Period 5:1844-1877 | AP United States History - Grade 9 PDF Download

Political and Judicial activity before the war

• 1844 U.S. Election
• Candidates: James Polk (Democrat) vs. Henry Clay (Whig)

James Polk and Henry Clay

• James Polk and Henry Clay were prominent figures in American politics during the 19th century.
• They both played significant roles in shaping the political landscape of their time.
• James Polk served as the 11th President of the United States, while Henry Clay was a distinguished statesman and orator.
• They belonged to different political parties but shared a deep commitment to their vision for the country.

Party Platforms

• Whigs:
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  • Advocated for internal improvements such as bridges, harbors, and canals to boost infrastructure.
  • Envisioned a society with developed towns and factories, similar to the bustling regions of New England.
• Democrats:
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  • Emphasized expansionism by pushing the borders outward.
  • Supported private ownership of newly acquired lands, like isolated plantations in the South.
  • Opposed government interference in newly acquired territories.

Expansionists and the Polk Presidency

• Expansionists
• Borders pushed outward
• Private ownership of newly added land (e.g. isolated plantations in the South)
• No government involvement in newly added land

Election Results

• Close election
• Polk wins

The Polk Presidency

During James K. Polk's presidency, several key goals were achieved:

• Restoration of government funds in the Treasury, in contrast to the policies of Andrew Jackson
• Reduction of tariffs to promote economic growth
• Accomplishment of these objectives by the conclusion of 1846

1846

Significant events in 1846 were the focus on Texas and Oregon.

Proposed Annexation and Oregon Treaty Overview

• President Tyler's Proposal for Annexation
• Concerns of Northern Congressmen
• Demands for Annexation of Oregon Country
• \"54°40' or Fight\" Ultimatum
• Concessions for Expansion into Canada
• Negotiation of American-Canadian Border
• Oregon Treaty with Great Britain (1846)
• Peaceful Acquisition of Oregon Territory

President Tyler's Proposal for Annexation

President Tyler suggested the annexation of territories during his final days in office.

Concerns of Northern Congressmen

Northern congressmen were worried about the potential expansion of slave states below the Missouri Compromise line.

Demands for Annexation of Oregon Country

There was a strong push for the annexation of the entire Oregon Country.

Concessions and Negotiations

• Concessions were made regarding expansion into Canada.
• American-Canadian border was negotiated reasonably.

Oregon Treaty and Territory Acquisition

In 1846, the Oregon Treaty was signed with Great Britain, leading to the peaceful possession of Oregon, Washington, and parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. This treaty also established the current northern border of the region.

Mexican-American War

• Established current northern border of the region
• Efforts to claim Southwest from Mexico (failed attempt to buy territory)
• Challenged Mexican authorities on Texas border
• Mexican attack on American troops
• Used border attack to argue for declaration of war
• Declared war by Congress in 1846
• Whigs (e.g. Abraham Lincoln) questioned Polk's claim of Mexican first fire
• War began in 1846

Summary of Key Historical Events

• Northerners' Concerns:
  • Feared that new states in the West would support slavery, potentially strengthening proslavery factions.
• Opposition Beliefs:
  • Believed that the war was instigated by slaveholders, granting them undue influence over the government.
• Concept of "Slave Power":
  • Referred to as "Slave Power" by suspicious Northerners, highlighting concerns about the influence of proslavery interests.
• Impact of Gag Rule:
  • The implementation of the gag rule in 1836 intensified suspicions related to the dominance of Slave Power.
• Wilmot Proviso and Free-Soil Party:
  • The Wilmot Proviso was a Congressional proposal aimed at preventing the expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories from Mexico.
  • Resulted in the emergence of the Free-Soil Party, a regional political group opposing slavery expansion due to economic and moral concerns.
• House Vote Division:
  • The House vote on the Wilmot Proviso reflected a sectional divide, with Northern representatives supporting it and Southern delegates opposing it.
• Mexican War Outcomes:
  • The Mexican War, culminating in the Mexican Cession, provided the United States with significant territories in the Southwest in exchange for $15 million.
• Gadsden Purchase:
  • The Gadsden Purchase involved the acquisition of southern areas of modern Arizona and New Mexico for the construction of a transcontinental railroad at a cost of $10 million.

Historical Events and Impacts

• Result in Free-Soil Party: This party emerged as a regional and single-issue entity that staunchly opposed the expansion of slavery, particularly due to concerns regarding competition with slave labor.
• Mexican War Outcome: The American forces achieved success in the Mexican War, leading to the acquisition of Mexican Cession, which encompassed significant Southwest land, acquired for $15 million.
• Gadsden Purchase ($10 million): The Gadsden Purchase involved the procurement of the southern regions of modern-day Arizona and New Mexico, primarily to support the development of the transcontinental railroad.

Challenges of Slavery Expansion & Debates

Addition of New Territories: The incorporation of new territories into the nation's domain presented opportunities for increased wealth. However, it also gave rise to dilemmas concerning the status of slavery.

East of Mississippi:

• The lands east of the Mississippi River were evenly split between areas suitable for plantation agriculture (favoring slavery) and those unsuitable.

West of Mississippi:

• These regions were deemed unsuitable for traditional plantation crops, posing a challenge for the expansion of slavery.

Southern Perspective:

• Southerners envisioned a future where slavery would be confined to the southeast quarter, potentially facing opposition from free-soil advocates.
• Efforts to Expand Slavery: Attempts were made to open up additional territories to the institution of slavery through the principle of popular sovereignty, allowing territories to decide via vote whether to permit slavery within their borders.

East of Mississippi

• Evenly split between areas suitable for plantation agriculture (involving slavery) and those unsuitable.

West of Mississippi

• Not appropriate for traditional plantation crops.

Southerners' Perspective

• Envisioned a future where slavery was limited to the southeast region and potentially outvoted by advocates of free-soil.

Expansion of Slavery

• Attempted to expand slavery into new territories through the concept of popular sovereignty.
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  • Territories determined through voting whether to permit slavery within their borders.

The Compromise of 1850

• The Compromise of 1850 was a set of legislative measures aimed at resolving issues arising from the expansion of the United States.

• Background

  • Sectional tensions arose post-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo as California sought statehood with an anti-slavery constitution, triggering Southern opposition.
  • During the Gold Rush, California witnessed an influx of settlers, intensifying the conflict over its statehood stance on slavery.
  • Growing animosity led to talks of secession among Southern lawmakers.

• Major Players

  • Henry Clay

    - A Whig Senator from Kentucky who authored the Compromise of 1850. - Advocated for defining Texas' borders and prohibiting slavery in the Mexican Cession along with a stringent Fugitive Slave Act.

  • John Calhoun

    - Democratic Senator from South Carolina, a staunch defender of slavery. - Opposed the Compromise, supported states' rights, and endorsed popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession territories.

  • Daniel Webster

    - Whig Senator from Massachusetts who backed the Compromise to maintain the Union and prevent Civil War. - In his Seventh of March speech, identified himself as an American, risking alienating abolitionist supporters by accepting the Compromise.

  • Stephen Douglas

    - Democratic figure who collaborated with Henry Clay on the Compromise of 1850. - Successfully divided the package into separate bills for congressional approval.

• The Compromise of 1850

  • - Initially rejected as a whole in Congress, the Compromise was later passed in separate components by Stephen Douglas.
  • - Provisions included the admission of California as a free state, enactment of a strict fugitive slave law, establishment of Utah and New Mexico territories with slavery decisions left to residents, and the ban on slave trade in Washington, D.C.
  • - Ambiguities in the concept of popular sovereignty led to varying interpretations by Northerners and Southerners.
  • - The Fugitive Slave Law facilitated the capture of runaway slaves but required cooperation from citizens of free states, sparking moral debates.

• Influence of Antislavery Sentiments

  • - Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852) significantly amplified antislavery sentiments.
  • - The novel, based on abolitionist insights, portrayed plantation life, sold over a million copies, and inspired popular plays.
  • - As a potent form of propaganda, it awakened millions to the antislavery cause who previously hadn't considered it.

Major Players

• Henry Clay
  • Henry Clay was a Whig Senator from Kentucky who played a crucial role in the Compromise of 1850.
  • He drafted and proposed the Compromise of 1850, aiming to address the contentious issues surrounding slavery.
  • Clay advocated for clarifying the final boundaries of Texas as part of the compromise.
  • Additionally, he proposed banning slavery in the entire Mexican Cession and supported a stringent Fugitive Slave Act.
• John Calhoun
  • John Calhoun, a Democrat Senator from South Carolina, was a staunch defender of slavery during this period.
  • He vehemently opposed the Compromise of 1850, reflecting his pro-slavery stance.
  • Calhoun was a strong advocate for states' rights and secession, as well as popular sovereignty for territories acquired from the Mexican Cession.
• Daniel Webster
  • Daniel Webster, a Whig Senator from Massachusetts, supported the Compromise of 1850 to maintain the Union and prevent a Civil War.
  • In his Seventh of March speech, Webster portrayed himself as a patriot, emphasizing his loyalty to the nation.
  • Despite risking the disapproval of abolitionist groups, Webster accepted the compromise in the interest of national unity.
• Stephen Douglas
  • Stephen Douglas, a Democrat, collaborated with Henry Clay to develop the Compromise of 1850, a solution aimed at resolving the tensions surrounding slavery.

Summary of Key Figures in the Mexican Cession Debate

• Proposed Ban on Slavery Proposed the prohibition of slavery throughout the entire Mexican Cession and advocated for a strict Fugitive Slave Act to enforce this ban.
• John Calhoun Democrat Senator from South Carolina who staunchly defended the institution of slavery. He adamantly opposed the Compromise and championed states' rights, secession, and popular sovereignty for territories in the Mexican Cession.
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  • Defender of Slavery Calhoun was a vocal advocate for the preservation and expansion of slavery, vehemently opposing any compromises that threatened its existence.
  • Advocate for States' Rights He believed in the autonomy of states and their right to govern themselves, including the right to secede from the Union if necessary. He also supported the idea of popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession territories.
• Daniel Webster Whig Senator from Massachusetts who supported the Compromise measures aimed at maintaining the Union and preventing a civil war. In his famous Seventh of March speech, he positioned himself as a unifying figure, risking the ire of abolitionists by endorsing the Compromise.

Summary of Compromise of 1850

• Senator Stephen Douglas, a Democrat, collaborated with Henry Clay to devise the Compromise of 1850.
• It was initially rejected in Congress when proposed as a complete package. Douglas then separated the bills, gaining majority support for each.
• The Compromise admitted California as a free state, enforced a stricter fugitive slave law, established the territories of Utah and New Mexico, leaving slavery decisions to the territories, and ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C.

Senator Stephen Douglas

• Douglas played a key role in shaping the Compromise of 1850 alongside Henry Clay.

Characteristics of the Compromise

• California's admission as a free state.
• Implementation of a more stringent fugitive slave law.
• Creation of Utah and New Mexico territories with slavery determinations left to them.
• Termination of the slave trade in Washington, D.C.

Senator's Stance and Risks

• Douglas supported the Compromise to preserve the Union and prevent a Civil War.
• He identified himself as an American in the Seventh of March speech, risking the displeasure of abolitionist supporters.

Impact and Legislative Actions

• The Compromise's division into separate bills garnered majority approval.
• It demonstrated a willingness to compromise for the greater good, emphasizing unity over individual interests.

Compromise of 1850 Overview

• Defeated in Congress when presented as a complete package
• Douglas broke the package into separate bills and managed to get majority support for each
• Admitted California as a free state and enacted a stronger fugitive slave law
• Created the territories of Utah and New Mexico, leaving the status of slavery up to each territory to decide
• Abolished the slave trade, not slavery itself, in Washington, D.C.

Issues with the Compromise

• Definition of popular sovereignty was vague and had different interpretations by Northerners and Southerners
• The Fugitive Slave Law made it easier to retrieve escaped enslaved people, but it required cooperation from citizens of free states and was seen as immoral

Overview of Historical Events

• The Fugitive Slave Law, which aimed to make it simpler to recapture escaped enslaved individuals, necessitated the cooperation of citizens in free states, although it was widely deemed unethical.
• Emergence of Anti-Slavery Sentiments:
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe's publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in 1852 played a pivotal role.
  • This sentimental novel portrayed life on plantations, drawing from insights of abolitionists.
  • The book achieved immense popularity, selling over a million copies and inspiring theatrical adaptations that toured both America and Europe.
  • "Uncle Tom's Cabin" served as a potent form of propaganda, awakening anti-slavery sentiments in countless individuals who had previously given little thought to the issue.

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Impact

• In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe released "Uncle Tom's Cabin," a sentimental portrayal of plantation life based on abolitionist insights.
• This novel became a bestseller, with over a million copies sold and popular plays adapted from it that toured America and Europe.
• "Uncle Tom's Cabin" served as a powerful propaganda tool, stirring anti-slavery sentiments in many who had previously not contemplated the issue.

Sentimental Novel and its Impact

• A sentimental novel portraying plantation life based on insights from abolitionist acquaintances.
• It achieved remarkable success, selling over a million copies and being transformed into popular theatrical productions that journeyed through America and Europe.
• An influential piece of propaganda that awakened anti-slavery sentiments in a multitude of individuals who had previously not contemplated the issue.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas"

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a significant piece of legislation that led to the concept of "Bleeding Kansas," a term used to describe the violent conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the region.

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
  • The Kansas-Nebraska Act, established in 1854, aimed to create civil governance and acquire land in the Kansas and Nebraska regions, where civil authority was lacking.
  • This legislation was championed by Stephen Douglas, an Illinois Senator, with the goal of boosting economic opportunities and employment in Illinois by positioning the terminus of the transcontinental railway in the state.
  • Despite opposition from anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, the act was passed, resulting in the weakening of the Fugitive Slave Act due to the enactment of personal liberty laws in northern states.
  • The repercussions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act included the dissolution of the Whig Party and the emergence of the Republican Party, dedicated to preventing the spread of slavery into new territories and appealing to a broader spectrum of issues.
  • The American party, also known as the Know-Nothings, was formed based on nativist sentiments, but internal disagreements concerning slavery led to its disintegration.
  • The Act triggered violent clashes in the territories, as both abolitionists and pro-slavery factions converged, submitting conflicting constitutions to Washington.
  • Kansas earned the moniker "Bleeding Kansas" or "Bloody Kansas" due to the intense conflict between the opposing sides, resulting in the loss of more than 200 lives.
  • The turmoil in Kansas further exacerbated the national divide, culminating in the election of James Buchanan as the Democratic candidate in 1856, with the South supporting him and the North favoring the Republicans.

American Party and the Issue of Nativism

• The American party, also known as the Know-Nothings, emerged focusing on nativism but collapsed due to disputes over slavery.

Violence Triggered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act incited turmoil in the regions, drawing in both abolitionists and proslavery factions, leading to conflicting constitutions being forwarded to Washington.

Conflict in Kansas: "Bleeding Kansas"

• Kansas earned the monikers "Bleeding Kansas" or "Bloody Kansas" from the intense clashes between opposing sides, resulting in the loss of over 200 lives.

National Polarization and the Election of James Buchanan

• The incidents in Kansas deepened the divide across the nation, culminating in James Buchanan's victory as the 1856 Democratic nominee. Buchanan secured the South's support, while the North rallied behind the Republicans.

James Buchanan

Buchanan, along with the Dred Scott case and the 1860 election, played significant roles in shaping the political landscape of the time.

Buchanan, Dred Scott, and the Election of 1860

• James Buchanan served as the President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. During his tenure, he upheld the existing system by enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act and actively opposing movements advocating for the abolition of slavery.
• The pivotal Dred Scott v. Sandford case was brought before the Supreme Court shortly after Buchanan's inauguration. Dred Scott, a former slave, sought legal redress for his freedom. The court's ruling established that enslaved individuals were considered property rather than citizens. Additionally, it decreed that Congress lacked the authority to regulate slavery in the nation's territories.
• The verdict in the Dred Scott case significantly favored the Southern states, marking a critical juncture in a decade fraught with tensions. However, the North vehemently criticized the decision as further evidence of the dominance of pro-slavery interests.
• The 1858 Illinois Senate race, featuring Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, garnered national attention. Lincoln's poignant "House Divided" speech contrasted sharply with Douglas's vague stance on popular sovereignty, which ultimately harmed his political career.
• John Brown's daring raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 and subsequent execution galvanized support for the abolitionist cause in the North, highlighting the escalating tensions surrounding slavery.
• The 1860 Democratic National Convention witnessed a schism, with Northern Democrats rallying behind Douglas and Southern Democrats backing Breckinridge. The resulting election underscored the nation's imminent fracture, as Lincoln and Douglas vied for Northern support while Breckinridge represented Southern interests.

James Buchanan 1857-1861

• Dred Scott v. Sandford
• The Dred Scott decision
• 1858 Illinois Senate race between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas

Dred Scott v. Sandford

• Dred Scott v. Sandford was a significant legal case decided by the Supreme Court shortly after James Buchanan assumed office. In this case, Dred Scott, a former slave, sued for his freedom. The Court's ruling categorized enslaved individuals as property rather than citizens, and also decreed that Congress did not possess the authority to regulate slavery in the territories.

The Dred Scott Decision

• The Dred Scott decision marked a crucial moment for Southerners, representing a notable victory. However, it was met with strong condemnation in the North, viewed as further evidence of the influence of the Slave Power.

1858 Illinois Senate Race

• The 1858 Illinois Senate race, featuring Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, garnered national attention. During this race, Lincoln delivered his famous "House Divided" speech, while Douglas faced backlash for his unclear stance on popular sovereignty, ultimately damaging his political career.

1858 Illinois Senate Race

• Abraham Lincoln
• Stephen Douglas
• John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 and his subsequent execution sparked northern abolitionist support.

John Brown

• 1859

The 1860 Democratic Convention

• The 1860 Democratic convention split between Northern Democrats supporting Douglas and Southerners supporting Breckinridge.

The Election of 1860

• The election of 1860 showed the nation was on the brink of fracture, with Lincoln and Douglas contesting the North, and Breckinridge representing the South.

The Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1877)

Background of the Civil War

• Slavery played a central role in the Civil War, although it was not the sole or explicitly stated cause.
• Four Border States (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) were slave states that sided with the Union.
• Northerners fought primarily to preserve the Union, while Southerners emphasized states' rights.
• Lincoln's perspective on slavery underwent changes; until 1862, his main focus was on preserving the Union rather than abolishing slavery.

Evolution of Lincoln's Views

• Initially, Lincoln's primary objective was maintaining the Union, with the issue of slavery taking a backseat.
• Over time, Lincoln's stance on slavery shifted, showing a growing concern for its abolishment.
• By 1862, Lincoln's focus on ending slavery had gained prominence in his goals for the nation.

Evolution of Lincoln's Views on Slavery

• Abraham Lincoln's perspectives regarding slavery underwent changes over time.
• In 1862, Lincoln's primary objective was preserving the Union rather than focusing on abolishing slavery.

1862: Pivotal Battles

Battles during 1862 played a crucial role in shaping the course of the Civil War.

• Battle of Antietam:
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  • This battle marked the first major conflict in the Eastern theater where the Union did not face complete defeat.
  • The Union's claimed victory showcased to Britain and France that they were still a formidable force.
  • Antietam provided Lincoln with the platform to announce the Emancipation Proclamation.
• Battle of Gettysburg:
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  • At this battleground, the Confederacy reached its northernmost point at the time.
  • General Lee's troops suffered significant losses and were compelled to retreat.
  • The Union's victory at Gettysburg boosted morale and confidence.

The Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg

• During this battle, the Union achieved a crucial victory, proving to Britain and France that they were still a formidable force.
• Lincoln utilized this opportunity to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, a pivotal moment in the fight against slavery.
• Battle of Gettysburg
  • This battle marked the furthest point reached by the Confederacy into the North.
  • General Lee's troops suffered heavy losses and were compelled to retreat, significantly boosting Union morale.
• Following this battle, Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address, which redefined the conflict as a quest for human equality rather than just the preservation of the Union.

Influence of Political, Economic, and Social Factors

• The impact of the Civil War extended beyond battlefields, affecting political, economic, and social spheres.
• Battles such as Antietam and Gettysburg had political and diplomatic repercussions.
• The war's outcome was shaped by a combination of political, social, and economic conditions.

The Civil War and the Confederacy

Central Control Under the Confederacy

The Confederate leadership maintained centralized control over various aspects.

Confederate Government Control

• The Confederate government centralized control over southern states.
• Jefferson Davis assumed authority over the southern economy, implementing taxes.
• Davis managed transportation and established a large bureaucracy for economic oversight.
• Martial law was enforced, suspending habeas corpus to maintain order.
• Similar centralizing measures were undertaken by Lincoln in the North, causing dissatisfaction in the Confederacy.

Economic Modernization and Challenges

• Davis aimed to modernize the southern economy but struggled with industrialization.
• Rapid economic growth resulted in inflation, leading to increased poverty in the South.
• Conscription imposed by the Confederacy exacerbated poverty and class conflicts.
• Wealthy individuals could hire substitutes and evade military service, heightening tensions.

The Impact of Rapid Economic Growth and Class Conflict

• Rapid economic growth resulted in swift inflation, leading to increased poverty in the Southern regions.
• The Confederacy enforced conscription, exacerbating poverty and sparking class conflicts.
• Wealthy individuals could hire substitutes and avoid military service, heightening social tensions.

Towards the End of the Civil War

• Class tensions within the Confederate Army caused widespread desertions.
• Southerners in small communities disregarded the government, attempting to maintain a semblance of normalcy despite the ongoing conflict.
• Many individuals resisted supporting passing troops, showcasing growing dissent.

The Civil War and the Union

Economic Impacts

• The Northern economy experienced significant changes during the Civil War.
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  • Factories in the North saw increased demand for goods like uniforms and weapons.
  • With men leaving for war, women took on new roles in factories, contributing to the workforce.
  • War efforts stimulated industrial growth in the North.
  • Infrastructure development, such as railroads, supported the transportation of troops and resources.

Impact of Civil War on Economy

• The economy saw a significant boost due to the increased demand for war-related goods like uniforms and weapons.
• Initially, the loss of southern markets had a negative impact on the economy.
• The war economy eventually led to a period of economic prosperity and growth.
• Many entrepreneurs amassed wealth, with some engaging in war profiteering practices.
• Widespread corruption was prevalent, which even prompted a congressional investigation.
• The southern economy experienced a rapid inflation rate, exceeding 300%.

Workers and Unions

• Concerns about job security led workers to form unions to protect their interests.
• Businesses, on the other hand, were often opposed to unions, resorting to blacklisting members and breaking strikes.
• The Republican Party typically sided with businesses, advocating against excessive regulation.

Government Powers

• The central government's authority increased significantly during this period.
• President Lincoln took various actions, including implementing economic development programs without congressional approval, providing government loans and grants to businesses while raising tariffs, and suspending the writ of habeas corpus in border states.
• National currency was printed, and Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase issued greenbacks, which were a precursor to modern currency.

Summary of Historical Information

• Suspended writ of habeas corpus in border states
• Printed national currency under Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase
• Issued greenbacks, which were a precursor to modern currency

Explanation and Examples

Suspending the writ of habeas corpus in border states allowed the government to detain individuals without trial during the Civil War, ensuring stability and security.

Printing national currency under Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase aimed to establish a centralized monetary system and stabilize the economy. For instance, the issuance of greenbacks, overseen by Chase, helped finance the Union's war efforts.

Greenbacks, introduced as legal tender currency, were not backed by gold or silver but by the government's credit. This flexible currency played a crucial role in financing the war and paved the way for modern fiat money systems worldwide.

• Initially, the Civil War was not initially centered around the issue of slavery.
• The Constitution safeguarded existing slavery, causing opposition to its extension into new territories.
• Abraham Lincoln advocated for a gradual end to slavery, compensation for slaveholders, and the resettlement of freed slaves.
• Radical Republicans in Congress pushed for immediate emancipation through confiscation acts in 1861 and 1862.
• In 1862, the government was granted the authority to free all enslaved individuals, although Lincoln chose not to implement this fully.
• Lincoln's proposal for gradual emancipation drew inspiration from a Pennsylvania law enacted in 1780.
• Enslaved individuals contributed to the Southern war effort by tending crops and preparing meals, inadvertently aiding in their liberation following Union victories.
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 after the Union's success at Antietam.
• The Proclamation, effective January 1, 1863, declared the liberation of slaves in rebellious states, excluding border states and those under Union control.
• It permitted Southern states to rejoin the Union without abolishing slavery, altering the war's objective to one against slavery.
• Prior to his re-election, Lincoln supported complete emancipation and the Thirteenth Amendment.
• Following his re-election, he sought reconciliation with Southern leaders for their re-entry into the Union and voting on the Thirteenth Amendment.

Summary of the Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was issued in September 1862 following the Union's victory at Antietam.
• The proclamation declared that all slaves in states "in rebellion" would be liberated by the government on January 1, 1863.
• Notably, it did not apply to slaves in border states or those already under Union control, and it allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union without abolishing slavery.
• This historic document redefined the purpose of the Civil War as a fight against slavery.
• Prior to his reelection campaign, Lincoln expressed support for complete emancipation and the Thirteenth Amendment.
• Following his reelection, Lincoln attempted to broker a deal with Southern leaders for their reentry into the Union and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Elaboration on the Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation, a pivotal moment in American history, marked a significant shift in the Civil War's focus. Let's delve deeper into its key aspects:

• Historical Context: Abraham Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 was influenced by the Union's military progress, particularly the crucial victory at Antietam.
• Scope of Liberation: While the proclamation aimed to free slaves in rebellious states, it excluded border states and regions under Union control to maintain political stability.
• Symbolism and Impact: By framing the Civil War as a battle against slavery, the Proclamation not only altered the war's purpose but also laid the groundwork for broader social change.
• Lincoln's Evolution: Lincoln's evolving stance on emancipation showcased his commitment to ending slavery and his strategic navigation of the complex political landscape during his presidency.
• Post-Proclamation Initiatives: Following his reelection, Lincoln's efforts to secure Southern cooperation for the Thirteenth Amendment underscored his dedication to national unity and the abolition of slavery.

• The Election of 1864 and the End of the Civil War

  • General Opinion

    Both the North and the South were in favor of ending the Civil War. George McClellan lost the election primarily because he opposed the majority of Democrats.

  • Southern Population

    Less than 1% of the Southern population owned more than 100 enslaved individuals. Non-slaveholding farmers in the South held resentment towards the Confederacy and the ongoing war.

  • Northern Opinion

    Within the North, there were differing views:

    • War Democrats: This faction believed that the war was necessary to preserve the Union.
    • Copperheads: Accused Lincoln of attempting a national social revolution.
    • The most violent opposition was observed in New York City, where draft riots erupted in 1863. Irish immigrants, discontent with being drafted, feared competing with former slaves for low-paying jobs.

  • War Progress

    By the summer of 1864, victories had boosted Lincoln's chances of reelection. The Union's victory was almost certain by early spring 1865. To aid newly liberated Black individuals, the Freedman's Bureau was established, marking the first federal social welfare program in U.S. history.

  • End of War

    The Confederate leaders surrendered in April 1865, followed by the assassination of Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth five days later. This event had devastating consequences for the reunified nation.

  • War Cost

    Over 3 million men actively participated in the war, with more than 500,000 fatalities and countless serious injuries. Both governments incurred substantial debts. The South suffered greatly from Union soldiers' actions, notably Sherman's destructive march from Atlanta to the sea in 1864.

  • Political Impact

    The Civil War permanently expanded the government's role, leading to rapid growth to manage the economy and the war.

• North and South's Desire for War Conclusion
  • Both the North and the South were in favor of ending the war.
  • George McClellan faced defeat due to opposition from the majority of Democrats.
• Demographic Dynamics in the South
  • Southern Population: Less than 1% of the population owned over 100 enslaved individuals.
  • Non-slaveholding farmers in the South harbored resentment towards the Confederacy and the ongoing war.
• Varying Northern Perspectives
  • War Democrats believed that the war was necessary to preserve the Union.
  • Copperheads accused Lincoln of instigating a national social revolution.
  • In New York City, the most violent opposition was witnessed.
  • During the draft riots in 1863, Irish immigrants were resentful of being drafted and feared competing with former slaves for low-paying jobs.

American Civil War Opposition

• Copperheads: Accused Lincoln of aiming for a national social revolution.
• Most violent opposition centered in New York City.
• Draft riots erupted in 1863.

Challenges Faced

• Irish immigrants expressed resentment towards being drafted.
• Concerns arose regarding potential job competition with former slaves for low-paying positions.

War Progress

• Summer 1864 victories significantly boosted Lincoln's chances for reelection.
• Union victory was almost guaranteed by early spring 1865.
• Establishment of the Freedman's Bureau, the first federal social welfare program in U.S. history, to aid newly liberated Black individuals.

End of the Civil War

• Confederate leaders surrendered in April 1865, leading to the end of the Civil War.
• John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln just five days later.
• This period had devastating consequences for the reunited nation.

War Cost

• More than 3 million men were involved in the conflict.
• Over 500,000 individuals lost their lives during the war.
• Many soldiers were seriously wounded, leading to long-term consequences.
• Both the North and the South accumulated significant debts due to the war.
• The South was ravaged by Union soldiers, and Sherman's March from Atlanta to the sea in 1864 resulted in widespread destruction.
• The Union Army's actions during this time foreshadowed the large-scale warfare of the 20th century.

Summary of Historical Events

• The Southern region was severely affected by the actions of Union soldiers during the Civil War.
• In 1864, General Sherman led a destructive campaign known as Sherman's March from Atlanta to the sea, leaving a path of destruction.
• The year 1864 marked a significant turning point as the Union Army resorted to burning down everything in its path, foreshadowing the brutal warfare tactics of the 20th century.
• The Civil War brought about lasting political changes, expanding the role of the government permanently. This expansion led to rapid growth in government involvement in managing the economy and wartime efforts.

Examples and Elaboration

• Sherman's March: General Sherman's infamous campaign aimed to demoralize the Southern population and cripple the Confederate war effort. By destroying infrastructure and resources, Sherman's army implemented a "scorched earth" policy. For instance, they destroyed railroads, crops, and factories, leaving a trail of devastation.
• Political Impact: The Civil War not only settled the issue of secession but also fundamentally transformed the nature of governance in the United States. The government's role expanded as it took on new responsibilities to oversee the economy and support the war effort. For example, the introduction of income taxes and national banking systems showcased the increased governmental intervention.

Reconstruction Era

• Following the Civil War, the Reconstruction era sought to rebuild the Southern states and integrate formerly enslaved individuals into society.
• Reconstruction Period (1865-1877)
• Reconstruction denotes the era spanning from 1865 to 1877. It involved the reintegration of southern states into the Union, the restoration of physical infrastructure, and the assimilation of newly emancipated Black individuals into society.
• Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan
• Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan aimed to readmit southern states to the Union once 10% of voters pledged allegiance and accepted the Thirteenth Amendment. However, this approach was criticized by Republicans for being too lenient.
• Wade-Davis Bill
• The Wade-Davis Bill proposed military oversight in former Confederate states and demanded that 50% of the electorate swear loyalty oaths. Despite this, Lincoln vetoed the bill through a pocket veto, and it ultimately failed to materialize.
• Black Suffrage
• Neither Lincoln's initiatives nor the Wade-Davis Bill addressed the issue of Black suffrage, neglecting to provide avenues for newly freed Black individuals to participate in the political process.
• Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
• Following Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency and introduced his own Reconstruction Plan. This plan mandated a loyalty oath while disqualifying many former Confederate leaders from taking part in the restoration process.
• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
• The resistance from Congress towards Johnson's Reconstruction policies culminated in his impeachment trial, marking the first such instance involving a U.S. President. The trial stemmed from the discord between Johnson and the Radical Republicans concerning the direction of Reconstruction efforts.

Andrew Johnson

• Johnson's Reconstruction Plan faced opposition from Congress, resulting in his impeachment trial.
• His impeachment trial, the first for a U.S. President, stemmed from political clashes with Radical Republicans over Reconstruction policies.

The Failure of Reconstruction

Reconstruction Efforts

• Reconstruction exhibited a mix of achievements and setbacks.
• New state constitutions enabled universal male suffrage, elected officials, public education, and industrial progress.
• The downfall was attributed to exorbitant tax rates, a propaganda campaign, corruption, and political controversies.

Successes

• All southern men could vote
• Elected government positions replaced appointed positions
• Public schools and social institutions created
• Industrial and rail development stimulated
• Black people serving in southern governments

Explanation of Successes:

During this period, significant achievements were made:

• Universal Suffrage: All men in the Southern states were granted the right to vote, regardless of race or wealth. This was a pivotal step towards democratic inclusion.
• Government Reform: The system saw a shift from appointed to elected government positions, fostering a more representative and accountable political landscape.
• Educational and Social Progress: The establishment of public schools and social institutions helped in fostering a more educated and cohesive society.
• Economic Growth: The development of industries and railways played a key role in boosting the Southern economy and infrastructure.
• Diversity in Governance: Black individuals taking up roles in Southern governments marked a significant stride towards equality and representation in leadership.

Failures

• High tax rates and public opposition
• Propaganda war against Reconstruction
• Corruption of Northerners and Southerners
• Political scandals during Grant's administration

Explanation of Failures:

However, there were notable setbacks during this period:

• Fiscal Challenges: The imposition of high tax rates faced strong public resistance, hindering financial stability and public support.
• Reconstruction Opposition: Propaganda campaigns aimed at undermining Reconstruction efforts created social unrest and resistance to change.
• Corruption: Instances of corruption involving both Northerners and Southerners eroded trust in the governance system, leading to disillusionment among the populace.
• Political Scandals: The Grant administration was marred by various scandals, tarnishing the reputation of the government and its officials.

Political Scandals during Grant's Administration

During President Grant's time in office, several scandals came to light, impacting the administration's credibility and public trust.

• Scandals during Grant's Administration
  • Black Friday, 1869 - Financial crisis triggered by gold market speculation.
  • Credit Mobilier scandal, 1872 - Construction company overcharged for building the Union Pacific Railroad.
  • New York Custom House ring, 1872 - Corruption scheme involving customs duties.
  • Star Route frauds, 1872-1876 - Postal service contract frauds.
  • Sanborn incident, 1874 - Unauthorized payments to a revenue collector.
  • Pratt & Boyd scandal, 1875 - Bribery and corruption case.
  • Whiskey Ring, 1875 - Conspiracy to evade liquor taxes.
  • Delano affair, 1875 - Allegations of corruption in the Department of the Interior.
  • Trading post scandal, 1876 - Misuse of government funds in Indian trading posts.
  • Alexander Cattell & Co. scandal, 1876 - Scandal involving government contracts.
  • Safe burglary, 1876 - Theft of securities from the safe of the Secretary of War.
• Challenges Post-Civil War
  • Intimidation by Insurgent Groups - Groups like the Ku Klux Klan and White League used intimidation tactics post-Civil War.
  • Declaration of War - Attorney General deemed actions of these groups as acts of war.
  • Reconstruction Issues
    • Reconstruction failed to significantly alter the power structure in the South or improve wealth distribution among freedmen.
    • Federal government's leniency and loose enforcement of laws exacerbated the situation.
  • Supreme Court Restrictions - Limitations on the 14th and 15th Amendments allowed for voting restrictions against Black individuals.
  • End of Reconstruction
    • Compromise of 1877 led to the withdrawal of federal troops from Southern states.
    • Reversal of Republican policies by Southern Democrats known as Redeemers.
    • Life worsened for Black people with the end of military reconstruction.

Amos Akerman

• Federal troops were deployed to confront the Ku Klux Klan as per the Enforcement Acts.
• Reconstruction had minimal impact on altering the power dynamics in the South or redistributing wealth to freedmen.
• Initially, the federal government hinted at relaxing restrictions, and President Grant loosely enforced the laws.
• The Supreme Court narrowed the scope of the 14th and 15th Amendments, enabling voting restrictions against Black individuals.
• President Grant's administration was marred by corruption, which negatively affected the Reconstruction era.
• In the 1872 election, the Liberal Republicans withdrew their support for Reconstruction due to widespread corruption.

1872

• Grant shifted towards conciliation, issuing several pardons to former rebels.
• By 1876, Southern Democrats, known as Redeemers, had regained power with the aim of overturning Republican policies.

1876 Election and Compromise of 1877

• 1876 election was fiercely disputed; Samuel J. Tilden secured the popular vote but lacked the electoral vote.
• Compromise of 1877 was brokered to settle the election; Rutherford B. Hayes emerged victorious, marking the end of military reconstruction as federal troops withdrew from the Southern states.

Aftermath of the Compromise

• Termination of military reconstruction led to deteriorating conditions for Black individuals, delaying the fulfillment of equality as outlined in the Declaration of Independence by nearly a century.
• Life for Southern Blacks during and post-reconstruction period witnessed significant challenges and setbacks.

Summary of Post-Civil War Reconstruction

• The Civil War's conclusion led to an uncertain state of freedom for many, with most individuals opting to remain on plantations as sharecroppers.
• Some sought out family members who had been separated during the war.
• The Freedman's Bureau provided essential aid such as job opportunities, housing, and provisions for those in need, alongside the establishment of educational institutions like Fisk University and Howard University.
• However, the Freedman's Bureau struggled due to insufficient funding and its impact waned once military oversight ended.

Ambiguity of Freedom

• Following the Civil War, a sense of ambiguity surrounded the notion of freedom, leading many to choose sharecropping on plantations as a familiar way of life.

Sharecropping System

• Sharecropping emerged as a prevalent labor system where individuals worked portions of land in exchange for a share of the crops produced. Initially successful, this system was later exploited by landowners, leading to widespread abuse.
• Due to the lack of fair legal recourse, sharecroppers faced challenges in seeking justice against landowners, a situation that persisted until the mid-20th century.

Progressive States and Figures

• States like Mississippi demonstrated progressiveness, with a significant Black population and milestones such as the election of Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce as the first Black senators in the early 1870s.
• Robert Smalls played a crucial role in South Carolina's political landscape, founding the Republican Party and serving in the U.S. House of Representatives during the 1880s.

Key Terminology

• Freedman's Bureau: A governmental organization offering support to newly freed individuals after the Civil War.
• Sharecropping: A labor arrangement where workers cultivated land in exchange for a portion of the harvest.
• Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce: Eminent figures who made history as the first Black senators in the United States.
• Robert Smalls: An influential political figure known for his contributions to South Carolina's governance and representation in Congress.

The Challenges of Reconstruction

• Providing assistance in the form of money and food to those in need.
• Establishing educational institutions such as Fisk University and Howard University.
• Facing severe underfunding issues post-military reconstruction, leading to limited effectiveness.
• Struggles with land redistribution:
  • The Freedman's Bureau's unsuccessful attempt to introduce a labor contracting system.
  • Black preference for sharecropping, where they exchanged a portion of their crops for the right to work on someone else's land.
  • The initial success of the sharecropping system followed by its exploitation by landowners.
  • Sharecropping becoming widespread by the end of Reconstruction, with no fair legal recourse for sharecroppers against landowners.
  • Sharecropping persisting until the mid-20th century and involving more white individuals than Black individuals.

Key Points:

• The provision of resources like money and food was crucial for supporting those in need during the Reconstruction period.
• Establishment of educational institutions, including Fisk University and Howard University, aimed to promote learning opportunities for freed individuals.
• Challenges arose due to inadequate funding post-military intervention, hampering the Reconstruction efforts.
• The redistribution of land faced obstacles, with the Freedman's Bureau's labor contracting system failing to gain traction among Blacks, who preferred sharecropping.
• Sharecropping, initially successful, eventually became a system exploited by landowners, leading to widespread adoption and lasting until the mid-20th century.

Sharecropping System

• Sharecroppers exchanged a portion of their crop for the right to work someone else's land.
• Initially successful, the system was later exploited by landowners for their benefit.
• By the end of Reconstruction, sharecropping had become widespread.
• Courts often favored landowners over sharecroppers in legal disputes.
• Sharecropping persisted until the mid-20th century, involving more whites than Blacks.

Progressive States during Reconstruction

• Mississippi stood out as a progressive state due to its sizable Black population.

Key Figures:

• Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce made history as the first Black senators in 1870 and 1875, respectively.
• Robert Smalls played a significant role in South Carolina's politics, founding the Republican Party in the state and serving in the U.S. House of Representatives during the 1880s.