Notes: Globe | Social Studies & Pedagogy Paper 2 for CTET & TET Exams - CTET & State TET PDF Download

A globe is a three dimensional, spherical, scale model of Earth or other celestial body  such as a planet or moon. While models can be made of objects with arbitrary or  irregular shapes. The term globe is used only for models of objects that are  approximately spherical. The word ‘globe’ comes from the latin word ‘Globus’, which  means round mass or sphere. Some terrestrial globus includes relief to show mountains  and other features on the Earth's surface. There are also globes, called celestial globe or  astronomical globes, which are spherical representations of the celestial sphere,  showing the apparent positions of the stars and constellations in the sky. 

• Geography is the science of location and maps. The location is presented relatively and this process is called relative location. In geography, we use two basic methods to locate a place; they are latitudes and longitudes and these are the imaginary lines on Earth. 

Latitudes 
Imaginary lines parallel to the equator is called latitudes. Equator is also a latitude that divides the earth into two equal parts: northern part and southern part. The value of equator is 0°. The earth is divided from 0 to 90° latitude. The 23½° latitude is also known as Tropic of Cancer that falls in the northern part and when the same degree falls in the southern part, it is known as Tropic of Capricorn; however, 66½° northern latitude is called Arctic circle and 66½° southern latitude is called Antarctic circle. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn denote the boundaries of areas where the sun’s rays fall directly.
Latitudes

Longitudes 
The longitudes are divided into two parts by prime meridian (denoted by 0° longitude): eastern and western. It passes through Greenwich near London. The earth is divided from 0° to 360° longitudes. All longitudes meet at the northern and southern poles. Longitudes join at all the places of that particular longitude. The longitude 180° is International Date Line, which is not a straight line, and it is deliberately drawn in a zig-zag manner to save the country from partition, which passes through Pacific Ocean. The date of the western part of countries of this line is ahead of the eastern part of countries. This is the reason for a person who travels from east to west will lose one day; while a person who travels from west to east will gain one day. The value of one longitude is 4 min; therefore, towards east, the time increases, and towards west, it decreases.
Meridians

Motions of the Earth

Earth has two motions: one on its axis and the other around the sun. The first motion on its axis is called daily rotation, while the second one around the sun is called yearly motion. Because of the motion on its axis, Earth rotates from west to east; further, it takes 24 h to complete the rotation, and therefore, there are days and nights. Along with the motion on its axis, it also rotates around the sun; this takes 365.25 days and this is the reason we have a leap year after every fourth year. Further, 0.25 days represent one quarter. When we combine four quarters after every fourth year, add one day extra in February, and therefore, February has 29 days in a leap year. This motion also causes change in the season. Since the axis on which Earth rotates is oval in shape, the distance of Earth from Sun is different on different times of the year.
Direction of Revolution of Earth

Earth’s Inclination on its Axis

Earth is inclined at 23½° on its axis, and because of this feature, the amount of sun’s rays will differ on place and time. When sun’s rays fall directly, we feel warm and when they fall askew, we feel cold. Summarily, the seasonal change is felt due to the inclination and yearly rotation of Earth.

The abovementioned motion of Earth creates the following four situations: 

• Karka Sankranti: On 21 June, sun’s rays fall directly on Tropic of Cancer, and this day is the longest day in Northern hemisphere. 
• Makar Sankranti: On 22 December, sun’s rays fall directly on Tropic of Capricorn and this day is the longest day in Southern hemisphere. 
• Equinox: On this day, the sun’s rays fall directly on Mediterranean, and therefore, days and nights are equal all over the world. 
• Autumn Equinox and Vernal Equinox: On 23 September and 21 March, the days and nights are equal all over the world. From 23 September to 21 March, the sun’s rays fall more on Southern hemisphere, and therefore, it remains day for six consecutive months. 

From 21 March to 23 September, the sun’s rays fall more on Northern hemisphere, and therefore, it remains days for six consecutive months.

Solar Eclipse 
When the moon comes between the Earth and the sun, it creates a situation that blocks the sun’s rays and casting its shadow on Earth and this is called solar eclipse. It always happens only during new moon phase. The eclipse in which some of the part of the sun is covered by the moon is called partial solar eclipse.

Lunar Eclipse 
When Earth comes between the moon and the sun and blocking the sun’s rays from reaching the moon, it creates a situation called lunar eclipse. It always happens in full Moon; however,  this situation does not happen regularly because there is 5° difference in orbit path of Earth and moon. In a year, a maximum of three lunar eclipses, either full or partial, can happen.

Heat Zones of the Earth

In many parts, every sphere of the earth has been divided on the basis of temperature, which is called zone. These zones are as follows: 

• Tropical zone: 30° North and South of equator is considered as tropical zone. The sun falls on head twice in a year. This part of the earth is always hot. 
• Sub-tropical zone: From 30° to 45° of North and South of equator is taken as sub-tropical zone. In a year, for few months, the temperature is high, while for few months, it is low. 
• Temperate zone: This zone falls at 45°–66° northern and southern latitude. The sun never falls on head in this zone, and hence, the climate is always cool. 
• Polar zone: This zone falls at 66°–90° latitude zone, where the temperature is always very low. It causes the poles to freeze.
  
  Heat zones of Earth

Day and Night

Time Zone and Standard Time

• “I was in Hawaii on eight of November, when I called at my home in India my mom said it is 7th November. I was surprised.” The abovementioned statement talks about the difference of time zones across the world. It is not very easy to understand the concept of time zone. It is very interesting to know that the very idea of standard time zone comes in existence because of the development of transportation system, which has moved from land transport to air transport. People started travelling more and world has become smaller. An international conference was held in Washington, DC, in 1884 to standardise the time around the world. Further, the standard time zone is divided into 24 zones. 
• Greenwich Mean Time is the most well-known time zone. Moreover, the other time zones are all based on this mean time as it has been accepted as standard time zone. It was done because there was a need for a prime meridian location to manage navigation, international trade, and so on.  Therefore, Greenwich Meridian has become a base line for the time across the world. 
• The world is divided into 24 time zones. Every zone has 15°. Every degree is equal to 4 min and the difference of two time zones is 1 h. 
• Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the standard time used in defining time at various zones; local time within a time zone is defined as a difference from the UTC. The difference is represented either UTC− or UTC+ along with number of hours and minutes.
  
  Time zone