ksa
Hkh iwjh dj nh tkrh gSaµnhokyh esa phuh&fe^h osQ f[kykSus] jk[kh esa ^fctyh dh rjg
ped jgs yPNs*A
j{kkcaèku ,d ehBk caèku gSA j{kkcaèku osQ dPps èkkxksa ij fctyh osQ yPNs gSaA lkou
esa j{kkcaèku vkrk gSA lkou dk tks lacaèk >huh ?kVk ls gS] ?kVk dk tks lacaèk fctyh ls]
ogh lacaèk HkkbZ dk cgu lsA
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ??
vk¡xu  esa  fy,  pk¡n  osQ  VqdM+s  dks  [kM+h
gkFkksa  is  >qykrh  gS  mls  xksn&Hkjh
jg&jg  osQ  gok  esa  tks  yksdk nsrh gS
xw¡t  mBrh  gS  f[kyf[kykrs  cPps  dh  g¡lh
ugyk   osQ   NyosQ&NyosQ   fueZy   ty
ls my>s   gq,   xslqvksa   esa   oaQ?kh   djosQ
fdl I;kj ls ns[krk gS cPpk eq¡g dks
tc  ?kqVfu;ksa  esa  ys  osQ  gS  fiUgkrh  diMs+
nhokyh  dh  'kke  ?kj  iqrs  vkSj  lts
phuh   osQ   f[kykSus  txexkrs  ykos
oks  :iorh  eq[kM+s  iS  bd  ueZ  ned
cPps  osQ  ?kjkSans  esa  tykrh  gS  fn,
vk¡xu  esa Bqud  jgk  gS  f”kn;k;k  gS
ckyd   rks   gbZ  pk¡n  iS yypk;k  gS
niZ.k  mls  ns  osQ  dg jgh  gS ek¡
ns[k  vkbZus  esa  pk¡n  mrj  vk;k  gS
j{kkcaèku  dh  lqcg  jl  dh  iqryh
Nk;h gS  ?kVk  xxu  dh  gydh&gydh
fctyh dh rjg ped jgs gSa yPNs
HkkbZ   osQ   gS  ck¡èkrh   pedrh   jk[kh
? jQckbZ mnwZ vkSj I
+
kQkjlh dk ,d Nan ;k ys[ku 'kSyh gS] ftlesa pkj iafDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA bldh igyh] nwljh
vkSj pkSFkh iafDr esa rqd (dkfI
+
kQ;k) feyk;k  tkrk gS rFkk rhljh iafDr LoPNan gksrh gSA
Reprint 2024-25
Page 4


????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??
ewy uke % j?kqifr lgk; ^fI
+
kQjkd*
tUe % 28 vxLr] lu~ 1896] xksj[kiqj (mÙkj izns'k)
f'k{kk % jkeo`Q".k  dh dgkfu;ksa ls 'kqjQvkr] ckn dh f'k{kk
vjch] I
+
kQkjlh vkSj vaxzs”kh esaA 1917 esa fMIVh dysDVj osQ in
ij p;fur] ij Lojkt vkanksyu osQ fy, 1918 esa in&R;kxA
1920 esa Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa fgLlsnkjh osQ dkj.k Ms<+ o"kZ dh
tsyA bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; osQ vaxzs”kh foHkkx esa vè;kid
jgsA
lEeku % xqys&uXek osQ fy, lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj]
KkuihB iqjLdkj vkSj lksfo;r ySaM usg: vokMZ
egÙoiw.kZ o`Qfr;k¡ % xqys&uXek] c”es f”kanxh% jaxs&'kk;jh] mnZw x”kyxksbZ
fuèku % lu~ 1983
vc rqels jQ[klr gksrk gw¡ vkvks l¡Hkkyks lk”ks&x”ky @
u, rjkus NsM+ks @ esjs uXeksa dks uhan vkrh gS
mnwZ 'kk;jh dk cM+k fgLlk jQekfu;r] jgL; vkSj 'kkL=kh;rk ls c¡/k jgk gS ftlesa
yksdthou vkSj izo`Qfr osQ i{k cgqr de mHkj ik, gSaA u”khj vdcjkcknh] bYrkI
+
kQ gqlSu
gkyh tSls ftu oqQN 'kk;jksa us bl fjok;r dks rksM+k gS] muesa ,d izeq[k uke fI
+
kQjkd
xksj[kiqjh dk Hkh gSA
fI
+
kQjkd us ijaijkxr Hkkocks/ vkSj 'kCn&HkaMkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mls u;h Hkk"kk
vkSj u, fo"k;ksa ls tksM+kA muosQ ;gk¡ lkekftd nq[k&nnZ O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr cudj 'kk;jh
esa <yk gSA balku osQ gkFkksa balku ij tks xq”kjrh gS mldh rY[k lPpkbZ vkSj vkus okys dy
osQ izfr ,d mEehn] nksuksa dks Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ izrhdksa ls tksM+dj fI
+
kQjkd
us viuh 'kk;jh dk vuwBk egy [kM+k fd;kA mnwZ 'kk;jh vius yk{kf.kd iz;ksxksa vkSj
pqLr eqgkojsnkjh osQ fy, fo[;kr gSA 'ksj fy[ks ugha tkrs] dgs tkrs gSaA ;kuh ,d rjg
?
?? ?? ?
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?
50
dk laokn izeq[k gksrk gSA ehj vkSj xkfyc dh rjg fI
+
kQjkd us Hkh dgus dh bl 'kSyh dks
lk/dj vke&vkneh ;k lk/kj.k&tu ls viuh ckr dgh gSA izo`Qfr] ekSle vkSj HkkSfrd
txr osQ lkSan;Z dks 'kk;jh dk fo"k; cukrs gq, dgk] ¶fnO;rk HkkSfrdrk ls i`FkoQ oLrq ugha
gSA ftls ge HkkSfrd dgrs gSa ogh fnO; Hkh gSA¸
fI
+
kQjkd dh #ckbZ esa fganh dk ,d ?kjsyw :i fn[krk gSA Hkk"kk lgt vkSj izlax Hkh
lwjnkl osQ okRlY; o.kZu dh lknxh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA eq>s pk¡n pkfg,] eS;k jh] eSa
panz f[kykSuk ySgksa tSls ¯cc vkt Hkh mu cPpksa osQ fy, ,d euyqHkkou f[kykSuk gS tks
okrkuqowQfyr dejksa esa can ugha jgrs] Nr ij pVkbZ fcNkdj lksrs gSa rFkk pankekek osQ
ufn;k fdukjs mrjus vkSj dfYir nwèk&Hkkr [kkus dh dYiuk ls fugky gSaA ekek Hkh rks
,d lk{kkr f[kykSuk gS cPpksa dkµ[kkldj mu cPpksa dk ftuosQ thou esa eg¡xs f[kykSus
Hkys u gksa ij tks panzkHk fj'rksa dk eeZ le>rs gSa! ,d dfBu nkSj gS ;gµ
?kj ykSV cgqr jks, ek¡&cki vosQys esa]
fe^h osQ f[kykSus Hkh lLrs u Fks esys esa
yksdk nsuk] ?kqVfu;ksa esa ysdj diM+s fiUgkuk] xslqvksa esa oaQ?kh djuk] :iorh
eq[kM+k] ueZ ned] ftn;k;k ckyd] jl dh iqryhµ;s oqQN foy{k.k iz;ksx gSa] fganh]
mnZw vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ vuwBs xBcaèku osQ ftls xkaèkh th fganqLrkuh osQ :i esa iYyfor djuk
pkgrs FksA ek¡ gkFk esa vkbZuk nsdj cPps dks cgyk jgh gSµ¶ns[k] vkbZus esa pk¡n mrj vk;k
gSA¸ pk¡n dh ijNkb± Hkh pk¡n gh gSA dYiuk dh vk¡[k dk Hkyk D;k eqdkcykA ¶:iorh
eq[kM+s iS ueZ ned¸ ykus osQ fy, NBs&Nekls] ioZ&R;ksgkj ij gh lgh] oqQN uUgha I
+
kQjekb'ksa
Hkh iwjh dj nh tkrh gSaµnhokyh esa phuh&fe^h osQ f[kykSus] jk[kh esa ^fctyh dh rjg
ped jgs yPNs*A
j{kkcaèku ,d ehBk caèku gSA j{kkcaèku osQ dPps èkkxksa ij fctyh osQ yPNs gSaA lkou
esa j{kkcaèku vkrk gSA lkou dk tks lacaèk >huh ?kVk ls gS] ?kVk dk tks lacaèk fctyh ls]
ogh lacaèk HkkbZ dk cgu lsA
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ??
vk¡xu  esa  fy,  pk¡n  osQ  VqdM+s  dks  [kM+h
gkFkksa  is  >qykrh  gS  mls  xksn&Hkjh
jg&jg  osQ  gok  esa  tks  yksdk nsrh gS
xw¡t  mBrh  gS  f[kyf[kykrs  cPps  dh  g¡lh
ugyk   osQ   NyosQ&NyosQ   fueZy   ty
ls my>s   gq,   xslqvksa   esa   oaQ?kh   djosQ
fdl I;kj ls ns[krk gS cPpk eq¡g dks
tc  ?kqVfu;ksa  esa  ys  osQ  gS  fiUgkrh  diMs+
nhokyh  dh  'kke  ?kj  iqrs  vkSj  lts
phuh   osQ   f[kykSus  txexkrs  ykos
oks  :iorh  eq[kM+s  iS  bd  ueZ  ned
cPps  osQ  ?kjkSans  esa  tykrh  gS  fn,
vk¡xu  esa Bqud  jgk  gS  f”kn;k;k  gS
ckyd   rks   gbZ  pk¡n  iS yypk;k  gS
niZ.k  mls  ns  osQ  dg jgh  gS ek¡
ns[k  vkbZus  esa  pk¡n  mrj  vk;k  gS
j{kkcaèku  dh  lqcg  jl  dh  iqryh
Nk;h gS  ?kVk  xxu  dh  gydh&gydh
fctyh dh rjg ped jgs gSa yPNs
HkkbZ   osQ   gS  ck¡èkrh   pedrh   jk[kh
? jQckbZ mnwZ vkSj I
+
kQkjlh dk ,d Nan ;k ys[ku 'kSyh gS] ftlesa pkj iafDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA bldh igyh] nwljh
vkSj pkSFkh iafDr esa rqd (dkfI
+
kQ;k) feyk;k  tkrk gS rFkk rhljh iafDr LoPNan gksrh gSA
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?
52
???? ? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ?
ikB osQ lkFk
1- 'kk;j jk[kh osQ yPNs dks fctyh dh ped dh rjg dgdj D;k Hkko O;aftr djuk pkgrk gS\
2- [kqn dk ijnk [kksyus ls D;k vk'k; gS\
       fVIi.kh djsa
(d) xksnh osQ pk¡n vkSj xxu osQ pk¡n dk fj'rkA
([k) lkou dh ?kVk,¡ o j{kkcaèku dk ioZA
dfork osQ vklikl
1- bu jQckb;ksa ls fganh] mnwZ vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ feys&tqys iz;ksxksa dks Nk¡fV,A
vkilnkjh
dfork esa ,d Hkko] ,d fopkj gksrs gq, Hkh mldk vank”ks c;k¡ ;k Hkk"kk osQ lkFk mldk crkZo
vyx&vyx :i esa vfHkO;fDr ikrk gSA bl ckr dks è;ku j[krs gq, uhps nh xbZ dforkvksa
dks if<+, vkSj nh xbZ jQckbZ esa ls lekukFkhZ iafDr;k¡ <w¡f<+,A
(d) eS;k eSa rks panz f[kykSuk ySgksaA
µlwjnkl
([k) fo;ksxh gksxk igyk dfo
vkg ls mitk gksxk xku
meM+ dj vk¡[kksa ls pqipki
cgh gksxh dfork vutku
µlqfe=kkuanu iar
(x) lhl mrkjs Hkqb± èkjs rc fefygSa djrkj
  µdchj
Reprint 2024-25
Page 5


????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??
ewy uke % j?kqifr lgk; ^fI
+
kQjkd*
tUe % 28 vxLr] lu~ 1896] xksj[kiqj (mÙkj izns'k)
f'k{kk % jkeo`Q".k  dh dgkfu;ksa ls 'kqjQvkr] ckn dh f'k{kk
vjch] I
+
kQkjlh vkSj vaxzs”kh esaA 1917 esa fMIVh dysDVj osQ in
ij p;fur] ij Lojkt vkanksyu osQ fy, 1918 esa in&R;kxA
1920 esa Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa fgLlsnkjh osQ dkj.k Ms<+ o"kZ dh
tsyA bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; osQ vaxzs”kh foHkkx esa vè;kid
jgsA
lEeku % xqys&uXek osQ fy, lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj]
KkuihB iqjLdkj vkSj lksfo;r ySaM usg: vokMZ
egÙoiw.kZ o`Qfr;k¡ % xqys&uXek] c”es f”kanxh% jaxs&'kk;jh] mnZw x”kyxksbZ
fuèku % lu~ 1983
vc rqels jQ[klr gksrk gw¡ vkvks l¡Hkkyks lk”ks&x”ky @
u, rjkus NsM+ks @ esjs uXeksa dks uhan vkrh gS
mnwZ 'kk;jh dk cM+k fgLlk jQekfu;r] jgL; vkSj 'kkL=kh;rk ls c¡/k jgk gS ftlesa
yksdthou vkSj izo`Qfr osQ i{k cgqr de mHkj ik, gSaA u”khj vdcjkcknh] bYrkI
+
kQ gqlSu
gkyh tSls ftu oqQN 'kk;jksa us bl fjok;r dks rksM+k gS] muesa ,d izeq[k uke fI
+
kQjkd
xksj[kiqjh dk Hkh gSA
fI
+
kQjkd us ijaijkxr Hkkocks/ vkSj 'kCn&HkaMkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mls u;h Hkk"kk
vkSj u, fo"k;ksa ls tksM+kA muosQ ;gk¡ lkekftd nq[k&nnZ O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr cudj 'kk;jh
esa <yk gSA balku osQ gkFkksa balku ij tks xq”kjrh gS mldh rY[k lPpkbZ vkSj vkus okys dy
osQ izfr ,d mEehn] nksuksa dks Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ izrhdksa ls tksM+dj fI
+
kQjkd
us viuh 'kk;jh dk vuwBk egy [kM+k fd;kA mnwZ 'kk;jh vius yk{kf.kd iz;ksxksa vkSj
pqLr eqgkojsnkjh osQ fy, fo[;kr gSA 'ksj fy[ks ugha tkrs] dgs tkrs gSaA ;kuh ,d rjg
?
?? ?? ?
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?
50
dk laokn izeq[k gksrk gSA ehj vkSj xkfyc dh rjg fI
+
kQjkd us Hkh dgus dh bl 'kSyh dks
lk/dj vke&vkneh ;k lk/kj.k&tu ls viuh ckr dgh gSA izo`Qfr] ekSle vkSj HkkSfrd
txr osQ lkSan;Z dks 'kk;jh dk fo"k; cukrs gq, dgk] ¶fnO;rk HkkSfrdrk ls i`FkoQ oLrq ugha
gSA ftls ge HkkSfrd dgrs gSa ogh fnO; Hkh gSA¸
fI
+
kQjkd dh #ckbZ esa fganh dk ,d ?kjsyw :i fn[krk gSA Hkk"kk lgt vkSj izlax Hkh
lwjnkl osQ okRlY; o.kZu dh lknxh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA eq>s pk¡n pkfg,] eS;k jh] eSa
panz f[kykSuk ySgksa tSls ¯cc vkt Hkh mu cPpksa osQ fy, ,d euyqHkkou f[kykSuk gS tks
okrkuqowQfyr dejksa esa can ugha jgrs] Nr ij pVkbZ fcNkdj lksrs gSa rFkk pankekek osQ
ufn;k fdukjs mrjus vkSj dfYir nwèk&Hkkr [kkus dh dYiuk ls fugky gSaA ekek Hkh rks
,d lk{kkr f[kykSuk gS cPpksa dkµ[kkldj mu cPpksa dk ftuosQ thou esa eg¡xs f[kykSus
Hkys u gksa ij tks panzkHk fj'rksa dk eeZ le>rs gSa! ,d dfBu nkSj gS ;gµ
?kj ykSV cgqr jks, ek¡&cki vosQys esa]
fe^h osQ f[kykSus Hkh lLrs u Fks esys esa
yksdk nsuk] ?kqVfu;ksa esa ysdj diM+s fiUgkuk] xslqvksa esa oaQ?kh djuk] :iorh
eq[kM+k] ueZ ned] ftn;k;k ckyd] jl dh iqryhµ;s oqQN foy{k.k iz;ksx gSa] fganh]
mnZw vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ vuwBs xBcaèku osQ ftls xkaèkh th fganqLrkuh osQ :i esa iYyfor djuk
pkgrs FksA ek¡ gkFk esa vkbZuk nsdj cPps dks cgyk jgh gSµ¶ns[k] vkbZus esa pk¡n mrj vk;k
gSA¸ pk¡n dh ijNkb± Hkh pk¡n gh gSA dYiuk dh vk¡[k dk Hkyk D;k eqdkcykA ¶:iorh
eq[kM+s iS ueZ ned¸ ykus osQ fy, NBs&Nekls] ioZ&R;ksgkj ij gh lgh] oqQN uUgha I
+
kQjekb'ksa
Hkh iwjh dj nh tkrh gSaµnhokyh esa phuh&fe^h osQ f[kykSus] jk[kh esa ^fctyh dh rjg
ped jgs yPNs*A
j{kkcaèku ,d ehBk caèku gSA j{kkcaèku osQ dPps èkkxksa ij fctyh osQ yPNs gSaA lkou
esa j{kkcaèku vkrk gSA lkou dk tks lacaèk >huh ?kVk ls gS] ?kVk dk tks lacaèk fctyh ls]
ogh lacaèk HkkbZ dk cgu lsA
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ??
vk¡xu  esa  fy,  pk¡n  osQ  VqdM+s  dks  [kM+h
gkFkksa  is  >qykrh  gS  mls  xksn&Hkjh
jg&jg  osQ  gok  esa  tks  yksdk nsrh gS
xw¡t  mBrh  gS  f[kyf[kykrs  cPps  dh  g¡lh
ugyk   osQ   NyosQ&NyosQ   fueZy   ty
ls my>s   gq,   xslqvksa   esa   oaQ?kh   djosQ
fdl I;kj ls ns[krk gS cPpk eq¡g dks
tc  ?kqVfu;ksa  esa  ys  osQ  gS  fiUgkrh  diMs+
nhokyh  dh  'kke  ?kj  iqrs  vkSj  lts
phuh   osQ   f[kykSus  txexkrs  ykos
oks  :iorh  eq[kM+s  iS  bd  ueZ  ned
cPps  osQ  ?kjkSans  esa  tykrh  gS  fn,
vk¡xu  esa Bqud  jgk  gS  f”kn;k;k  gS
ckyd   rks   gbZ  pk¡n  iS yypk;k  gS
niZ.k  mls  ns  osQ  dg jgh  gS ek¡
ns[k  vkbZus  esa  pk¡n  mrj  vk;k  gS
j{kkcaèku  dh  lqcg  jl  dh  iqryh
Nk;h gS  ?kVk  xxu  dh  gydh&gydh
fctyh dh rjg ped jgs gSa yPNs
HkkbZ   osQ   gS  ck¡èkrh   pedrh   jk[kh
? jQckbZ mnwZ vkSj I
+
kQkjlh dk ,d Nan ;k ys[ku 'kSyh gS] ftlesa pkj iafDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA bldh igyh] nwljh
vkSj pkSFkh iafDr esa rqd (dkfI
+
kQ;k) feyk;k  tkrk gS rFkk rhljh iafDr LoPNan gksrh gSA
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ?
52
???? ? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ?
ikB osQ lkFk
1- 'kk;j jk[kh osQ yPNs dks fctyh dh ped dh rjg dgdj D;k Hkko O;aftr djuk pkgrk gS\
2- [kqn dk ijnk [kksyus ls D;k vk'k; gS\
       fVIi.kh djsa
(d) xksnh osQ pk¡n vkSj xxu osQ pk¡n dk fj'rkA
([k) lkou dh ?kVk,¡ o j{kkcaèku dk ioZA
dfork osQ vklikl
1- bu jQckb;ksa ls fganh] mnwZ vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ feys&tqys iz;ksxksa dks Nk¡fV,A
vkilnkjh
dfork esa ,d Hkko] ,d fopkj gksrs gq, Hkh mldk vank”ks c;k¡ ;k Hkk"kk osQ lkFk mldk crkZo
vyx&vyx :i esa vfHkO;fDr ikrk gSA bl ckr dks è;ku j[krs gq, uhps nh xbZ dforkvksa
dks if<+, vkSj nh xbZ jQckbZ esa ls lekukFkhZ iafDr;k¡ <w¡f<+,A
(d) eS;k eSa rks panz f[kykSuk ySgksaA
µlwjnkl
([k) fo;ksxh gksxk igyk dfo
vkg ls mitk gksxk xku
meM+ dj vk¡[kksa ls pqipki
cgh gksxh dfork vutku
µlqfe=kkuanu iar
(x) lhl mrkjs Hkqb± èkjs rc fefygSa djrkj
  µdchj
Reprint 2024-25
? ???? ? ?
53
'kCn&Nfo
yksdk nsuk & mNky&mNky dj I;kj djus dh ,d fØ;k
gbZ & gS gh
'kc & jkr
Reprint 2024-25