PPT: Applications of Viscous Flows Through Pipes | Fluid Mechanics for Mechanical Engineering PDF Download

 Page 1


Flow through Pipes
•Characteristics of flow through pipes
•Energy (head) losses in flow through pipes
•Major losses such as loss of head due to friction Darcy Wisbach
formula
•Minor losses such as loss of head at entry, change in diameter, 
bend etc.
•Problems on head losses
•Hydraulic Gradient Line (H.G.L.) & Total Energy Line (T.E.L.)
•Effect of entry at pipe, change in diameter, bend etc. on H.G.L. &
•T.E.L.
•Plotting of H.G.L. & T.E.L.
•Design of pipeline for given flow --using formulae ---using 
nomograms
•Computation of height of reservoir
•Compound pipe and equivalent sizes
Page 2


Flow through Pipes
•Characteristics of flow through pipes
•Energy (head) losses in flow through pipes
•Major losses such as loss of head due to friction Darcy Wisbach
formula
•Minor losses such as loss of head at entry, change in diameter, 
bend etc.
•Problems on head losses
•Hydraulic Gradient Line (H.G.L.) & Total Energy Line (T.E.L.)
•Effect of entry at pipe, change in diameter, bend etc. on H.G.L. &
•T.E.L.
•Plotting of H.G.L. & T.E.L.
•Design of pipeline for given flow --using formulae ---using 
nomograms
•Computation of height of reservoir
•Compound pipe and equivalent sizes
Where the fluid moves slowly in layers in a pipe, without much mixing 
among the layers.
• Typically occurs when the velocity is low or the fluid is very viscous.
Laminar flow: 
Turbulent flow
•Opposite of laminar, where considerable mixing occurs, velocities      
are high.
•Laminar and Turbulent flows can be characterized and quantified 
using Reynolds Number
•established by Osborne Reynold and is given as –
Page 3


Flow through Pipes
•Characteristics of flow through pipes
•Energy (head) losses in flow through pipes
•Major losses such as loss of head due to friction Darcy Wisbach
formula
•Minor losses such as loss of head at entry, change in diameter, 
bend etc.
•Problems on head losses
•Hydraulic Gradient Line (H.G.L.) & Total Energy Line (T.E.L.)
•Effect of entry at pipe, change in diameter, bend etc. on H.G.L. &
•T.E.L.
•Plotting of H.G.L. & T.E.L.
•Design of pipeline for given flow --using formulae ---using 
nomograms
•Computation of height of reservoir
•Compound pipe and equivalent sizes
Where the fluid moves slowly in layers in a pipe, without much mixing 
among the layers.
• Typically occurs when the velocity is low or the fluid is very viscous.
Laminar flow: 
Turbulent flow
•Opposite of laminar, where considerable mixing occurs, velocities      
are high.
•Laminar and Turbulent flows can be characterized and quantified 
using Reynolds Number
•established by Osborne Reynold and is given as –
Page 4


Flow through Pipes
•Characteristics of flow through pipes
•Energy (head) losses in flow through pipes
•Major losses such as loss of head due to friction Darcy Wisbach
formula
•Minor losses such as loss of head at entry, change in diameter, 
bend etc.
•Problems on head losses
•Hydraulic Gradient Line (H.G.L.) & Total Energy Line (T.E.L.)
•Effect of entry at pipe, change in diameter, bend etc. on H.G.L. &
•T.E.L.
•Plotting of H.G.L. & T.E.L.
•Design of pipeline for given flow --using formulae ---using 
nomograms
•Computation of height of reservoir
•Compound pipe and equivalent sizes
Where the fluid moves slowly in layers in a pipe, without much mixing 
among the layers.
• Typically occurs when the velocity is low or the fluid is very viscous.
Laminar flow: 
Turbulent flow
•Opposite of laminar, where considerable mixing occurs, velocities      
are high.
•Laminar and Turbulent flows can be characterized and quantified 
using Reynolds Number
•established by Osborne Reynold and is given as –
Laminar and Turbulent Flow Summary
• Laminar Flow 
Layers of water flow over one another at different speeds with virt
ually no mixing between layers. The flow velocity profile for laminar 
flow in circular pipes is parabolic in shape, with a maximum flow in the 
center of the pipe and a minimum flow at the pipe walls. The average 
flow velocity is approximately one half of the maximum velocity.
• Turbulent Flow
The flow is characterized by the irregular movement of particles of the 
fluid. The flow velocity profile for turbulent flow is fairly flat across the 
center section of a pipe and drops rapidly extremely close to the walls. 
The average flow velocity is approximately equal to the velocity at the 
center of the pipe. 
• Viscosity is the fluid property that measures the resistance of 
the fluid to deforming due to a shear force. 
For most fluids, temperature and viscosity are inversely 
proportional.
Page 5


Flow through Pipes
•Characteristics of flow through pipes
•Energy (head) losses in flow through pipes
•Major losses such as loss of head due to friction Darcy Wisbach
formula
•Minor losses such as loss of head at entry, change in diameter, 
bend etc.
•Problems on head losses
•Hydraulic Gradient Line (H.G.L.) & Total Energy Line (T.E.L.)
•Effect of entry at pipe, change in diameter, bend etc. on H.G.L. &
•T.E.L.
•Plotting of H.G.L. & T.E.L.
•Design of pipeline for given flow --using formulae ---using 
nomograms
•Computation of height of reservoir
•Compound pipe and equivalent sizes
Where the fluid moves slowly in layers in a pipe, without much mixing 
among the layers.
• Typically occurs when the velocity is low or the fluid is very viscous.
Laminar flow: 
Turbulent flow
•Opposite of laminar, where considerable mixing occurs, velocities      
are high.
•Laminar and Turbulent flows can be characterized and quantified 
using Reynolds Number
•established by Osborne Reynold and is given as –
Laminar and Turbulent Flow Summary
• Laminar Flow 
Layers of water flow over one another at different speeds with virt
ually no mixing between layers. The flow velocity profile for laminar 
flow in circular pipes is parabolic in shape, with a maximum flow in the 
center of the pipe and a minimum flow at the pipe walls. The average 
flow velocity is approximately one half of the maximum velocity.
• Turbulent Flow
The flow is characterized by the irregular movement of particles of the 
fluid. The flow velocity profile for turbulent flow is fairly flat across the 
center section of a pipe and drops rapidly extremely close to the walls. 
The average flow velocity is approximately equal to the velocity at the 
center of the pipe. 
• Viscosity is the fluid property that measures the resistance of 
the fluid to deforming due to a shear force. 
For most fluids, temperature and viscosity are inversely 
proportional.
http://www.ceb.cam.ac.uk/pages/mass-transport.html
• An ideal fluid is one that is incompressible and has no viscosity.