PPT: Working of Institutions | Social Studies (SST) Class 9 PDF Download

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Working of Institutions
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Working of Institutions
Overview of Democratic 
Institutions
1
Democracy 
Beyond Elections
Democracy is not just about 
people electing their rulers. 
In a democracy the rulers 
have to follow some rules and 
procedures. They have to 
work with and within 
institutions.
2
Key Institutions
We look at three institutions 
that play a key role in major 
decisions 3 legislature, 
executive and judiciary.
3
Focus on Central Government
We take our examples from the working of the national level 
government called Central Government, Union Government, or just 
Government of India.
Page 3


Working of Institutions
Overview of Democratic 
Institutions
1
Democracy 
Beyond Elections
Democracy is not just about 
people electing their rulers. 
In a democracy the rulers 
have to follow some rules and 
procedures. They have to 
work with and within 
institutions.
2
Key Institutions
We look at three institutions 
that play a key role in major 
decisions 3 legislature, 
executive and judiciary.
3
Focus on Central Government
We take our examples from the working of the national level 
government called Central Government, Union Government, or just 
Government of India.
A Major Policy Decision: 
The Mandal Commission 
Order
1
August 13, 1990
Government of India issued an Office Memorandum 
announcing 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally 
Backward Classes (SEBC) in civil posts and services.
2
1979
Second Backward Classes Commission (Mandal 
Commission) appointed to identify socially and educationally 
backward classes.
3
1980
Mandal Commission submits its report recommending 27% 
reservation for backward classes.
4
1989 Lok Sabha Election
Janata Dal promises to implement Mandal Commission 
report if voted to power.
Page 4


Working of Institutions
Overview of Democratic 
Institutions
1
Democracy 
Beyond Elections
Democracy is not just about 
people electing their rulers. 
In a democracy the rulers 
have to follow some rules and 
procedures. They have to 
work with and within 
institutions.
2
Key Institutions
We look at three institutions 
that play a key role in major 
decisions 3 legislature, 
executive and judiciary.
3
Focus on Central Government
We take our examples from the working of the national level 
government called Central Government, Union Government, or just 
Government of India.
A Major Policy Decision: 
The Mandal Commission 
Order
1
August 13, 1990
Government of India issued an Office Memorandum 
announcing 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally 
Backward Classes (SEBC) in civil posts and services.
2
1979
Second Backward Classes Commission (Mandal 
Commission) appointed to identify socially and educationally 
backward classes.
3
1980
Mandal Commission submits its report recommending 27% 
reservation for backward classes.
4
1989 Lok Sabha Election
Janata Dal promises to implement Mandal Commission 
report if voted to power.
Implementation of the 
Mandal Commission 
Order
1
Presidential Address
President announces government's intention to implement 
Mandal Commission recommendations in Parliament address.
2
Cabinet Decision
On 6 August 1990, Union Cabinet takes formal decision to 
implement the recommendations.
3
Prime Minister's Statement
Next day, PM V.P . Singh informs Parliament about the decision 
through a statement in both Houses.
4
Office Memorandum Issued
Department of Personnel and Training drafts and issues the 
order (O.M. No. 36012/31/90) on 13 August 1990.
Page 5


Working of Institutions
Overview of Democratic 
Institutions
1
Democracy 
Beyond Elections
Democracy is not just about 
people electing their rulers. 
In a democracy the rulers 
have to follow some rules and 
procedures. They have to 
work with and within 
institutions.
2
Key Institutions
We look at three institutions 
that play a key role in major 
decisions 3 legislature, 
executive and judiciary.
3
Focus on Central Government
We take our examples from the working of the national level 
government called Central Government, Union Government, or just 
Government of India.
A Major Policy Decision: 
The Mandal Commission 
Order
1
August 13, 1990
Government of India issued an Office Memorandum 
announcing 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally 
Backward Classes (SEBC) in civil posts and services.
2
1979
Second Backward Classes Commission (Mandal 
Commission) appointed to identify socially and educationally 
backward classes.
3
1980
Mandal Commission submits its report recommending 27% 
reservation for backward classes.
4
1989 Lok Sabha Election
Janata Dal promises to implement Mandal Commission 
report if voted to power.
Implementation of the 
Mandal Commission 
Order
1
Presidential Address
President announces government's intention to implement 
Mandal Commission recommendations in Parliament address.
2
Cabinet Decision
On 6 August 1990, Union Cabinet takes formal decision to 
implement the recommendations.
3
Prime Minister's Statement
Next day, PM V.P . Singh informs Parliament about the decision 
through a statement in both Houses.
4
Office Memorandum Issued
Department of Personnel and Training drafts and issues the 
order (O.M. No. 36012/31/90) on 13 August 1990.
Key Decision Makers in Indian Democracy
President
Head of the state and highest formal 
authority in the country.
Prime Minister
Head of the government who actually 
exercises all governmental powers. T akes 
most decisions in Cabinet meetings.
Parliament
Consists of the President and two 
Houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. 
Prime Minister must have support of Lok 
Sabha majority.