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1. What is the difference between ray optics and wave optics?
Ans. Ray optics and wave optics are two different approaches to understanding and describing light. Ray optics focuses on the behavior of light as it travels in straight lines, explaining phenomena such as reflection and refraction. On the other hand, wave optics treats light as a wave and explains phenomena such as interference and diffraction. While ray optics simplifies the study of light, wave optics provides a more comprehensive understanding of its behavior.
2. How does a convex lens form an image?
Ans. A convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges. When a parallel beam of light passes through a convex lens, it converges towards a point called the focal point. This convergence causes the formation of a real or virtual image, depending on the position of the object. If the object is placed beyond the focal point, a real and inverted image is formed on the opposite side of the lens. If the object is placed within the focal point, a virtual and upright image is formed on the same side as the object.
3. What is the purpose of a microscope in optical instruments?
Ans. A microscope is an optical instrument used to magnify small objects or details that are not visible to the naked eye. It consists of a combination of lenses that provide a magnified view of the object. The objective lens of the microscope collects and magnifies the light from the object, forming an intermediate image. This intermediate image is further magnified by the eyepiece lens, allowing the observer to see tiny details with enhanced clarity and resolution.
4. How does a plane mirror reflect light?
Ans. A plane mirror reflects light through the process of regular reflection. Regular reflection occurs when a parallel beam of light hits a smooth and flat surface, such as a plane mirror. Upon reflection, the incident angle (angle between the incident ray and the normal to the mirror) is equal to the reflected angle (angle between the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror). This reflection causes the image formed in the mirror to be virtual, upright, and laterally inverted.
5. What is the principle behind the working of a periscope?
Ans. A periscope is an optical instrument used to view objects from a concealed or inaccessible position. It consists of two plane mirrors arranged at a specific angle to each other. The principle behind its working is the reflection of light. When an object is placed in front of the periscope, the light from the object enters through the top mirror and undergoes multiple reflections. These reflections allow the light to change direction and reach the observer's eye, enabling them to see the object without directly exposing themselves.
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