P, PI, & PID Controllers | Control Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

Automatic Controller

• A device which compares the actual value of plant output with the desired value is called as an Automatic Controller. It determines the deviation of the system and produces the control signal that reduces the deviation to 0 and small value. The manner in which the automatic controller produces the control signal is called the control action.

Elements of industrial Automatic Controller

• The above controller consists of an error detector and amplifier. The diagram shown above contains a measuring element which is a device that converts the output variable to another variable such as displacement, pressure or electrical signals which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. The reference input (setpoint) of a controller can be converted to reference input of the same units as a feedback signal from the measuring element.
• So we can say from the above equation that e = r-b, i.e., the deviation is the difference between the controlled variable and set point (reference input)

Industrial controller are classified on the basis of control action as

• ON - OFF controller
• Proportional controller (P)
• Integral controller (I)
• Proportional + Integral controller (PI)
• Proportional +Derivative Controller (PD)
• Proportional +Integral + Derivative Controller (PID)

Proportional Control Action

• In a controller, with proportional control action, there is a continuous relationship between the output of the controller (M) (Manipulated Variable) and Actuating Error Signal E (deviation).
  
  M(t) = KpE(t)
  By taking Laplace M(S) = KpE(S)
• Where, Kp is proportional gain and proportional sensitivity

Integral Control Action

In a controller, with integral control action, the output of the controller is changed at a rate which is proportional to the actuating error signal. E (t)
Mathematically

K_i = constant
= M(t) = Ki ∫ e(t) + M(0)
M(0) = control output at which t = 0
Laplace transform

S.M(S) = K_iE(S)
Ki/S = M(S)/E(S)
It is also known as reset controller and the above equation is the ratio of transfer function of integral controller.

Derivative Control action

In controller with derivative control action the output of the controller depends on the rate of change of the e(t)

Where K_d is derivative control action
By taking Laplace,
M(S) = Kd . SE(S)
K_d = M(s)/S.E(S)
S.K_d = M(s)/E(S)