NCERT Textbook - भारतजनताऽहम् | NCERT Textbooks & Solutions for Class 8 PDF Download

 Page 1


Hkkjrturk¿ge~
¹izLrqr dfork vk/qfud dfooqQyf'kjksef.k MkW- jekdkUr 'kqDy }kjk jfpr dkO;
^Hkkjrturk¿ge~* ls lkHkkj mn~/`r gSA bl dfork esa dfo Hkkjrh; turk osQ ljksdkjksa]
fofo/ dkS'kyksa] fofo/ jQfp;ksa vkfn dk mYys[k djrs gq, crkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; turk
dh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAº
vfHkeku/uk fou;ksisrk] 'kkyhuk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A
oqQfy'kknfi dfBuk oqQlqeknfi] lqoqQekjk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A1A
fuolkfe leLrs lalkjs] eU;s p oqQVqEca olqU/jke~A
izs;% Js;% p fpuksE;qHk;a] lqfoosdk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A2A
foKku/uk¿ga Kku/uk] lkfgR;dyk&lÄõhrijkA
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS%] ifjiwrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A3A
ee xhrSeqZX/a lea txr~] ee u`R;SeqZX/a lea txr~A
ee dkO;SeqZX/a lea txr~] jlHkfjrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A4A
mRlofiz;k¿ga Jefiz;k] in;k=kk&ns'kkVu&fiz;kA
yksdØhMklDRkk o/sZ¿frfFknsok] Hkkjrturk¿ge~A5A
eS=kh es lgtk izÑfrjfLr] uks nqcZyrk;k% i;kZ;%A
fe=kL; p{kq"kk lalkja] i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿ge~A6A
fo'ofLeu~ txfr xrkgefLe] fo'ofLeu~ txfr lnk n`';sA
fo'ofLeu~ txfr djksfe deZ] deZ.;k Hkkjrturk¿ge~A7A
lIre% ikB%
2024-25
Page 2


Hkkjrturk¿ge~
¹izLrqr dfork vk/qfud dfooqQyf'kjksef.k MkW- jekdkUr 'kqDy }kjk jfpr dkO;
^Hkkjrturk¿ge~* ls lkHkkj mn~/`r gSA bl dfork esa dfo Hkkjrh; turk osQ ljksdkjksa]
fofo/ dkS'kyksa] fofo/ jQfp;ksa vkfn dk mYys[k djrs gq, crkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; turk
dh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAº
vfHkeku/uk fou;ksisrk] 'kkyhuk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A
oqQfy'kknfi dfBuk oqQlqeknfi] lqoqQekjk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A1A
fuolkfe leLrs lalkjs] eU;s p oqQVqEca olqU/jke~A
izs;% Js;% p fpuksE;qHk;a] lqfoosdk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A2A
foKku/uk¿ga Kku/uk] lkfgR;dyk&lÄõhrijkA
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS%] ifjiwrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A3A
ee xhrSeqZX/a lea txr~] ee u`R;SeqZX/a lea txr~A
ee dkO;SeqZX/a lea txr~] jlHkfjrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A4A
mRlofiz;k¿ga Jefiz;k] in;k=kk&ns'kkVu&fiz;kA
yksdØhMklDRkk o/sZ¿frfFknsok] Hkkjrturk¿ge~A5A
eS=kh es lgtk izÑfrjfLr] uks nqcZyrk;k% i;kZ;%A
fe=kL; p{kq"kk lalkja] i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿ge~A6A
fo'ofLeu~ txfr xrkgefLe] fo'ofLeu~ txfr lnk n`';sA
fo'ofLeu~ txfr djksfe deZ] deZ.;k Hkkjrturk¿ge~A7A
lIre% ikB%
2024-25
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Hkkjrturk¿ge~
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
vfHkeku/uk & LokfHkeku :ih /u okyh
fou;ksisrk (fou;$misrk) & fouezrk ls ifjiw.kZ
oqQfy'kknfi (oqQfy'kkr~$vfi) & otz ls Hkh
dfBuk] dBksjk & dBksj
oqQlqeknfi (oqQlqekr~$vfi) & iwQy ls Hkh
lqoqQekjk & vR;ar dksey
olqU/jke~ & i`Foh dks
izs;% (fiz;dj) & vPNk yxus okyk] jQfpdj
Js;% & dY;k.kdj] dY;k.kizn
fpuksE;qHk;e~ (fpuksfe$mHk;e~)& nksuksa dks gh pqurh gw¡
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS% & vè;kRe:ih ve`re;h unh esa Luku ls
ifjiwrk & ifo=k
jlHkfjrk & vkuan ls ifjiw.kZ
vklDrk & vuqjkx j[kus okyh
izÑfr% & LoHkko
deZ.;k & deZ'khy
2024-25
Page 3


Hkkjrturk¿ge~
¹izLrqr dfork vk/qfud dfooqQyf'kjksef.k MkW- jekdkUr 'kqDy }kjk jfpr dkO;
^Hkkjrturk¿ge~* ls lkHkkj mn~/`r gSA bl dfork esa dfo Hkkjrh; turk osQ ljksdkjksa]
fofo/ dkS'kyksa] fofo/ jQfp;ksa vkfn dk mYys[k djrs gq, crkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; turk
dh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAº
vfHkeku/uk fou;ksisrk] 'kkyhuk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A
oqQfy'kknfi dfBuk oqQlqeknfi] lqoqQekjk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A1A
fuolkfe leLrs lalkjs] eU;s p oqQVqEca olqU/jke~A
izs;% Js;% p fpuksE;qHk;a] lqfoosdk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A2A
foKku/uk¿ga Kku/uk] lkfgR;dyk&lÄõhrijkA
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS%] ifjiwrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A3A
ee xhrSeqZX/a lea txr~] ee u`R;SeqZX/a lea txr~A
ee dkO;SeqZX/a lea txr~] jlHkfjrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A4A
mRlofiz;k¿ga Jefiz;k] in;k=kk&ns'kkVu&fiz;kA
yksdØhMklDRkk o/sZ¿frfFknsok] Hkkjrturk¿ge~A5A
eS=kh es lgtk izÑfrjfLr] uks nqcZyrk;k% i;kZ;%A
fe=kL; p{kq"kk lalkja] i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿ge~A6A
fo'ofLeu~ txfr xrkgefLe] fo'ofLeu~ txfr lnk n`';sA
fo'ofLeu~ txfr djksfe deZ] deZ.;k Hkkjrturk¿ge~A7A
lIre% ikB%
2024-25
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45
Hkkjrturk¿ge~
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
vfHkeku/uk & LokfHkeku :ih /u okyh
fou;ksisrk (fou;$misrk) & fouezrk ls ifjiw.kZ
oqQfy'kknfi (oqQfy'kkr~$vfi) & otz ls Hkh
dfBuk] dBksjk & dBksj
oqQlqeknfi (oqQlqekr~$vfi) & iwQy ls Hkh
lqoqQekjk & vR;ar dksey
olqU/jke~ & i`Foh dks
izs;% (fiz;dj) & vPNk yxus okyk] jQfpdj
Js;% & dY;k.kdj] dY;k.kizn
fpuksE;qHk;e~ (fpuksfe$mHk;e~)& nksuksa dks gh pqurh gw¡
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS% & vè;kRe:ih ve`re;h unh esa Luku ls
ifjiwrk & ifo=k
jlHkfjrk & vkuan ls ifjiw.kZ
vklDrk & vuqjkx j[kus okyh
izÑfr% & LoHkko
deZ.;k & deZ'khy
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
vH;kl%
1- ikBs nRrkuka i|kuka lLojokpua oqQjQr&
2- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&
(d) vga olqU/jka foaQ eU;s\
([k) ee lgtk izÑfr dk vfLr\
(x) vga dLekr~ dfBuk Hkkjrturk¿fLe\
(?k) vga fe=kL; p{kq"kka foaQ i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿fLe\
3- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k iw.kZokD;su fy[kr&
(d) Hkkjrturk¿ge~ oSQ% ifjiwrk vfLr\
([k) lea txr~ dFka eqX/efLr\
(x) vga foaQ foaQ fpuksfe\
(?k) vga oqQ=k lnk n`';s
(Ä) lea txr~ oSQ% oSQ% eqX/e~ vfLr\
4- lfU/foPNsna iwj;r&
(d) fou;ksisrk ¾ fou; $ misrk
([k) oqQlqeknfi ¾ -------------- $ --------------
(x) fpuksE;qHk;e~ ¾ fpuksfe $ -------------------
(?k) u`R;SeqZX/e~ ¾ -------------- $ eqX/e~
(Ä) izÑfrjfLr ¾ izÑfr% $ -------------------
(p) yksdØhMklDrk ¾ yksdØhMk $ -------------------
2024-25
Page 4


Hkkjrturk¿ge~
¹izLrqr dfork vk/qfud dfooqQyf'kjksef.k MkW- jekdkUr 'kqDy }kjk jfpr dkO;
^Hkkjrturk¿ge~* ls lkHkkj mn~/`r gSA bl dfork esa dfo Hkkjrh; turk osQ ljksdkjksa]
fofo/ dkS'kyksa] fofo/ jQfp;ksa vkfn dk mYys[k djrs gq, crkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; turk
dh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAº
vfHkeku/uk fou;ksisrk] 'kkyhuk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A
oqQfy'kknfi dfBuk oqQlqeknfi] lqoqQekjk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A1A
fuolkfe leLrs lalkjs] eU;s p oqQVqEca olqU/jke~A
izs;% Js;% p fpuksE;qHk;a] lqfoosdk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A2A
foKku/uk¿ga Kku/uk] lkfgR;dyk&lÄõhrijkA
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS%] ifjiwrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A3A
ee xhrSeqZX/a lea txr~] ee u`R;SeqZX/a lea txr~A
ee dkO;SeqZX/a lea txr~] jlHkfjrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A4A
mRlofiz;k¿ga Jefiz;k] in;k=kk&ns'kkVu&fiz;kA
yksdØhMklDRkk o/sZ¿frfFknsok] Hkkjrturk¿ge~A5A
eS=kh es lgtk izÑfrjfLr] uks nqcZyrk;k% i;kZ;%A
fe=kL; p{kq"kk lalkja] i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿ge~A6A
fo'ofLeu~ txfr xrkgefLe] fo'ofLeu~ txfr lnk n`';sA
fo'ofLeu~ txfr djksfe deZ] deZ.;k Hkkjrturk¿ge~A7A
lIre% ikB%
2024-25
44
45
Hkkjrturk¿ge~
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
vfHkeku/uk & LokfHkeku :ih /u okyh
fou;ksisrk (fou;$misrk) & fouezrk ls ifjiw.kZ
oqQfy'kknfi (oqQfy'kkr~$vfi) & otz ls Hkh
dfBuk] dBksjk & dBksj
oqQlqeknfi (oqQlqekr~$vfi) & iwQy ls Hkh
lqoqQekjk & vR;ar dksey
olqU/jke~ & i`Foh dks
izs;% (fiz;dj) & vPNk yxus okyk] jQfpdj
Js;% & dY;k.kdj] dY;k.kizn
fpuksE;qHk;e~ (fpuksfe$mHk;e~)& nksuksa dks gh pqurh gw¡
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS% & vè;kRe:ih ve`re;h unh esa Luku ls
ifjiwrk & ifo=k
jlHkfjrk & vkuan ls ifjiw.kZ
vklDrk & vuqjkx j[kus okyh
izÑfr% & LoHkko
deZ.;k & deZ'khy
2024-25
46
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
vH;kl%
1- ikBs nRrkuka i|kuka lLojokpua oqQjQr&
2- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&
(d) vga olqU/jka foaQ eU;s\
([k) ee lgtk izÑfr dk vfLr\
(x) vga dLekr~ dfBuk Hkkjrturk¿fLe\
(?k) vga fe=kL; p{kq"kka foaQ i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿fLe\
3- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k iw.kZokD;su fy[kr&
(d) Hkkjrturk¿ge~ oSQ% ifjiwrk vfLr\
([k) lea txr~ dFka eqX/efLr\
(x) vga foaQ foaQ fpuksfe\
(?k) vga oqQ=k lnk n`';s
(Ä) lea txr~ oSQ% oSQ% eqX/e~ vfLr\
4- lfU/foPNsna iwj;r&
(d) fou;ksisrk ¾ fou; $ misrk
([k) oqQlqeknfi ¾ -------------- $ --------------
(x) fpuksE;qHk;e~ ¾ fpuksfe $ -------------------
(?k) u`R;SeqZX/e~ ¾ -------------- $ eqX/e~
(Ä) izÑfrjfLr ¾ izÑfr% $ -------------------
(p) yksdØhMklDrk ¾ yksdØhMk $ -------------------
2024-25
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47
Hkkjrturk¿ge~
5- fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; inkfu esy;r&
fo'ks"k.k&inkfu fo'ks";&inkfu
lqoqQekjk txr~
lgtk lalkjs
fo'ofLeu~ Hkkjrturk
lee~ izzÑfr
leLrs txfr
6- lekukFkZdkfu inkfu esy;r&
txfr unh
oqQfy'kkr~ i`Fohe~
izÑfr lalkjs
p{kq"kk LoHkko%
rfVuh otzkr~
olqU/jke~ us=ks.k
2024-25
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Hkkjrturk¿ge~
¹izLrqr dfork vk/qfud dfooqQyf'kjksef.k MkW- jekdkUr 'kqDy }kjk jfpr dkO;
^Hkkjrturk¿ge~* ls lkHkkj mn~/`r gSA bl dfork esa dfo Hkkjrh; turk osQ ljksdkjksa]
fofo/ dkS'kyksa] fofo/ jQfp;ksa vkfn dk mYys[k djrs gq, crkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; turk
dh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAº
vfHkeku/uk fou;ksisrk] 'kkyhuk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A
oqQfy'kknfi dfBuk oqQlqeknfi] lqoqQekjk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A1A
fuolkfe leLrs lalkjs] eU;s p oqQVqEca olqU/jke~A
izs;% Js;% p fpuksE;qHk;a] lqfoosdk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A2A
foKku/uk¿ga Kku/uk] lkfgR;dyk&lÄõhrijkA
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS%] ifjiwrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A3A
ee xhrSeqZX/a lea txr~] ee u`R;SeqZX/a lea txr~A
ee dkO;SeqZX/a lea txr~] jlHkfjrk Hkkjrturk¿ge~A4A
mRlofiz;k¿ga Jefiz;k] in;k=kk&ns'kkVu&fiz;kA
yksdØhMklDRkk o/sZ¿frfFknsok] Hkkjrturk¿ge~A5A
eS=kh es lgtk izÑfrjfLr] uks nqcZyrk;k% i;kZ;%A
fe=kL; p{kq"kk lalkja] i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿ge~A6A
fo'ofLeu~ txfr xrkgefLe] fo'ofLeu~ txfr lnk n`';sA
fo'ofLeu~ txfr djksfe deZ] deZ.;k Hkkjrturk¿ge~A7A
lIre% ikB%
2024-25
44
45
Hkkjrturk¿ge~
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
vfHkeku/uk & LokfHkeku :ih /u okyh
fou;ksisrk (fou;$misrk) & fouezrk ls ifjiw.kZ
oqQfy'kknfi (oqQfy'kkr~$vfi) & otz ls Hkh
dfBuk] dBksjk & dBksj
oqQlqeknfi (oqQlqekr~$vfi) & iwQy ls Hkh
lqoqQekjk & vR;ar dksey
olqU/jke~ & i`Foh dks
izs;% (fiz;dj) & vPNk yxus okyk] jQfpdj
Js;% & dY;k.kdj] dY;k.kizn
fpuksE;qHk;e~ (fpuksfe$mHk;e~)& nksuksa dks gh pqurh gw¡
vè;kRelq/krfVuh&LukuS% & vè;kRe:ih ve`re;h unh esa Luku ls
ifjiwrk & ifo=k
jlHkfjrk & vkuan ls ifjiw.kZ
vklDrk & vuqjkx j[kus okyh
izÑfr% & LoHkko
deZ.;k & deZ'khy
2024-25
46
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
vH;kl%
1- ikBs nRrkuka i|kuka lLojokpua oqQjQr&
2- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&
(d) vga olqU/jka foaQ eU;s\
([k) ee lgtk izÑfr dk vfLr\
(x) vga dLekr~ dfBuk Hkkjrturk¿fLe\
(?k) vga fe=kL; p{kq"kka foaQ i';Urh Hkkjrturk¿fLe\
3- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k iw.kZokD;su fy[kr&
(d) Hkkjrturk¿ge~ oSQ% ifjiwrk vfLr\
([k) lea txr~ dFka eqX/efLr\
(x) vga foaQ foaQ fpuksfe\
(?k) vga oqQ=k lnk n`';s
(Ä) lea txr~ oSQ% oSQ% eqX/e~ vfLr\
4- lfU/foPNsna iwj;r&
(d) fou;ksisrk ¾ fou; $ misrk
([k) oqQlqeknfi ¾ -------------- $ --------------
(x) fpuksE;qHk;e~ ¾ fpuksfe $ -------------------
(?k) u`R;SeqZX/e~ ¾ -------------- $ eqX/e~
(Ä) izÑfrjfLr ¾ izÑfr% $ -------------------
(p) yksdØhMklDrk ¾ yksdØhMk $ -------------------
2024-25
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47
Hkkjrturk¿ge~
5- fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; inkfu esy;r&
fo'ks"k.k&inkfu fo'ks";&inkfu
lqoqQekjk txr~
lgtk lalkjs
fo'ofLeu~ Hkkjrturk
lee~ izzÑfr
leLrs txfr
6- lekukFkZdkfu inkfu esy;r&
txfr unh
oqQfy'kkr~ i`Fohe~
izÑfr lalkjs
p{kq"kk LoHkko%
rfVuh otzkr~
olqU/jke~ us=ks.k
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
7- mfprdFkkuka le{ke~ (vke~) vuqfprdFkukuka le{ka p (u) bfr fy[kr&
(d) vga ifjokjL; p{kq"kk lalkja i';kfeA
([k) lea txr~ ee dkO;S% eqX/efLrA
(x) vge~ vfoosdk Hkkjrturk vfLeA
(?k) vga olqU/jka oqQVqEca u eU;sA
(Ä) vga foKku/uk Kku/uk pkfLeA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj%
HkkofoLrkj%
;g dfork vk/qfud dfo MkW- jekdkUr 'kqDy osQ dkO;laxzg ls yh xbZ gSA MkW- 'kqDy
vk/qfud laLÑr txr~ esa jk"Vªifr lEeku rFkk iÁJh lEeku ls foHkwf"kr ew/ZU; dfo
gSa ftudk dkO; ikB u osQoy Hkkjrh; vkdk'kok.kh & nwjn'kZu vFkok vU; fofo/
dfolEesyuksa esa vfirq ekSfj'kl&vesfjdk&bVyh&;w-osQ vkfn ns'kksa esa Hkh iz'kaflr gSA
Hkkfr es Hkkjre~] t;HkkjrHkwes] Hkkfr ekSjh'kle~] Hkkjrturk¿ge~] loZ'kqDyk] loZ'kqDyksÙkjk]
vk'kkf}'krh] ee tuuh rFkk jkt/kuh&jpuk% budh egku~ dkO; jpuk,¡ gSaA buosQ
vfrfjDr if.Mrjkth;e~ vfHk'kkie~] iqj'pj.kdeye~] ukV~;lIrde~ bR;kfn iqjLÑr ,oa
ef×pr ukV~;jpuk,¡ rFkk vU; vusd lEikfnr xzUFk Hkh budh ys[kuh ls yC/izk.k gq,
gSa] dfo dh oqQN vU; jpuk,¡ Hkh if<+,&
• ifjfer'kCnSjferxq.kku~] xk;kfe dFka rs on iq.;sA
pqyqosQ tyf/a rqîõrjîõa djokf.k dFka on /U;sA
t; lqtys lqiQys ojns] foeys deyk&ok.kh oU|sA
t; t; t; gs Hkkjr Hkwes t;&t;&t; Hkkjr HkwesA
• ;=k lR;a f'koa lqUnja jktrs]
jkejkT;a p ;=kkHkoRikoue~A
2024-25