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PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES PROGRAMMING

IN C

C is a general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dennis

Ritchie for the Unix operating system. It was first implemented on the Digital

Equipment Corporation PDP-11 computer in 1972.

The Unix operating system and virtually all Unix applications are written in the C

language. C has now become a widely used professional language for various

reasons.

• Easy to learn

• Structured language

• It produces efficient programs.

• It can handle low-level activities.

C Program File

All the C programs are writen into text files with extension ".c" for example hello.c.

You can use "vi" editor to write your C program into a file.

This tutorial assumes that you know how to edit a text file and how to write

programming insturctions inside a program file.

C Compilers

When you write any program in C language then to run that program you need to

compile that program using a C Compiler which converts your program into a

language understandable by a computer. This is called machine language (ie. binary

format). So before proceeding, make sure you have C Compiler available at your

computer. Preprocessor Commands

• Functions

• Variables

• Statements & Expressions

• Comments

The following program is written in the C programming language. Open a text file

First.c using vi editor and put the following lines inside that file.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

/* My first program */

printf("This is a C program! \n");

return 0;

}

Preprocessor Commands: These commands tells the compiler to do preprocessing

before doing actual compilation. Like #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command

which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual compilation.

Functions: are main building blocks of any C Program. Every C Program will have one

or more functions and there is one mandatory function which is called main()

function. This function is prefixed with keyword int which means this function returns

an integer value when it exits. This integer value is returned using return

statement.The C Programming language provides a set of built-in functions. In the

above example printf() is a C built-in function which is used to print anything on the

screen.

Variables: are used to hold numbers, strings and complex data for manipulation.

Statements & Expressions : Expressions combine variables and constants to create

new values. Statements are expressions, assignments, function calls, or control flow

statements which make up C programs.

Comments: are used to give additional useful information inside a C Program. All the

comments will be put inside /*...*/ as given in the example above.

Note the followings

• C is a case sensitive programming language. It means in C printf and Printf

will have different meanings.

• C has a free-form line structure. End of each C statement must be marked

with a semicolon.

• Multiple statements can be one the same line.

• White Spaces (ie tab space and space bar ) are ignored.

• Statements can continue over multiple lines.

C - Reserved Keywords

The following names are reserved by the C language. Their meaning is already

defined, and they cannot be re-defined to mean anything else.

Auto else Long switch

Break enum register typedef

Case extern return union

Char float Short unsigned

Const for signed void

Continue goto Sizeof volatile

Default if Static while

Do int Struct Packed

Double

While naming your functions and variables, other than these names, you can choose

any names of reasonable length for variables, functions etc.

C Preprocessor, Directives and Header Files:

C Preprocessor :

As part of compilation, the C compiler runs a program called the C preprocessor. The

preprocessor is able to add and remove code from your source file. One of the major

functions of C preprocessor is Tokenizing. The final step of the preprocessor is to

link the resulting program with necessary programs and library.

This directive is used for text substitution. Every occurrence of the identifier is

substituted by the substitution_token. The primary advantage is that it increases the

readability of the program.

# include directive:

This directive searches for a header or source file, which can be processed by the

implementation, to be include in the program.

Header files:

Header files are a collection of macros, types, functions and constants. Any program

that needs those functions can include the corresponding header files.

List of some commonly used Header file and their purposes:

Header Files Purpose Functions Declared

stdio.h Used for standard input and output (I/O)

operations.

printf(), scanf(), getchar(),

putchar(), gets(), puts(), getc(),

putc(), fopen, fclose(), feof()

conio.h Contains declaration for console I/O

functions

clrscr(); exit()

ctype.h Used for character-handling or testing

characters.

isupper(), is lower, isalpha()

math.h Declares mathematical functions and

macros

pow(), squr(), cos(), tan(), sin(),

log()

stdlib.h Used for number conversions, storage

allocations.

rand(), srand()

string.h Used for manipulating strings streln(), strcpy(), strcmp(), stract(),

strlwr(), strupr(), strrev()

Syntax :

#define directive:

#define identifier substitution_token

For Example:

#define TRUE 1

#define FALSE

#define MAX 100

#define PI 3.14

Syntax :

#include <filename>

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Oct 08, 2025 Last updated

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