PPT: Working of Institutions | Social Studies (SST) Class 9 PDF Download

 Page 1


Class IX
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
Page 2


Class IX
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
I n t r o d u c t i o n
IN THE CHAPTER 'WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS,' WE DELVE INTO
THE FUNCTIONING OF KEY DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS,
NAMELY THE LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIARY. WE
EXPLORE THEIR ROLES, INTERCONNECTIONS, AND
CONTRIBUTION TO A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM BY EXAMINING
MAJOR DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN THE INDIAN
GOVERNMENT.
Page 3


Class IX
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
I n t r o d u c t i o n
IN THE CHAPTER 'WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS,' WE DELVE INTO
THE FUNCTIONING OF KEY DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS,
NAMELY THE LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIARY. WE
EXPLORE THEIR ROLES, INTERCONNECTIONS, AND
CONTRIBUTION TO A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM BY EXAMINING
MAJOR DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN THE INDIAN
GOVERNMENT.
HOW IS A MAJOR
POLICY DECISION
TAKEN?
On August 13, 1990, the Government of India issued an Order. It was
called an Office Memorandum. The Joint Secretary, an officer in the
department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel,
Public Grievances and Pensions, signed the Order.
A GOVERNMENT ORDER 
Page 4


Class IX
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
I n t r o d u c t i o n
IN THE CHAPTER 'WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS,' WE DELVE INTO
THE FUNCTIONING OF KEY DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS,
NAMELY THE LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIARY. WE
EXPLORE THEIR ROLES, INTERCONNECTIONS, AND
CONTRIBUTION TO A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM BY EXAMINING
MAJOR DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN THE INDIAN
GOVERNMENT.
HOW IS A MAJOR
POLICY DECISION
TAKEN?
On August 13, 1990, the Government of India issued an Order. It was
called an Office Memorandum. The Joint Secretary, an officer in the
department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel,
Public Grievances and Pensions, signed the Order.
A GOVERNMENT ORDER 
The Decision Makers
1. P r e s i d e n t is the head of the state and is the highest formal authority in
the country.
2. P r i m e M i n i s t e r is the head of the government and actually exercises  
all governmental powers. He takes most of the decisions in the Cabinet
meetings.
3. P a r l i a m e n t consists of two Houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The
Prime Minister must have the support of a majority of Lok Sabha
members.
Page 5


Class IX
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
I n t r o d u c t i o n
IN THE CHAPTER 'WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS,' WE DELVE INTO
THE FUNCTIONING OF KEY DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS,
NAMELY THE LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIARY. WE
EXPLORE THEIR ROLES, INTERCONNECTIONS, AND
CONTRIBUTION TO A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM BY EXAMINING
MAJOR DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN THE INDIAN
GOVERNMENT.
HOW IS A MAJOR
POLICY DECISION
TAKEN?
On August 13, 1990, the Government of India issued an Order. It was
called an Office Memorandum. The Joint Secretary, an officer in the
department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel,
Public Grievances and Pensions, signed the Order.
A GOVERNMENT ORDER 
The Decision Makers
1. P r e s i d e n t is the head of the state and is the highest formal authority in
the country.
2. P r i m e M i n i s t e r is the head of the government and actually exercises  
all governmental powers. He takes most of the decisions in the Cabinet
meetings.
3. P a r l i a m e n t consists of two Houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The
Prime Minister must have the support of a majority of Lok Sabha
members.
•The Government of India had  appointed the
Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It
was headed by B.P. Mandal. Hence it was
popularly called the Mandal Commission. 
•It was asked to determine the criteria to identify
the socially and educationally backward classes in
India and recommend steps be taken for their
advancement. The Commission gave its-report-in
1980 and made many recommendations. One of
these was that 27 percent of government jobs be
reserved for the socially and economically
backward classes.