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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. That is its task and promise… Perhaps the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between ‘the personal troubles of the milieu’ and ‘the public issues of social structure’... Troubles occur within the character of the individual and within the range of his immediate relations with others; they have to do with his self and with those limited areas of social life of which he is directly and personally aware... Issues have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life.
Q1: What is the main task and promise of the sociological imagination, according to the passage?
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Q2: How does the sociological imagination distinguish between 'the personal troubles of the milieu' and 'the public issues of social structure'?
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Q3: Can you explain the difference between 'troubles' and 'issues' as outlined in the passage?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Observations of philosophical and religious thinkers are often about what is moral or immoral in human behaviour, about the desirable way of living and about a good society. Sociology too concerns itself with norms and values. But its focus is not on norms and values as they ought to be, as goals that people should pursue. Its concern is with the way they function in actual societies
Q1: How does sociology's approach to norms and values differ from that of philosophical and religious thinkers?
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Q2: What is the specific concern of sociology regarding norms and values in societies?
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Q3: How does sociology's approach to norms and values differ from a prescriptive perspective?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Influenced by scientific theories of natural evolution and findings about pre-modern societies made by early travellers, colonial administrators, sociologists and social anthropologists sought to categorise societies into types and to distinguish stages in social development. These features reappear in the 19th century in works of early sociologists, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx and Herbert Spencer. Efforts were therefore made to classify different types of societies on that basis.
Q1: What were the influences that led colonial administrators, sociologists, and social anthropologists to categorize societies into types and stages of social development?
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Q2: How did the features of categorizing societies into types and stages of social development reappear in the 19th century?
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Q3: What motivated the efforts to classify different types of societies in the 19th century?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Darwin’s ideas about organic evolution were a dominant influence on early sociological thought. Society was often compared with living organisms and efforts were made to trace its growth through stages comparable to those of organic life. This way of looking at society as a system of parts, each part playing a given function influenced the study of social institutions like the family or the school and structures such as stratification.
Q1: What influence did Darwin's ideas about organic evolution have on early sociological thought?
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Q2: How did the comparison of society with living organisms impact the study of social institutions?
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Q3: In what way did the concept of society as a system of parts influence the study of social structures like stratification?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
The Industrial Revolution was based upon a new, dynamic form of economic activity — capitalism. This system of capitalism became the driving force behind the growth of industrial manufacturing. Capitalism involved new attitudes and institutions. Entrepreneurs now engaged in the sustained, systematic pursuit of profit. The markets acted as the key instrument of productive life. And goods, services and labour became commodities whose use was determined by rational calculation.
Q1: What was the economic foundation of the Industrial Revolution, and what role did capitalism play in it?
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Q2: How did capitalism change attitudes and institutions during the Industrial Revolution?
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Q3: What key changes occurred in the way goods, services, and labor were treated in the capitalist system during the Industrial Revolution?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Urban centres expanded and grew. It was not that there were no cities earlier. But their character prior to industrialisation was different. The industrial cities gave birth to a completely new kind of urban world. It was marked by the soot and grime of factories, by overcrowded slums of the new industrial working class, bad sanitation and general squalor. It was also marked by new kinds of social interactions.
Q1: How did urban centers change with industrialization, and what characterized the new urban world that emerged?
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Q2: What differentiated the character of cities before industrialization from the industrial cities that emerged?
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Q3: Besides physical changes, what were some of the notable social changes in the new urban world created by industrialization?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Another indicator of the emergence of modern societies was the new significance of clock-time as a basis of social organisation. A crucial aspect of this was the way in which, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the tempo of agricultural and manufacturing labour increasingly came to be set by the clock and calendar in a way very different from pre-modern forms of work. Prior to the development of industrial capitalism, work-rhythms were set by factors such as the period of daylight, the break between tasks and the constraints of deadlines or other social duties.
Q1: What was a significant indicator of the emergence of modern societies, and how did it influence social organization?
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Q2: How did the setting of work-rhythms change with the development of industrial capitalism?
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Q3: What factors determined work-rhythms in pre-modern forms of work, contrasting them with the industrial era?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Colonialism was an essential part of modern capitalism and industrialisation. The writings of Western sociologists on capitalism and other aspects of modern society are therefore relevant for understanding social change in India. Yet as we saw with reference to urbanisation, colonialism implied that the impact of industrialisation in India was not necessarily the same as in the west. Karl Marx’s comments on the impact of the East India Company bring out the contrast.
Q1: How was colonialism related to modern capitalism and industrialization?
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Q2: Why are the writings of Western sociologists on capitalism and modern society relevant for understanding social change in India?
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Q3: How did colonialism affect the impact of industrialization in India compared to the West, as highlighted by Karl Marx’s comments on the East India Company?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Sociology is one of a group of social sciences, which also includes anthropology, economics, political science and history. The divisions among the various social sciences are not clearcut, and all share a certain range of common interests, concepts and methods. It is therefore very important to understand that the distinctions of the disciplines are to some extent arbitrary and should not be seen in a straitjacket fashion. To differentiate the social sciences would be to exaggerate the differences and gloss over the similarities. Furthermore feminist theories have also shown the greater need of interdisciplinary approach.
Q1: What disciplines are included in the group of social sciences, according to the passage?
Ans: Sociology is part of a group of social sciences that includes anthropology, economics, political science, and history.
Q2: How are the divisions among the social sciences characterized in the passage?
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Q3: What does the passage emphasize regarding the differentiation of social sciences, and what role do feminist theories play in this context?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
The defined scope of economics has helped in facilitating its development as a highly focused, coherent discipline. Sociologists often envy the economists for the precision of their terminology and the exactness of their measures. And the ability to translate the results of their theoretical work into practical suggestions having major implications for public policy. Yet economists’ predictive abilities often suffer precisely because of their neglect of individual behaviour, cultural norms and institutional resistance which sociologists study.
Q1: How has the defined scope of economics contributed to its development as a discipline?
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Q2: What do sociologists often envy economists for, according to the passage?
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Q3: What is a limitation of economists' predictive abilities mentioned in the passage, and why does it occur?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Sociology is devoted to the study of all aspects of society, whereas conventional political science restricted itself mainly to the study of power as embodied in formal organisation. Sociology stresses the interrelationships between sets of institutions including government, whereas political science tends to turn attention towards the processes within the government.
Q1: What is the scope of sociology in comparison to conventional political science, according to the passage?
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Q2: What aspect of society does sociology emphasize, and how does it differ from the focus of political science?
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Q3: What is the key difference between the study of institutions in sociology and political science, as highlighted in the passage?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
Psychology is often defined as the science of behaviour. It involves itself primarily with the individual. It is interested in her/his intelligence and learning, motivations and memory, nervous system and reaction time, hopes and fears. Social psychology, which serves as a bridge between psychology and sociology, maintains a primary interest in the individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, collectively with other individuals.
Q1: How is psychology often defined, and what is its primary focus?
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Q2: What distinguishes social psychology from general psychology, according to the passage?
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Q3: What is the key area of interest for social psychology, as outlined in the passage?
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Direction: Read the following Passage and Answer the Questions.
The traditional study of simple, non-literate societies by social anthropology had a pervasive influence on the content and the subject matter of the discipline. Social anthropology tended to study society (simple societies) in all their aspects, as wholes. In so far as they specialised, it was on the basis of area as for example the Andaman Islands, the Nuers or Melanesia. Sociologists study complex societies and would therefore often focus on parts of society like the bureaucracy or religion or caste or a process such as social mobility.
Q1: What was the influence of the traditional study of simple, non-literate societies on social anthropology?
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Q2: How did social anthropologists specialize within their field, based on the passage?
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Q3: In contrast to social anthropology, what approach do sociologists often take when studying societies, according to the passage?
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