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NCERT Textbook - ब्रजमोहन व्यास | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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 Page 1


88@varjk
czteksgu O;kl
(lu~ 1886&1963)
czteksgu O;kl dk tUe bykgkckn esa gqvkA ia- xaxkukFk >k vkSj
ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ ls mUgksaus laLÑr dk Kku izkIr fd;kA O;kl
th lu~ 1921 ls 1943 rd bykgkckn uxjikfydk osQ dk;Zikyd
vfèkdkjh jgsA lu~ 1944 ls 1951 osQ yhMj lekpkji=k lewg
osQ tujy eSustj jgsA 23 ekpZ 1963 dks bykgkckn esa gh mudk nsgkolku gqvkA mudh izeq[k
Ñfr;k¡ gSaµtkudh gj.k (oqQekjnkl Ñr) dk vuqokn] ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ (thouh)] egkeuk
enu eksgu ekyoh; (thouh)A esjk dPpk fp_k mudh vkRedFkk gSA
O;kl th dh lcls cM+h nsu bykgkckn dk fo'kky vkSj izfl¼ laxzgky; gS ftlesa nks g”kkj
ik"kk.k ewfrZ;k¡] ik¡p&Ng g”kkj e`.kewfrZ;k¡] dfu"d osQ jkT;dky dh izkphure ckS¼ ewfrZ]
[ktqjkgks dh pansy izfrek,¡] lSdM+ksa jaxhu fp=kksa dk laxzg vkfn 'kkfey gSA mUgksaus laLÑr]
¯gnh vkSj vjch&I
+
kQkjlh osQ pkSng g”kkj gLrfyf[kr xazFkksa dk ladyu mlh laxzgky; gsrq
fd;kA ia- usg: dks feys ekui=k] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn dh fiLrkSy bykgkckn laxzgky; dh
èkjksgj ekuh tkrh gSA
iqjkrRo lacaèkh laxzgky; dh fofHkUu èkjksgj&lkexzh dk ladyu cxSj fo'ks"k O;; osQ dj
ikuk czteksgu O;kl dk viuk fof'k"V dkS'ky gSA izLrqr ikB muosQ Je&dkS'ky vkSj esèkk
dk;Z dk ^dPpk fp_k* gSA
2022-23
Page 2


88@varjk
czteksgu O;kl
(lu~ 1886&1963)
czteksgu O;kl dk tUe bykgkckn esa gqvkA ia- xaxkukFk >k vkSj
ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ ls mUgksaus laLÑr dk Kku izkIr fd;kA O;kl
th lu~ 1921 ls 1943 rd bykgkckn uxjikfydk osQ dk;Zikyd
vfèkdkjh jgsA lu~ 1944 ls 1951 osQ yhMj lekpkji=k lewg
osQ tujy eSustj jgsA 23 ekpZ 1963 dks bykgkckn esa gh mudk nsgkolku gqvkA mudh izeq[k
Ñfr;k¡ gSaµtkudh gj.k (oqQekjnkl Ñr) dk vuqokn] ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ (thouh)] egkeuk
enu eksgu ekyoh; (thouh)A esjk dPpk fp_k mudh vkRedFkk gSA
O;kl th dh lcls cM+h nsu bykgkckn dk fo'kky vkSj izfl¼ laxzgky; gS ftlesa nks g”kkj
ik"kk.k ewfrZ;k¡] ik¡p&Ng g”kkj e`.kewfrZ;k¡] dfu"d osQ jkT;dky dh izkphure ckS¼ ewfrZ]
[ktqjkgks dh pansy izfrek,¡] lSdM+ksa jaxhu fp=kksa dk laxzg vkfn 'kkfey gSA mUgksaus laLÑr]
¯gnh vkSj vjch&I
+
kQkjlh osQ pkSng g”kkj gLrfyf[kr xazFkksa dk ladyu mlh laxzgky; gsrq
fd;kA ia- usg: dks feys ekui=k] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn dh fiLrkSy bykgkckn laxzgky; dh
èkjksgj ekuh tkrh gSA
iqjkrRo lacaèkh laxzgky; dh fofHkUu èkjksgj&lkexzh dk ladyu cxSj fo'ks"k O;; osQ dj
ikuk czteksgu O;kl dk viuk fof'k"V dkS'ky gSA izLrqr ikB muosQ Je&dkS'ky vkSj esèkk
dk;Z dk ^dPpk fp_k* gSA
2022-23
czteksgu O;kl@89
dPpk fp_k
lu~ 1936 osQ yxHkx dh ckr gSA eSa iwoZozQekuqlkj
dkS'kkEch x;k gqvk FkkA ogk¡ dk dke fucVkdj
lkspk fd fnuHkj osQ fy, ilksok gks vkm¡QA <kbZ ehy
rks gbZ gSA lkSHkkX; ls xk¡o esa dksbZ lokjh bDosQ ij vkbZ
FkhA ml bDosQ dks Bhd dj fy;k vkSj ilksos osQ fy, jokuk
gks x;kA dhy&dk¡Vs ls nqjLr FkkA ilksok ,d cM+k tSu rhFkZ gSA
ogk¡ izkphu dky ls izfro"kZ tSuksa dk ,d cM+k esyk yxrk gS ftlesa
nwj&nwj ls g”kkjksa tSu ;k=kh vkdj lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk
gS fd blh LFkku ij ,d NksVh&lh igkM+h Fkh ftldh xqiQk esa cq¼nso
O;k;ke djrs FksA ogk¡ ,d fo"kèkj liZ Hkh jgrk FkkA
;g Hkh ¯oQonarh gS fd blh osQ lfUudV lezkV v'kksd us ,d Lrwi
cuok;k Fkk ftlesa
cq¼ osQ FkksM+s ls osQ'k
vkSj u[k[kaM j[ks x,
FksA ilksos esa Lrwi vkSj
O;k;ke'kkyk osQ rks
dksbZ fpÉ vc 'ks"k
ugha jg x,] ijarq
ogk¡  ,d  igkM+h
vo'; gSA ^fuos'k%
'kSykuka rfnnfefr cqf¼a
n`<+;fr*µ(HkoHkwfr)A
igkM+h dk gksuk bafxr
djrk gS fd ;g LFkku
ogh gSA
2022-23
Page 3


88@varjk
czteksgu O;kl
(lu~ 1886&1963)
czteksgu O;kl dk tUe bykgkckn esa gqvkA ia- xaxkukFk >k vkSj
ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ ls mUgksaus laLÑr dk Kku izkIr fd;kA O;kl
th lu~ 1921 ls 1943 rd bykgkckn uxjikfydk osQ dk;Zikyd
vfèkdkjh jgsA lu~ 1944 ls 1951 osQ yhMj lekpkji=k lewg
osQ tujy eSustj jgsA 23 ekpZ 1963 dks bykgkckn esa gh mudk nsgkolku gqvkA mudh izeq[k
Ñfr;k¡ gSaµtkudh gj.k (oqQekjnkl Ñr) dk vuqokn] ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ (thouh)] egkeuk
enu eksgu ekyoh; (thouh)A esjk dPpk fp_k mudh vkRedFkk gSA
O;kl th dh lcls cM+h nsu bykgkckn dk fo'kky vkSj izfl¼ laxzgky; gS ftlesa nks g”kkj
ik"kk.k ewfrZ;k¡] ik¡p&Ng g”kkj e`.kewfrZ;k¡] dfu"d osQ jkT;dky dh izkphure ckS¼ ewfrZ]
[ktqjkgks dh pansy izfrek,¡] lSdM+ksa jaxhu fp=kksa dk laxzg vkfn 'kkfey gSA mUgksaus laLÑr]
¯gnh vkSj vjch&I
+
kQkjlh osQ pkSng g”kkj gLrfyf[kr xazFkksa dk ladyu mlh laxzgky; gsrq
fd;kA ia- usg: dks feys ekui=k] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn dh fiLrkSy bykgkckn laxzgky; dh
èkjksgj ekuh tkrh gSA
iqjkrRo lacaèkh laxzgky; dh fofHkUu èkjksgj&lkexzh dk ladyu cxSj fo'ks"k O;; osQ dj
ikuk czteksgu O;kl dk viuk fof'k"V dkS'ky gSA izLrqr ikB muosQ Je&dkS'ky vkSj esèkk
dk;Z dk ^dPpk fp_k* gSA
2022-23
czteksgu O;kl@89
dPpk fp_k
lu~ 1936 osQ yxHkx dh ckr gSA eSa iwoZozQekuqlkj
dkS'kkEch x;k gqvk FkkA ogk¡ dk dke fucVkdj
lkspk fd fnuHkj osQ fy, ilksok gks vkm¡QA <kbZ ehy
rks gbZ gSA lkSHkkX; ls xk¡o esa dksbZ lokjh bDosQ ij vkbZ
FkhA ml bDosQ dks Bhd dj fy;k vkSj ilksos osQ fy, jokuk
gks x;kA dhy&dk¡Vs ls nqjLr FkkA ilksok ,d cM+k tSu rhFkZ gSA
ogk¡ izkphu dky ls izfro"kZ tSuksa dk ,d cM+k esyk yxrk gS ftlesa
nwj&nwj ls g”kkjksa tSu ;k=kh vkdj lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk
gS fd blh LFkku ij ,d NksVh&lh igkM+h Fkh ftldh xqiQk esa cq¼nso
O;k;ke djrs FksA ogk¡ ,d fo"kèkj liZ Hkh jgrk FkkA
;g Hkh ¯oQonarh gS fd blh osQ lfUudV lezkV v'kksd us ,d Lrwi
cuok;k Fkk ftlesa
cq¼ osQ FkksM+s ls osQ'k
vkSj u[k[kaM j[ks x,
FksA ilksos esa Lrwi vkSj
O;k;ke'kkyk osQ rks
dksbZ fpÉ vc 'ks"k
ugha jg x,] ijarq
ogk¡  ,d  igkM+h
vo'; gSA ^fuos'k%
'kSykuka rfnnfefr cqf¼a
n`<+;fr*µ(HkoHkwfr)A
igkM+h dk gksuk bafxr
djrk gS fd ;g LFkku
ogh gSA
2022-23
90@varjk
eSa dgha tkrk gw¡ rks Nw¡Ns gkFk ugha ykSVrkA ;gk¡ dksbZ fo'ks"k egÙo dh ph”k rks ugha feyh
ij xk¡o osQ Hkhrj oqQN cf<+;k e`.ewfrZ;k¡] flDosQ vkSj euosQ fey x,A bDosQ ij dkS'kkEch ykSVkA
,d nwljs jkLrs lsA ,d NksVs&ls xk¡o osQ fudV iRFkjksa osQ <sj osQ chp] isM+ osQ uhps] ,d prqeqZ[k
f'ko dh ewfrZ ns[khA og oSls gh isM+ osQ lgkjs j[kh Fkh tSls mBkus osQ fy, eq>s yypk jgh gksA
vc vki gh crkb,] eSa djrk gh D;k\ ;fn pkanzk;.k ozr djrh gqbZ fcYyh osQ lkeus ,d pwgk
Lo;a vk tk, rks cspkjh dks viuk drZO; ikyu djuk gh iM+rk gSA bDosQ ls mrjdj bèkj&mèkj
ns[krs gq, mls pqipki bDosQ ij j[k fy;kA 20 lsj o”ku esa jgh gksxhA ^u owQoqQj Hkw¡dk] u ig:
tkxkA* ewfrZ vPNh FkhA ilksos ls FkksM+h lh ph”kksa osQ feyus dh deh blus iwjh dj nhA mls ykdj
uxjikfydk esa laxzgky; ls lacafèkr ,d eaMi osQ uhps vU; ewfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk j[k fn;kA
mlosQ FkksM+s gh fnu ckn xk¡ookyksa dks irk py x;k fd prqeqZ[k f'ko ogk¡ ls varèkkZu gks x,A
ftl izdkj Hkjriqj jkT; dh lhek ij MoSQrh gksus ls iqfyl dk è;ku eku¯lg vFkok mlosQ lqiq=k
rglhynkj ij lglk tkrk gS] oqQN mlh izdkj dkS'kkEch eaMy ls dksbZ ewfrZ LFkkukarfjr gksus ij
xk¡ookyksa dk lansg eq>ij gksrk FkkA vkSj oSQls u gks\ ^viuk lksuk [kksVk rks ij[koS;k dk dkSu
nksl\* eSa bl lacaèk esa bruk iz[;kr gks pqdk Fkk fd lansg gksuk LokHkkfod gh Fkk] D;ksafd
95 izfr'kr mudk lansg lgh fudyrk FkkA ,d fnu dh ckr gS fd eSa vius nÝ
+
rj esa cSBk dke
dj jgk FkkA
pijklh us vkdj bfÙkyk dh fd ilksos osQ fudVLFk ,d xk¡o ls 15&20 vkneh eq>ls feyus
vk, gSaA pksj dh nk<+h esa frudkA esjk ekFkk BudkA eSaus mu lcdks dejs esa gh cqyok fy;kA dejk
Hkj x;kA mlesa cqb+s] toku] fL=k;k¡] cPps lHkh FksA laHko gS] èkeZ ij vk?kkr le>dj vklikl osQ
xk¡o osQ Hkh oqQN yksx lkFk esa pys vk, gksaA
eqf[k;k us ureLrd gksdj fuosnu fd;k] ¶egkjkt! (esjs eLrd ij gLcekewy panu Fkk) tc
ls 'kadj Hkxoku ge yksxu d NksM+ osQ fg;k¡ pys vk,] xk¡o Hkj ikuh uS fifglA vmj rc rd
u ih tc rd Hkxoku xk¡o u pfygSaA vc ge yksxu d izku vkiS osQ gkFk esa gSaA vki gqoqQe nsvks
rks ge Hkxoku dks ysok, tkbA¸ ;fn eq>s ekywe gksrk fd xk¡ookyksa dks mu ij bruh eerk gS
rks mUgsa dHkh u ykrkA eSaus rqjar dgk] ¶vki mUgsa izlUurk ls ys tk,¡A¸ lc yksx cM+s izlUu gq,A
eSaus Lo;a 'ksM ij tkdj Hkxoku 'kadj dks muosQ gokys dj fn;kA L=kh&iq#"k lc muosQ lkeus cSB
x,A fL=k;ksa us xkuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA eSaus feBkbZ vkSj ty e¡xkdj mu yksxksa dk miokl rqM+ok;kA
nwj ls nÝ
+
rj okys vius vI
+
kQlj dh djrwr ns[kdj eqldjk jgs FksA eSaus ml ewfrZ dks viuh eksVj
ij j[k fy;k vkSj muosQ nks&rhu vknfe;ksa dks lkFk ysdj ykjh osQ vas ij igq¡pk vkSj ewfrZ dks
lEeku lfgr fonk fd;kA xk¡ookyksa ij bldk cM+k vPNk izHkko iM+kA eq>s Hkfo"; dk Hkh rks
[k;ky FkkA
2022-23
Page 4


88@varjk
czteksgu O;kl
(lu~ 1886&1963)
czteksgu O;kl dk tUe bykgkckn esa gqvkA ia- xaxkukFk >k vkSj
ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ ls mUgksaus laLÑr dk Kku izkIr fd;kA O;kl
th lu~ 1921 ls 1943 rd bykgkckn uxjikfydk osQ dk;Zikyd
vfèkdkjh jgsA lu~ 1944 ls 1951 osQ yhMj lekpkji=k lewg
osQ tujy eSustj jgsA 23 ekpZ 1963 dks bykgkckn esa gh mudk nsgkolku gqvkA mudh izeq[k
Ñfr;k¡ gSaµtkudh gj.k (oqQekjnkl Ñr) dk vuqokn] ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ (thouh)] egkeuk
enu eksgu ekyoh; (thouh)A esjk dPpk fp_k mudh vkRedFkk gSA
O;kl th dh lcls cM+h nsu bykgkckn dk fo'kky vkSj izfl¼ laxzgky; gS ftlesa nks g”kkj
ik"kk.k ewfrZ;k¡] ik¡p&Ng g”kkj e`.kewfrZ;k¡] dfu"d osQ jkT;dky dh izkphure ckS¼ ewfrZ]
[ktqjkgks dh pansy izfrek,¡] lSdM+ksa jaxhu fp=kksa dk laxzg vkfn 'kkfey gSA mUgksaus laLÑr]
¯gnh vkSj vjch&I
+
kQkjlh osQ pkSng g”kkj gLrfyf[kr xazFkksa dk ladyu mlh laxzgky; gsrq
fd;kA ia- usg: dks feys ekui=k] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn dh fiLrkSy bykgkckn laxzgky; dh
èkjksgj ekuh tkrh gSA
iqjkrRo lacaèkh laxzgky; dh fofHkUu èkjksgj&lkexzh dk ladyu cxSj fo'ks"k O;; osQ dj
ikuk czteksgu O;kl dk viuk fof'k"V dkS'ky gSA izLrqr ikB muosQ Je&dkS'ky vkSj esèkk
dk;Z dk ^dPpk fp_k* gSA
2022-23
czteksgu O;kl@89
dPpk fp_k
lu~ 1936 osQ yxHkx dh ckr gSA eSa iwoZozQekuqlkj
dkS'kkEch x;k gqvk FkkA ogk¡ dk dke fucVkdj
lkspk fd fnuHkj osQ fy, ilksok gks vkm¡QA <kbZ ehy
rks gbZ gSA lkSHkkX; ls xk¡o esa dksbZ lokjh bDosQ ij vkbZ
FkhA ml bDosQ dks Bhd dj fy;k vkSj ilksos osQ fy, jokuk
gks x;kA dhy&dk¡Vs ls nqjLr FkkA ilksok ,d cM+k tSu rhFkZ gSA
ogk¡ izkphu dky ls izfro"kZ tSuksa dk ,d cM+k esyk yxrk gS ftlesa
nwj&nwj ls g”kkjksa tSu ;k=kh vkdj lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk
gS fd blh LFkku ij ,d NksVh&lh igkM+h Fkh ftldh xqiQk esa cq¼nso
O;k;ke djrs FksA ogk¡ ,d fo"kèkj liZ Hkh jgrk FkkA
;g Hkh ¯oQonarh gS fd blh osQ lfUudV lezkV v'kksd us ,d Lrwi
cuok;k Fkk ftlesa
cq¼ osQ FkksM+s ls osQ'k
vkSj u[k[kaM j[ks x,
FksA ilksos esa Lrwi vkSj
O;k;ke'kkyk osQ rks
dksbZ fpÉ vc 'ks"k
ugha jg x,] ijarq
ogk¡  ,d  igkM+h
vo'; gSA ^fuos'k%
'kSykuka rfnnfefr cqf¼a
n`<+;fr*µ(HkoHkwfr)A
igkM+h dk gksuk bafxr
djrk gS fd ;g LFkku
ogh gSA
2022-23
90@varjk
eSa dgha tkrk gw¡ rks Nw¡Ns gkFk ugha ykSVrkA ;gk¡ dksbZ fo'ks"k egÙo dh ph”k rks ugha feyh
ij xk¡o osQ Hkhrj oqQN cf<+;k e`.ewfrZ;k¡] flDosQ vkSj euosQ fey x,A bDosQ ij dkS'kkEch ykSVkA
,d nwljs jkLrs lsA ,d NksVs&ls xk¡o osQ fudV iRFkjksa osQ <sj osQ chp] isM+ osQ uhps] ,d prqeqZ[k
f'ko dh ewfrZ ns[khA og oSls gh isM+ osQ lgkjs j[kh Fkh tSls mBkus osQ fy, eq>s yypk jgh gksA
vc vki gh crkb,] eSa djrk gh D;k\ ;fn pkanzk;.k ozr djrh gqbZ fcYyh osQ lkeus ,d pwgk
Lo;a vk tk, rks cspkjh dks viuk drZO; ikyu djuk gh iM+rk gSA bDosQ ls mrjdj bèkj&mèkj
ns[krs gq, mls pqipki bDosQ ij j[k fy;kA 20 lsj o”ku esa jgh gksxhA ^u owQoqQj Hkw¡dk] u ig:
tkxkA* ewfrZ vPNh FkhA ilksos ls FkksM+h lh ph”kksa osQ feyus dh deh blus iwjh dj nhA mls ykdj
uxjikfydk esa laxzgky; ls lacafèkr ,d eaMi osQ uhps vU; ewfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk j[k fn;kA
mlosQ FkksM+s gh fnu ckn xk¡ookyksa dks irk py x;k fd prqeqZ[k f'ko ogk¡ ls varèkkZu gks x,A
ftl izdkj Hkjriqj jkT; dh lhek ij MoSQrh gksus ls iqfyl dk è;ku eku¯lg vFkok mlosQ lqiq=k
rglhynkj ij lglk tkrk gS] oqQN mlh izdkj dkS'kkEch eaMy ls dksbZ ewfrZ LFkkukarfjr gksus ij
xk¡ookyksa dk lansg eq>ij gksrk FkkA vkSj oSQls u gks\ ^viuk lksuk [kksVk rks ij[koS;k dk dkSu
nksl\* eSa bl lacaèk esa bruk iz[;kr gks pqdk Fkk fd lansg gksuk LokHkkfod gh Fkk] D;ksafd
95 izfr'kr mudk lansg lgh fudyrk FkkA ,d fnu dh ckr gS fd eSa vius nÝ
+
rj esa cSBk dke
dj jgk FkkA
pijklh us vkdj bfÙkyk dh fd ilksos osQ fudVLFk ,d xk¡o ls 15&20 vkneh eq>ls feyus
vk, gSaA pksj dh nk<+h esa frudkA esjk ekFkk BudkA eSaus mu lcdks dejs esa gh cqyok fy;kA dejk
Hkj x;kA mlesa cqb+s] toku] fL=k;k¡] cPps lHkh FksA laHko gS] èkeZ ij vk?kkr le>dj vklikl osQ
xk¡o osQ Hkh oqQN yksx lkFk esa pys vk, gksaA
eqf[k;k us ureLrd gksdj fuosnu fd;k] ¶egkjkt! (esjs eLrd ij gLcekewy panu Fkk) tc
ls 'kadj Hkxoku ge yksxu d NksM+ osQ fg;k¡ pys vk,] xk¡o Hkj ikuh uS fifglA vmj rc rd
u ih tc rd Hkxoku xk¡o u pfygSaA vc ge yksxu d izku vkiS osQ gkFk esa gSaA vki gqoqQe nsvks
rks ge Hkxoku dks ysok, tkbA¸ ;fn eq>s ekywe gksrk fd xk¡ookyksa dks mu ij bruh eerk gS
rks mUgsa dHkh u ykrkA eSaus rqjar dgk] ¶vki mUgsa izlUurk ls ys tk,¡A¸ lc yksx cM+s izlUu gq,A
eSaus Lo;a 'ksM ij tkdj Hkxoku 'kadj dks muosQ gokys dj fn;kA L=kh&iq#"k lc muosQ lkeus cSB
x,A fL=k;ksa us xkuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA eSaus feBkbZ vkSj ty e¡xkdj mu yksxksa dk miokl rqM+ok;kA
nwj ls nÝ
+
rj okys vius vI
+
kQlj dh djrwr ns[kdj eqldjk jgs FksA eSaus ml ewfrZ dks viuh eksVj
ij j[k fy;k vkSj muosQ nks&rhu vknfe;ksa dks lkFk ysdj ykjh osQ vas ij igq¡pk vkSj ewfrZ dks
lEeku lfgr fonk fd;kA xk¡ookyksa ij bldk cM+k vPNk izHkko iM+kA eq>s Hkfo"; dk Hkh rks
[k;ky FkkA
2022-23
czteksgu O;kl@91
;g joS;k esjk cjkcj tkjh jgkA mlh o"kZ ;k laHkor% mlosQ nwljs o"kZ] eSa fiQj dkS'kkEch x;k
vkSj xk¡o&xk¡o] ukys&[kksys ?kwerk&fiQjrk >[k ekjrk jgkA Hkyk ;g fdrus fnu ,sls py ldrk]
vxj chp&chp esa NBs&Nekls dksbZ ph”k bruh egÙoiw.kZ u fey tkrh ftlls fny iQM+d mBrk\
cjkcj ;gh lksprk fd ¶uk tkus osQfg Hks"k esa ukjk;.k fey tk,¡A¸ vkSj ;gh ,d fnu gqvkA [ksrksa
dh Mk¡M+&Mk¡M+ tk jgk Fkk fd ,d [ksr dh esM+ ij cksfèklRo dh vkB iqQV yach ,d lqanj ewfrZ
iM+h ns[khA eFkqjk osQ yky iRFkj dh FkhA flok, flj osQ inLFky rd og laiw.kZ FkhA eSa ykSVdj
ik¡p&Ng vkneh vkSj yVdkus dk lkeku xk¡o ls ysdj fiQj ykSVkA tSls gh ml ewfrZ dks eSa mBokus
yxk oSls gh ,d cqf<+;k tks [ksr fujk jgh Fkh] reddj vkbZ vkSj dgus yxh] ¶cM+s pys gSa ewjr
mBkoSA bZ gekj gSA ge u nscSA nqb fnu gekj gj #dk jgk rc ge budk fudjokok gSA bZ udlku
dmu Hkjh\¸ eSa le> x;kA ckr ;g gS fd eSa ml le; Hkys vkneh dh rjg oqQjrk èkksrh esa FkkA
blfy, mls bl rjg cksyus dh fgEer iM+hA lkspk fd cqf<+;k osQ eq¡g yxuk Bhd ughaA
laLo`Qr&lkfgR; dk opu ;kn vk;kµ
m}st;fr nfjnza ijeqnzk;k% >.kRdkje~A
nwljs dh eqnzk dh >u>ukgV xjhc vkneh osQ g`n; esa mÙkstuk mRiUu djrh gSA mlh dk vkJ;
fy;kA eSaus vius tsc esa iM+s gq, #i;ksa dks BuBuk;kA eSa ,slh txgksa esa uksV&oksV ysdj ugha tkrkA
osQoy BuBukrkA mldh ckr gh vkSj gksrh gSA eSaus dgk] ¶BhoSQ rks dgr gkS cqf<+;kA bZ nqbZ #i;k
ysvksA rqEgkj uqdlkukS iwj gks, tkbZ! bZ fg;k¡ iM+s vaMlS dfjgSaA u Msgjh yk;d u c¡Msjh yk;dA¸
cqf<+;k dks ckr le> esa vk xbZ vkSj tc #i;k gkFk esa vk x;k rks cksyh] ¶Hkb;k! ge eus ukgha
dfjrA rqe yS tkoA¸
vkt fnu og ewfrZ iz;kx laxzgky; esa iznf'kZr gSA tc ;g laxzgky; uxjikfydk osQ nÝ
+
rj osQ
,d fo'kky vax esa Fkk] ,d izQkalhlh mls ns[kus vk;kA eSaus cM+s mRlkg ls mls laiw.kZ laxzgky;
fn[kyk;kA ckn esa irk pyk fd og izQkal dk ,d cM+k Mhyj gS tks ¯gnqLrku rFkk vU; txgksa
ls ph”ksa [kjhnrk fiQjrk gSA eSa ifgys oSQls le> ikrkA
dkd% o`Q".k% fid% o`Q".k% dks Hksn fiddkd;ks%A
izkIrs olUrle;s dkd% dkd% fid% fid%AA
dkSok Hkh dkyk gksrk gS] dks;y Hkh dkyh gksrh gSA nksuksa esa Hksn gh D;k gSA ijarq olar ½rq
osQ vkrs gh irk py tkrk gS fd dkSu dkSok gS vkSj dkSu dks;yA laxzgky; dks ns[kdj cksyk]
¶cgqr dherh laxzg!¸ eSaus iwNk fd dherh ls vkidk D;k rkRi;Z gSA #i;ksa esa crkosa rks le>
esa vkosA g¡ldj cksyk] ¶#i;ksa esa crk nw¡ rks vkidk bZeku fMx tk,A¸ oSls gh g¡ldj eSaus tokc
fn;k fd ¶bZeku! ,slh dksbZ ph”k esjs ikl gbZ ugha rks mlosQ fMxus dk dksbZ loky ugha mBrkA
;fn gksrk rks bruk cM+k laxzg fcuk iSlk&dkSM+h osQ gks gh ugha ldrkA¸
2022-23
Page 5


88@varjk
czteksgu O;kl
(lu~ 1886&1963)
czteksgu O;kl dk tUe bykgkckn esa gqvkA ia- xaxkukFk >k vkSj
ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ ls mUgksaus laLÑr dk Kku izkIr fd;kA O;kl
th lu~ 1921 ls 1943 rd bykgkckn uxjikfydk osQ dk;Zikyd
vfèkdkjh jgsA lu~ 1944 ls 1951 osQ yhMj lekpkji=k lewg
osQ tujy eSustj jgsA 23 ekpZ 1963 dks bykgkckn esa gh mudk nsgkolku gqvkA mudh izeq[k
Ñfr;k¡ gSaµtkudh gj.k (oqQekjnkl Ñr) dk vuqokn] ia- ckyÑ".k Hk^ (thouh)] egkeuk
enu eksgu ekyoh; (thouh)A esjk dPpk fp_k mudh vkRedFkk gSA
O;kl th dh lcls cM+h nsu bykgkckn dk fo'kky vkSj izfl¼ laxzgky; gS ftlesa nks g”kkj
ik"kk.k ewfrZ;k¡] ik¡p&Ng g”kkj e`.kewfrZ;k¡] dfu"d osQ jkT;dky dh izkphure ckS¼ ewfrZ]
[ktqjkgks dh pansy izfrek,¡] lSdM+ksa jaxhu fp=kksa dk laxzg vkfn 'kkfey gSA mUgksaus laLÑr]
¯gnh vkSj vjch&I
+
kQkjlh osQ pkSng g”kkj gLrfyf[kr xazFkksa dk ladyu mlh laxzgky; gsrq
fd;kA ia- usg: dks feys ekui=k] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn dh fiLrkSy bykgkckn laxzgky; dh
èkjksgj ekuh tkrh gSA
iqjkrRo lacaèkh laxzgky; dh fofHkUu èkjksgj&lkexzh dk ladyu cxSj fo'ks"k O;; osQ dj
ikuk czteksgu O;kl dk viuk fof'k"V dkS'ky gSA izLrqr ikB muosQ Je&dkS'ky vkSj esèkk
dk;Z dk ^dPpk fp_k* gSA
2022-23
czteksgu O;kl@89
dPpk fp_k
lu~ 1936 osQ yxHkx dh ckr gSA eSa iwoZozQekuqlkj
dkS'kkEch x;k gqvk FkkA ogk¡ dk dke fucVkdj
lkspk fd fnuHkj osQ fy, ilksok gks vkm¡QA <kbZ ehy
rks gbZ gSA lkSHkkX; ls xk¡o esa dksbZ lokjh bDosQ ij vkbZ
FkhA ml bDosQ dks Bhd dj fy;k vkSj ilksos osQ fy, jokuk
gks x;kA dhy&dk¡Vs ls nqjLr FkkA ilksok ,d cM+k tSu rhFkZ gSA
ogk¡ izkphu dky ls izfro"kZ tSuksa dk ,d cM+k esyk yxrk gS ftlesa
nwj&nwj ls g”kkjksa tSu ;k=kh vkdj lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk
gS fd blh LFkku ij ,d NksVh&lh igkM+h Fkh ftldh xqiQk esa cq¼nso
O;k;ke djrs FksA ogk¡ ,d fo"kèkj liZ Hkh jgrk FkkA
;g Hkh ¯oQonarh gS fd blh osQ lfUudV lezkV v'kksd us ,d Lrwi
cuok;k Fkk ftlesa
cq¼ osQ FkksM+s ls osQ'k
vkSj u[k[kaM j[ks x,
FksA ilksos esa Lrwi vkSj
O;k;ke'kkyk osQ rks
dksbZ fpÉ vc 'ks"k
ugha jg x,] ijarq
ogk¡  ,d  igkM+h
vo'; gSA ^fuos'k%
'kSykuka rfnnfefr cqf¼a
n`<+;fr*µ(HkoHkwfr)A
igkM+h dk gksuk bafxr
djrk gS fd ;g LFkku
ogh gSA
2022-23
90@varjk
eSa dgha tkrk gw¡ rks Nw¡Ns gkFk ugha ykSVrkA ;gk¡ dksbZ fo'ks"k egÙo dh ph”k rks ugha feyh
ij xk¡o osQ Hkhrj oqQN cf<+;k e`.ewfrZ;k¡] flDosQ vkSj euosQ fey x,A bDosQ ij dkS'kkEch ykSVkA
,d nwljs jkLrs lsA ,d NksVs&ls xk¡o osQ fudV iRFkjksa osQ <sj osQ chp] isM+ osQ uhps] ,d prqeqZ[k
f'ko dh ewfrZ ns[khA og oSls gh isM+ osQ lgkjs j[kh Fkh tSls mBkus osQ fy, eq>s yypk jgh gksA
vc vki gh crkb,] eSa djrk gh D;k\ ;fn pkanzk;.k ozr djrh gqbZ fcYyh osQ lkeus ,d pwgk
Lo;a vk tk, rks cspkjh dks viuk drZO; ikyu djuk gh iM+rk gSA bDosQ ls mrjdj bèkj&mèkj
ns[krs gq, mls pqipki bDosQ ij j[k fy;kA 20 lsj o”ku esa jgh gksxhA ^u owQoqQj Hkw¡dk] u ig:
tkxkA* ewfrZ vPNh FkhA ilksos ls FkksM+h lh ph”kksa osQ feyus dh deh blus iwjh dj nhA mls ykdj
uxjikfydk esa laxzgky; ls lacafèkr ,d eaMi osQ uhps vU; ewfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk j[k fn;kA
mlosQ FkksM+s gh fnu ckn xk¡ookyksa dks irk py x;k fd prqeqZ[k f'ko ogk¡ ls varèkkZu gks x,A
ftl izdkj Hkjriqj jkT; dh lhek ij MoSQrh gksus ls iqfyl dk è;ku eku¯lg vFkok mlosQ lqiq=k
rglhynkj ij lglk tkrk gS] oqQN mlh izdkj dkS'kkEch eaMy ls dksbZ ewfrZ LFkkukarfjr gksus ij
xk¡ookyksa dk lansg eq>ij gksrk FkkA vkSj oSQls u gks\ ^viuk lksuk [kksVk rks ij[koS;k dk dkSu
nksl\* eSa bl lacaèk esa bruk iz[;kr gks pqdk Fkk fd lansg gksuk LokHkkfod gh Fkk] D;ksafd
95 izfr'kr mudk lansg lgh fudyrk FkkA ,d fnu dh ckr gS fd eSa vius nÝ
+
rj esa cSBk dke
dj jgk FkkA
pijklh us vkdj bfÙkyk dh fd ilksos osQ fudVLFk ,d xk¡o ls 15&20 vkneh eq>ls feyus
vk, gSaA pksj dh nk<+h esa frudkA esjk ekFkk BudkA eSaus mu lcdks dejs esa gh cqyok fy;kA dejk
Hkj x;kA mlesa cqb+s] toku] fL=k;k¡] cPps lHkh FksA laHko gS] èkeZ ij vk?kkr le>dj vklikl osQ
xk¡o osQ Hkh oqQN yksx lkFk esa pys vk, gksaA
eqf[k;k us ureLrd gksdj fuosnu fd;k] ¶egkjkt! (esjs eLrd ij gLcekewy panu Fkk) tc
ls 'kadj Hkxoku ge yksxu d NksM+ osQ fg;k¡ pys vk,] xk¡o Hkj ikuh uS fifglA vmj rc rd
u ih tc rd Hkxoku xk¡o u pfygSaA vc ge yksxu d izku vkiS osQ gkFk esa gSaA vki gqoqQe nsvks
rks ge Hkxoku dks ysok, tkbA¸ ;fn eq>s ekywe gksrk fd xk¡ookyksa dks mu ij bruh eerk gS
rks mUgsa dHkh u ykrkA eSaus rqjar dgk] ¶vki mUgsa izlUurk ls ys tk,¡A¸ lc yksx cM+s izlUu gq,A
eSaus Lo;a 'ksM ij tkdj Hkxoku 'kadj dks muosQ gokys dj fn;kA L=kh&iq#"k lc muosQ lkeus cSB
x,A fL=k;ksa us xkuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA eSaus feBkbZ vkSj ty e¡xkdj mu yksxksa dk miokl rqM+ok;kA
nwj ls nÝ
+
rj okys vius vI
+
kQlj dh djrwr ns[kdj eqldjk jgs FksA eSaus ml ewfrZ dks viuh eksVj
ij j[k fy;k vkSj muosQ nks&rhu vknfe;ksa dks lkFk ysdj ykjh osQ vas ij igq¡pk vkSj ewfrZ dks
lEeku lfgr fonk fd;kA xk¡ookyksa ij bldk cM+k vPNk izHkko iM+kA eq>s Hkfo"; dk Hkh rks
[k;ky FkkA
2022-23
czteksgu O;kl@91
;g joS;k esjk cjkcj tkjh jgkA mlh o"kZ ;k laHkor% mlosQ nwljs o"kZ] eSa fiQj dkS'kkEch x;k
vkSj xk¡o&xk¡o] ukys&[kksys ?kwerk&fiQjrk >[k ekjrk jgkA Hkyk ;g fdrus fnu ,sls py ldrk]
vxj chp&chp esa NBs&Nekls dksbZ ph”k bruh egÙoiw.kZ u fey tkrh ftlls fny iQM+d mBrk\
cjkcj ;gh lksprk fd ¶uk tkus osQfg Hks"k esa ukjk;.k fey tk,¡A¸ vkSj ;gh ,d fnu gqvkA [ksrksa
dh Mk¡M+&Mk¡M+ tk jgk Fkk fd ,d [ksr dh esM+ ij cksfèklRo dh vkB iqQV yach ,d lqanj ewfrZ
iM+h ns[khA eFkqjk osQ yky iRFkj dh FkhA flok, flj osQ inLFky rd og laiw.kZ FkhA eSa ykSVdj
ik¡p&Ng vkneh vkSj yVdkus dk lkeku xk¡o ls ysdj fiQj ykSVkA tSls gh ml ewfrZ dks eSa mBokus
yxk oSls gh ,d cqf<+;k tks [ksr fujk jgh Fkh] reddj vkbZ vkSj dgus yxh] ¶cM+s pys gSa ewjr
mBkoSA bZ gekj gSA ge u nscSA nqb fnu gekj gj #dk jgk rc ge budk fudjokok gSA bZ udlku
dmu Hkjh\¸ eSa le> x;kA ckr ;g gS fd eSa ml le; Hkys vkneh dh rjg oqQjrk èkksrh esa FkkA
blfy, mls bl rjg cksyus dh fgEer iM+hA lkspk fd cqf<+;k osQ eq¡g yxuk Bhd ughaA
laLo`Qr&lkfgR; dk opu ;kn vk;kµ
m}st;fr nfjnza ijeqnzk;k% >.kRdkje~A
nwljs dh eqnzk dh >u>ukgV xjhc vkneh osQ g`n; esa mÙkstuk mRiUu djrh gSA mlh dk vkJ;
fy;kA eSaus vius tsc esa iM+s gq, #i;ksa dks BuBuk;kA eSa ,slh txgksa esa uksV&oksV ysdj ugha tkrkA
osQoy BuBukrkA mldh ckr gh vkSj gksrh gSA eSaus dgk] ¶BhoSQ rks dgr gkS cqf<+;kA bZ nqbZ #i;k
ysvksA rqEgkj uqdlkukS iwj gks, tkbZ! bZ fg;k¡ iM+s vaMlS dfjgSaA u Msgjh yk;d u c¡Msjh yk;dA¸
cqf<+;k dks ckr le> esa vk xbZ vkSj tc #i;k gkFk esa vk x;k rks cksyh] ¶Hkb;k! ge eus ukgha
dfjrA rqe yS tkoA¸
vkt fnu og ewfrZ iz;kx laxzgky; esa iznf'kZr gSA tc ;g laxzgky; uxjikfydk osQ nÝ
+
rj osQ
,d fo'kky vax esa Fkk] ,d izQkalhlh mls ns[kus vk;kA eSaus cM+s mRlkg ls mls laiw.kZ laxzgky;
fn[kyk;kA ckn esa irk pyk fd og izQkal dk ,d cM+k Mhyj gS tks ¯gnqLrku rFkk vU; txgksa
ls ph”ksa [kjhnrk fiQjrk gSA eSa ifgys oSQls le> ikrkA
dkd% o`Q".k% fid% o`Q".k% dks Hksn fiddkd;ks%A
izkIrs olUrle;s dkd% dkd% fid% fid%AA
dkSok Hkh dkyk gksrk gS] dks;y Hkh dkyh gksrh gSA nksuksa esa Hksn gh D;k gSA ijarq olar ½rq
osQ vkrs gh irk py tkrk gS fd dkSu dkSok gS vkSj dkSu dks;yA laxzgky; dks ns[kdj cksyk]
¶cgqr dherh laxzg!¸ eSaus iwNk fd dherh ls vkidk D;k rkRi;Z gSA #i;ksa esa crkosa rks le>
esa vkosA g¡ldj cksyk] ¶#i;ksa esa crk nw¡ rks vkidk bZeku fMx tk,A¸ oSls gh g¡ldj eSaus tokc
fn;k fd ¶bZeku! ,slh dksbZ ph”k esjs ikl gbZ ugha rks mlosQ fMxus dk dksbZ loky ugha mBrkA
;fn gksrk rks bruk cM+k laxzg fcuk iSlk&dkSM+h osQ gks gh ugha ldrkA¸
2022-23
92@varjk
ml cksfèklRo dh vksj b'kkjk dj og rqjar cksy mBk] ¶vki ml ewfrZ dks esjs gkFk nl g”kkj
#i, esa cspsaxs\ brus #i, esa rks vkidks cgqr lh ewfrZ;k¡ fey tk,¡xhA¸ bl ewfrZ dk fp=k vkSj
mldk o.kZu fons'kh i=kksa esa Ni pqdk FkkA vo'; gh bl izQkalhlh us mls i<+k gksxkA eSaus viuh
rch;r esa dgk] ¶;g ,d gh jghA¸ izQkalhlh egksn; us esjh vko`Qfr ls esjk fu.kZ; le> fy;kA
ckr [kRe gks xbZA ewfrZ vc rd laxzgky; dk eLrd m¡Qpk dj jgh gSA
ikBd ;g tkuus osQ fy, mRlqd gksaxs fd vkf[kj bl ewfrZ esa dkSu lk lqj[kkc dk ij yxk
Fkk tks nks #i, esa feyh vkSj nl g”kkj #i, mlij U;ksNkoj dj isaQosQ tk jgs gSaA laHko gS fd
os lksprs gksa fd ewfrZ esa rks osQoy flj ugha gS] (ijarq ys[kd dh ckrsa mlls Hkh ,d ix vkxs
csflj iSj dh gSaA ij ckr ,slh ugha gSA) ;g ewfrZ mu cksfèklRo dh ewfrZ;ksa esa gS tks vc rd lalkj
esa ikbZ xbZ ewfrZ;ksa esa lcls iqjkuh gSA ;g oqQ"kk.k lezkV dfu"d osQ jkT;dky osQ nwljs o"kZ LFkkfir
dh xbZ FkhA ,slk ys[k ml ewfrZ osQ inLFky ij mRdh.kZ gSA bl 'ksj osQ ekj ysus ls esjk fny nwuk
gks x;k vkSj u, fljs ls fiQj eq¡g esa [kwu yx x;kA 'ksj rks jks”k feyrk ugha ij phry] lk¡Hkj rks
gj ckj feyrs gh jgrs gSaA 'ksj dh osQoy vk'kk ek=k jgrh gSA ijarq blh vk'kk ls f'kdkj vuqizkf.kr
jgrk gS vkSj f'kdkjh taxy&taxy dh [kkd Nkurk fiQjrk gSA
lu~ 1938 osQ yxHkx dh ckr gSA xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k dk iqjkrRo foHkkx dkS'kkEch esa
Jh etwenkj dh ns[kjs[k esa [kqnkbZ dj jgk FkkA ml le; Jh osQ- ,u- nhf{kr Mk;jsDVj&tujy FksA
esjs ije fe=k FksA mUgsa iz;kx laxzgky; ls cM+h lgkuqHkwfr Fkh vkSj lnk mldh lgk;rk djus osQ
fy, izLrqr jgrs FksA lkèkq izo`Qfr rks Fks gh] ijarq vkf[kj cM+s gkfde Bgjs] jksc Fkk] ”kekus osQ
vH;Lr FksA [kqnkbZ osQ izlax esa etwenkj lkgc dks irk pyk fd dkS'kkEch ls pkj&ik¡p ehy nwj
,d xk¡o gft;kiqj gSA ogk¡ fdlh O;fDr osQ ;gk¡ HknzeFk dk ,d Hkkjh f'kykys[k gSA Jh etwenkj
mls mBok ys tkuk pkgrs FksA
xk¡o osQ ,d ”kehankj xqy”kkj fe;k¡ us] ftudk xk¡o esa ncknck Fkk] ,rjk”k fd;kA xqy”kkj fe;k¡
gekjs HkDr Fks vkSj eSa Hkh mUgsa cgqr ekurk Fkk] ;|fi mudh HkfDr vkSj esjk ekuuk nksuksa LokFkZ ls
[kkyh ugha FksA eSaus muosQ HkkbZ fnynkj fe;k¡ dks E;qfufliSfyVh esa pijklh dh ukSdjh ns nh Fkh vkSj
mu yksxksa dh gj rjg ls lgk;rk djrk FkkA os eq>s vklikl osQ xk¡oksa ls ik"kk.k&ewfrZ;k¡] f'kykys[k
bR;kfn nsrs jgrs FksA etwenkj lkgc us tc mls ”kcjnLrh mBokuk pkgk rks os yksx I
+
kQkStnkjh ij
vkeknk gks x,A cksys] ¶;g bykgkckn osQ vtk;c?kj osQ gkFk 25 #i, dk fcd pqdk gS] vxj fcuk
O;kl th osQ iwNs bls dksbZ mBkosxk rks mldk gkFk&iSj rksM+ nsaxsA¸ etwenkj lkgc us ifPNe ljhjk
osQ Fkkus esa jiV dh ij fdlh dh oqQN ugha pyhA xqy”kkj fe;k¡ us ml f'kykys[k dks ugha fn;kA
etwenkj lkgc us bl lcdh fjiksVZ uksu&fepZ yxkdj nhf{kr lkgc dks fnYyh fy[k HksthA nhf{kr
lkgc dh lkèkq izo`Qfr osQ Hkhrj tks gkfde iM+k Fkk] mlus djoV yhA
2022-23
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