RPSC Monthly Current Affairs: June 2025 | Monthly Current Affairs RPSC - RPSC RAS (Rajasthan) PDF Download

Rare Squirrel Sightings in Rajasthan

Why in News?

Wildlife enthusiasts and researchers in Rajasthan's Tonk district recently witnessed a rare event: the sighting of an albino "sunflower" squirrel. This marked the first time such a squirrel has been spotted in the region, adding to the intrigue of wildlife observation in India.

While albino squirrels have been seen before in districts like Banswara and Dungarpur, such occurrences remain exceptionally uncommon.

What is an Albino Squirrel?

• Appearance: Albino squirrels are easily recognizable due to their striking white fur and pink or red eyes. This distinctive look results from a complete absence of melanin, the pigment responsible for the typical coloration of fur and skin. The pink or red appearance of their eyes is due to the visibility of the underlying blood vessels, as there is no melanin to mask them.
• Genetic Cause: The phenomenon of albinism in squirrels is triggered by a recessive genetic mutation that inhibits the production of melanin. For a squirrel to be born albino, both parents must carry this recessive gene. The mutation usually impacts the enzyme tyrosinase, which plays a vital role in the synthesis of melanin.
• Offspring Inheritance: Experts caution that there is no guarantee the offspring of the albino squirrel will inherit the same albino characteristics, as these traits are determined by genetic factors. In general, squirrels give birth to two to four kits, which typically have a slate grey coloration, contrasting with the rare albino variant.

Rarity and Distribution:

• Rarity: Albino squirrels are extremely rare, with the odds of an albino birth estimated at about 1 in 100,000. However, some populations may have localized clusters where albino births are more common. It's important to note that only a small percentage of white squirrels are true albinos.
• Colonies and Populations: In the United States, there are large populations of squirrels, including notable colonies of white or albino squirrels. In India, squirrels are widespread and common, with several native species such as the Indian palm squirrel and the hoary-bellied squirrel. Documented sightings of albino squirrels in India have occurred in various states, including Assam, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.

Survival Challenges:

• Albino squirrels face significant challenges in the wild due to their lack of natural camouflage, which makes them more vulnerable to predators. Additionally, their absence of protective pigments increases their susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancer.

Behavior and Adaptations:

• Despite their unusual appearance, albino squirrels exhibit similar behaviors to their pigmented counterparts. They engage in activities such as foraging for food, climbing trees, and communicating with other squirrels in their vicinity.

Seed Festival 2025

Why in News?

The four-day Beej Utsav (Seed Festival) 2025 celebrated the cultural and ecological importance of indigenous seeds at the tribal tri-junction of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. Indigenous seeds are those produced in a specific climate and location, typically managed by local communities.

Major Highlights of the Seed Festival

• Events & Recognition: The festival showcased a variety of indigenous seeds, including rare and forgotten grains, pulses, vegetables, and fruits.
• Traditional fruit seeds exhibited included wild mango, Aakol, and Timru, while traditional grains featured Doodh Mogar (native maize) and varieties like Kali Kamod and Dhimri. Community members involved in seed preservation were recognized with awards such as Beej Mitra and Beej Mata.
• Participation: Tribal women and children actively participated in the festival, learning techniques for preserving seeds for multiple crop cycles.
• Institutional Support: The festival was organized by community-led institutions like Krishi Evam Adivasi Swaraj Sangathan, Gram Swaraj Samooh, Saksham Samooh, and Bal Swaraj Samooh, with support from the Banswara-based voluntary group Vaagdhara.

Vaagdhara, a non-profit organization operating under the Rajasthan Societies Registration Act, 1958, focuses on tribal livelihood issues. The name "Vaagdhara" reflects its working area in Vagad, a tribal region of Rajasthan bordering Gujarat, and "Dhara," meaning stream.

Importance of Indigenous Seeds in Sustainable Agriculture

• Seed Sovereignty: Indigenous seeds empower farmers by giving them control over their own seeds. This reduces reliance on expensive and chemical-intensive seeds.
• Climate Resilience: Indigenous seeds are often better suited to local agro-ecological conditions, making them more resilient to climate variability.
• Cultural Identity: Seeds like Kali Kamod rice, Doodh Mogar maize, and karingda melon are culturally and nutritionally important in tribal food systems.
• Low-Input Farming: Indigenous seeds typically require fewer chemical inputs, promoting environmentally friendly and cost-effective agriculture.

Plug and Play Facility to Boost MSME Growth in Rajasthan

Why in News?

The Rajasthan government, through the Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation (RIICO), has announced the early allotment of ready-to-operate industrial spaces at the newly constructed Plug and Play facility in Sitapura, Jaipur.

The aim is to provide Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) with pre-built industrial spaces that are fully equipped with the necessary infrastructure for seamless operations.

Note: To highlight Rajasthan's industrial growth, the government is organizing the 'Rising Rajasthan: Partnership Conclave 2025' in Jaipur on December 11-12, 2023.

About the Plug and Play Facility:

• The 'Plug and Play' concept refers to ready facilities with essential amenities such as building, power, water, sewage connectivity, road access, and necessary clearances to start an industry.

Significance for MSMEs and New Startups:

• Affordability: The plug-and-play model enables small investors and MSMEs to access high-quality industrial spaces with minimal initial capital investment.
• Ease of Access: The facility streamlines the process for new businesses to establish operations quickly without the need to develop infrastructure independently.
• Support for Growth: The state government aims to foster entrepreneurship, provide opportunities for small industries, and create a self-reliant business environment in Rajasthan and other states.
• Sustainability: This initiative aligns with the broader goal of attracting MSMEs, particularly in light manufacturing, to strengthen the overall economy.

Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a designated area where goods can be imported, manufactured, and exported without the usual customs duties and tariffs. These zones are treated as foreign territory for trade purposes. SEZs can be established by various entities, including private companies, public sector organizations, joint ventures, and state governments or their agencies.

• Foreign Trade Policy: SEZs were introduced in India in 2000 as part of the Foreign Trade Policy, replacing the earlier Export Processing Zones (EPZs). They are regulated by the SEZ Act of 2005 and the SEZ Rules of 2006.
• Types of SEZs: The area covered by SEZs includes various types of zones, such as Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones, and more.
• Current Status: As of now, there are 276 operational SEZs in India. In the fiscal year 2023-2024, total exports from SEZs reached USD 163.69 billion.

Objectives of SEZs: 

• To create additional economic activity.
• To boost the export of goods and services.
• To generate employment opportunities.
• To attract domestic and foreign investments.
• To develop infrastructure facilities.

Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation (RIICO): RIICO is a government enterprise established in 1969 under the Companies Act, 1956, initially as the Rajasthan State Industrial & Mineral Development Corporation (RSIMDC). In 1980, it was bifurcated into RIICO and the Rajasthan State Mineral Development Corporation (RSMDC). RIICO plays a crucial role in the industrialization of Rajasthan by setting up industrial areas and acting as a financial institution by providing loans to various projects, including large, medium, and small-scale enterprises.

Heavy Rainfall in Rajasthan Due to Active Southwest Monsoon

Why in news?

• Rajasthan is experiencing widespread and intense rainfall due to the active Southwest Monsoon.
• Niwai in the Tonk district recorded the highest rainfall in the state, measuring 165 mm.

Rainfall Distribution in Rajasthan

Rainfall Patterns:

• East Rajasthan: Receives an average annual rainfall of about 64.9 cm. This region gets significantly more rainfall compared to the west.
• West Rajasthan: Has a much lower average annual rainfall of around 32.7 cm. This area is characterized by arid and semi-arid conditions, with the northwest being the driest.
• Driest District: Jaisalmer is the driest district in Rajasthan, receiving less than 100 mm of rainfall annually.
• Southern Rajasthan: This region records the highest rainfall in the state, with districts like Jhalawar and Banswara receiving significant amounts. Jhalawar has the highest average annual rainfall among all districts in Rajasthan.
• Aravalli Range: The western slopes of the Aravalli Range, including districts like Pali and Jalore, receive more rainfall than other parts of western Rajasthan.

Seasonal Variation:

• Monsoon Season (June to September): Accounts for about 90% of the total annual rainfall.
• Cold Weather Season (January and February): Receives minor rainfall due to local weather conditions.
• Post-Monsoon Season: Contributes a small fraction to the overall annual rainfall.
• About the Southwest Monsoon: This rainfall is seasonal and occurs mainly between June and September each year.

Factors Influencing the Formation of the Southwest Monsoon

• Differential Heating and Cooling: The land heats up faster than water, creating a low-pressure zone over India and high pressure over the surrounding seas.
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ):. low-pressure belt where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge.
• High-Pressure Area East of Madagascar: Located around 20°S in the Indian Ocean.
• Tibetan Plateau Heating: Intense summer heating of the Tibetan Plateau creates strong upward air currents and a low-pressure zone at high altitudes.
• Westerly Jet Stream: During summer, the jet stream moves north of the Himalayas, influencing monsoon patterns.
• Southern Oscillation (SO): The periodic reversal of air pressure between the Pacific and Indian Oceans affects monsoon patterns.

Mechanism and Onset of the Southwest Monsoon

• ITCZ Movement: The ITCZ shifts northward with the Sun’s movement, influencing rainfall patterns.
• Wind Direction: The southeast trade winds cross the equator, are deflected due to the Coriolis force, and blow as southwest monsoon winds.
• Monsoon Trough: By July, the monsoon trough reaches 20°– 25°N, located over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, facilitating widespread rainfall.
• Two Main Branches: The monsoon consists of two main branches: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch, which bring rainfall to different parts of the country.
• Breaks in Monsoon: Rainfall is not continuous; dry spells, or breaks, occur due to shifts in the monsoon trough, affecting the distribution of rainfall.

Indian Army Successfully Trials Rudrastra UAV in Pokharan

Why in News?

The Indian Army has successfully conducted trials of the Rudrastra hybrid UAV in Pokharan, Rajasthan. Developed by Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited, this unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is part of India’s efforts to enhance its indigenous defense capabilities.

Atmanirbharta

Key Features and Capabilities of Rudrastra UAV:

• The Rudrastra is an indigenous VTOL UAV, symbolizing India’s strength in self-reliance in defense.
• Key features demonstrated during trials included:
• Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)
• Long-endurance missions
• Real-time video transmission
• Precision engagement
• Operational flexibility in rugged terrain

Trial Performance:

• The Rudrastra maintained a stable real-time video link throughout its mission.
• It successfully operated within a mission radius of over 50 km and returned to the launch point without any issues.
• Including target loitering, the UAV covered a range of over 170 km with an endurance of approximately 1.5 hours.

Applications and Strategic Utility:

• The Rudrastra can be used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and target engagement, making it ideal for mountainous or hard-to-access areas.
• VTOL UAVs do not require a runway, offering flexibility for quick deployment in diverse operational environments.

India’s Push for Advanced UAVs After Operation Sindoor:

• Operation Sindoor marked India’s first large-scale non-contact military operation using missiles and precision munitions.
• This experience highlighted the critical need for advanced UAV capabilities in modern combat scenarios.
• In response, the Indian Army has intensified efforts to induct more UAVs to strengthen India’s preparedness against similar non-contact threats in the future.

Padhai with AI

Why in News?

The AI-based educational program “Padhai with AI” has significantly improved the academic performance of government schools in the Tonk district of Rajasthan.

About: 

“Padhai with AI” translates to “Study with AI.” This initiative combines digital learning and artificial intelligence through a specially designed web portal for students to learn at their own pace.

The portal provides remedial practice, drill exercises, and personalized learning to assist students in solving textbook questions, practicing similar problems, and strengthening their weak areas, particularly in subjects they find challenging, with a strong emphasis on mathematics.

Implementation Strategy: The program was launched by the Tonk Collector to tackle poor mathematics performance and was implemented in 351 schools across the Tonk District with a three-month action plan for Class 10, aiming for the 2025 academic session.

Impact and Outcomes: The overall pass percentage in Tonk surpassed the State average, highlighting the effectiveness of the AI-based learning program.

Other Digital Initiatives in Rajasthan for Education National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

• AI-Enabled Assessments: Rajasthan has transitioned from traditional examinations to AI-driven, competency-based evaluations in line with the NEP 2020.
• Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) Tests: Conducted for over 26 lakh students using voice recognition technology.
• Common Evaluation Test (CET): Standardized assessments for Classes 9 to 12.

Infrastructure & Digital Learning Expansion:

• An allocation of ₹225 crore for enhancing school infrastructure.
• Focus on digital classrooms, smart boards, and online learning platforms.
• Integration of vocational training and career counselling through digital channels.

Skill Development & Career Readiness:

• Establishment of Vishwakarma Skill Institute and Centre for Advanced Skilling and Career Counselling.
• Modernization of 36 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and the setting up of new polytechnic colleges.

Banas River in Rajasthan

Why in News? 
Several individuals lost their lives due to drowning in the Banas River in Rajasthan’s Tonk district.

Introduction to the Banas River

• The Banas River is situated in the northwestern Indian state of Rajasthan.
• It originates near Kumbhalgarh in the Vindhya hills.

Course and Length

• The river flows northeastward through the plains.
• It eventually merges with the Chambal River, just north of Sheopur.
• The total length of the Banas River is approximately 310 miles (500 km).

Seasonal Nature

• The Banas is a seasonal river, often running dry during the hot summer months.
• Despite this, it is an important source of irrigation for the region.

Tributaries

• The main tributaries of the Banas River include the Berach River and the Kotari River.

Dams on the Banas River

• Bisalpur Dam. This dam is located on the Banas River. It is a gravity dam built for irrigation and drinking water supply.
• A gravity dam is made of concrete or masonry and relies on its own weight to withstand the pressure of water. Its stability is based on the principle of gravity.

Great Indian Bustard

Why in News? 

The Rajasthan Forest Department named newly hatched Great Indian Bustard (GIB) (Ardeotis nigriceps) chicks Sindoor, Vyom, Mishri, and Sophia to honour Operation Sindoor and military personnel involved.

Great Indian Bustard (GIB)

• Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps
• Significance of Names: Newly hatched GIB chicks were named Sindoor, Vyom, Mishri, and Sophia by the Rajasthan Forest Department to honour military personnel involved in conservation efforts.

Overview of the Great Indian Bustard (GIB)

• State Bird: The GIB is the state bird of Rajasthan and is considered India’s most critically endangered bird.
• Habitat: GIBs are primarily found in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, although there are small populations in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Size: GIBs are among the heaviest flying birds in the world.
• Species: The GIB is one of four bustard species in India, along with the Lesser Florican, Bengal Florican, and Macqueen’s Bustard.
• Diet: GIBs are omnivorous, meaning they eat a variety of foods.
• Vulnerability: They are susceptible to colliding with power lines due to their poor frontal vision.
• Ecological Role: GIBs are indicator species, meaning their presence reflects the health of grassland ecosystems. Their decline signals the degradation of native grasslands.

Protection Status

• IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
• CITES: Appendix I
• Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix I
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I

Threats to GIB

• Habitat Loss: Caused by agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development.
• Collisions: The leading cause of adult mortality is collisions with power lines.
• Poaching: Although it has declined, poaching remains a threat.
• Human Disturbance: Ongoing human disturbance and unsustainable land use practices continue to impact GIB populations.

Conservation Efforts

• Project GIB: Launched in 2018, this initiative is a collaboration between the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Institute of India, and Rajasthan Forest Department to conserve the GIB.
• Captive Breeding: Centres in Sudasari and Sam, Jaisalmer, use advanced technologies like AI monitoring, incubators, and sensor-based systems to enhance chick survival rates.

New Water Harvesting Model in Rajasthan

Why in News? 

​​In the arid region of Rajasthan, a new rainwater harvesting model is being implemented in Kukas village, Jaipur. This initiative involves the use of 50 climate-resilient farm ponds, with the aim of conserving 10 crore litres of rainwater to benefit local farmers.

Note: The project is led by Vipra Goyal, an alumnus of IIT Kharagpur and a former official, under the guidance of NITI Aayog. Goyal has been conducting awareness campaigns in the Dausa district to promote this initiative.

About the Rainwater Harvesting Model:

• The Kukas village panchayat in Jaipur’s Amber block is the second site in Rajasthan selected for this rainwater harvesting initiative, following its success in the Dausa district.
• In Dausa, 250 farm ponds were built, significantly helping farmers grow perennial crops on rainfed lands.
• The project involves constructing 10-foot-deep, plastic-lined ponds on 5% of each farmer’s land, with secure fencing to protect the ponds.

Future Plans & Impact:

• The initiative has already installed 50 ponds and plans to expand by adding 25 more ponds, which is expected to benefit around 50,000 villagers in the region in the long term.

Significance:

• Sustainability and Crop Diversification: The project aims to provide a year-round water supply, enabling farmers to grow both kharif and rabi crops. It also encourages the cultivation of more water-efficient and profitable crops like groundnuts and chaula (cowpeas).
• Groundwater Recharge: The ponds are designed to not only supply water but also recharge the groundwater, which is crucial in areas like Amber block that lack river or canal systems.
• Livelihood Enhancement: The continuous water supply supports sustainable livestock rearing, dairy farming, high-value horticulture, and food processing, creating new job opportunities and boosting local economies.

Groundwater Stress in Jaipur District:

• 99.4% of Jaipur’s cultivable land relies on groundwater for irrigation.
• The district extracts water at a rate 2.22 times faster than its natural recharge, indicating severe groundwater stress.

Overexploitation of Groundwater in Rajasthan:

• In 2023, Rajasthan extracted 149% of its annual groundwater recharge, the second highest in India after Punjab (156%), according to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).
• For every 1 litre of water recharged by rainfall, 1.49 litres were extracted, leading to significant groundwater depletion.

Jaisalmer: Worst-hit District

• Jaisalmer was the most affected by groundwater overexploitation, drawing 3.56 litres of groundwater for every litre recharged, putting its ancient aquifers at serious risk.

Jaipur: A Critical Groundwater Zone

• All 16 blocks in Jaipur district are overexploited, with groundwater extraction of 2.22 litres per litre recharged in 2023.
• Despite near-average rainfall, groundwater use in Jaipur increased by 7–10% in 2024, exacerbating depletion.

Groundwater Recharge and Extraction:

• Rajasthan’s annual groundwater recharge is estimated at 12.58 billion cubic metres (BCM).
• In 2023, the total groundwater extraction reached 17.05 BCM, significantly exceeding the recharge capacity.
• The extractable groundwater resource was assessed at 11.37 BCM, highlighting an unsustainable gap between water use and availability.

Supreme Court Prohibits Illegal Mining in Ranthambore

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has directed the Rajasthan government to impose an immediate ban on illegal mining within the core area of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve.

Additionally, the court has called for the establishment of a committee to regulate the flow of temple visitors within the reserve.

Key Points

Concerns Raised by the Central Empowered Committee (CEC)

• The application filed by the CEC highlighted several grave threats to wildlife, including:
• Illegal mining activities spanning nearly 150 hectares near Uliyana village, involving the use of heavy machinery.
• Unauthorised construction projects within the reserve.
• Increased vehicular and human presence around the Trinetra Ganesha Temple located inside the reserve.

Court's Critique of State Authorities

• The court expressed its discontent with state authorities for permitting mining activities in a protected area, which contravenes the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• The Act strictly prohibits mining, private vehicular movement, and construction within core tiger habitats, as outlined in the Tiger Conservation Plan.

Formation of a Three-Member Committee

• Drawing inspiration from a similar scenario in the Sariska Tiger Reserve, the court proposed the formation of a three-member committee to tackle the issues plaguing Ranthambore.
• The committee's mandate includes:
• Restricting private vehicles at designated entry points to minimize environmental impact.
• Implementing the use of electric shuttle buses to transport devotees to the Trinetra Ganesha Temple, thereby reducing vehicular pollution and disruption in the reserve.

Introduction of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve

Project Tiger

Ranthambore was initially established as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1955. It was then designated as a Tiger Reserve in 1973 and officially notified as a National Park in 1980.

The reserve is situated at the junction of the Aravalli and Vindhya mountain ranges and at the convergence of seven river systems, which contributes to its ecological uniqueness and rich biodiversity.

The area includes Ranthambore National Park along with Sawai Mansingh and Kailadevi sanctuaries.

The history of the Ranthambore Fort, after which the forest is named, spans over 1000 years. The fort is strategically positioned on a hill 700 feet high within the park, adding to the area's historical significance.

Features of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve

• The reserve comprises fragmented forest areas, ravines, river channels, and agricultural lands.
• It is ecologically connected to the Kuno-Palpur landscape of Madhya Pradesh through parts of the Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, the ravine habitats of the Chambal, and the forest areas of Sheopur.
• The tributaries of the Chambal River provide a natural corridor for tigers moving towards the Sariska Tiger Reserve.

Introduction of Sariska Tiger Reserve

Sariska Tiger Reserve is situated in the Alwar District of Rajasthan. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1958 and later designated as a tiger reserve in 1978, becoming part of India’s Project Tiger initiative.

The reserve is home to several historical sites, including ruined temples, forts, pavilions, and a palace. One notable site is the Kankwari Fort, located in the reserve's centre. According to local history, Mughal emperor Aurangzeb imprisoned his brother Dara Shikoh at this fort during their struggle for succession.

Another significant site is the temple of Lord Hanuman at Pandupole, which is associated with the legend of the Pandavas from the Indian epic Mahabharata.

Flora and Fauna of Sariska Tiger Reserve

Sariska is characterized by rocky terrain, arid scrub-thorn forests, grasslands, cliffs, and semi-deciduous forests. The flora is dominated by species such as dhok trees, salar, kadaya, gol, ber, banyan, gugal, bamboo, and kair.

The reserve is home to a variety of wildlife, including:

• Royal Bengal Tigers
• Leopards
• Chital (Spotted Deer)
• Nilgai (Blue Bull)
• Horned Antelope
• Wild Boar
• Hyenas
• Sambhar Deer
• Jungle Cats

Water Conservation Initiatives in Rajasthan

Why in News? 

On World Environment Day (5th June 2025), Rajasthan launched a two-week water conservation campaign focusing on restoring traditional water sources, building harvesting structures, recharging groundwater, and repairing dams and canals.

Key Points

• Water Conservation Campaign:
  • Rajasthan kickstarted a two-week water conservation campaign focused on restoring traditional water sources, building rainwater harvesting structures, recharging groundwater, and repairing dams and canals.
  • The campaign was inaugurated by the Chief Minister at the Rajasthan International Centre, emphasizing the need for public participation and the moral duty to combat climate change.
• Ramgarh Dam and New Projects:
  • A voluntary labour programme was launched at Ramgarh Dam near Jaipur for its restoration, alongside the initiation of new water conservation projects along the banks of Keshoraipatan in Bundi district.
• Key Activities in the Campaign:
  • Foundation stones will be laid for water conservation projects worth Rs 345 crore.
  • Activities will include tree plantation drives, cleaning of water bodies, and shramdaan camps (voluntary labour).
• MoUs for Climate and Environmental Initiatives:
  • A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the State Pollution Control Board and the Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, to prepare the Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2030.
  • Additional MoUs were signed to implement an Emission Trading Scheme and establish an Early Warning System for Alwar and Bhiwadi.
• Traditional Water Conservation Methods in Rajasthan;
  • Historically, people in Rajasthan have used methods like stepwells, johads, ponds, and wells to conserve water.
  • The state government aims to construct at least 125 water conservation structures in each district to revive and promote these traditional practices.

Water Harvesting Systems of Rajasthan

Water harvesting systems in Rajasthan are traditional methods used to collect and store water in a region that receives very little rainfall. These systems are vital for ensuring a reliable water supply for drinking, irrigation, and other uses. Here are some of the key water harvesting structures found in Rajasthan:

• Baoli:. baoli is a stepwell characterized by its arches, intricate carvings, and rooms. This structure is crucial for urban water storage in areas with low rainfall. Baolis are designed to access and store groundwater, providing a reliable water source for communities.
• Jhalara: Jhalaras are rectangular stepwells with tiered steps on three or four sides. They are designed to collect water from reservoirs or lakes. The tiered design allows for easy access to water at different levels, making it an efficient water storage solution.
• Taanka:. taanka is a cylindrical underground pit that is paved to collect rainwater. This system is typically used to gather rainwater from rooftops or catchment areas. Taankas are effective in storing rainwater for use during dry periods.
• Khadin (Dhora): Khadins, also known as dhoras, are long earthen embankments built across hill slopes. These embankments collect surface runoff water, which is then used for agricultural purposes. Khadins help in conserving water and making it available for farming in hilly areas.
• Kundi:. kundi is a deep, circular or rectangular pit used in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce and rainfall is unpredictable. This system is designed to collect and store water for various uses, helping to mitigate water scarcity in these regions.

Flamingos at Rajasthan's Sambhar Lake

Why in News?

Flamingos typically migrate to Sambhar Lake between November and March. In 2025, they stayed longer due to a plentiful food supply and favorable climate conditions.

Key Points

• Significant Rise in Bird Population:
  • A census in January 2025 recorded over 1.04 lakh birds at Sambhar Lake, including large numbers of Lesser and Greater Flamingos.
  • This was a substantial increase from 7,147 birds in 2024, reflecting improved environmental conditions.
  • The lake has become a crucial resting and feeding ground for migratory species.
• Migratory Bird Hotspots in India:
  • India hosts over 250 migratory bird species annually.
  • Hotspots include Chilika, Khichan, and Bharatpur.
• Ecological Importance of Sambhar Lake:
  • Central Asian Flyway: Sambhar Lake is a critical stopover along this major bird migration route.
  • Location: The lake is a saline wetland located in the Nagaur and Jaipur districts of Rajasthan, bordered by the Aravalli hills.
  • Salt Production: Sambhar Lake is the source of most of Rajasthan's salt production.
  • Ramsar Site: The lake was designated a Ramsar site in 1990 due to its ecological significance.

 About Flamingos 

 Flamingos belong to the family Phoenicopteridae, and there are six species of flamingos, including the Greater flamingo, Chilean flamingo, Lesser flamingo, Caribbean flamingo, Andean flamingo, and Puna flamingo. 

 These species inhabit lakes, mudflats, and shallow lagoons in various parts of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe. 

 Distinctive Appearance: Flamingos are known for their vibrant pink feathers, long legs and necks, webbed feet, and a distinctive downward-curving bill that is adapted for filter-feeding. Their colors can vary from dark or bright pink to orange, red, or pure white, depending on their habitat and food sources. 

 Adaptations: Flamingos have adapted to extreme environments with high salinity and temperatures, where their predators are limited. They play a crucial ecological role by maintaining the health of their habitats through their feeding activities, which affect nutrient cycling and algae populations. 

 Conservation Status: 

•  Vulnerable: Andean flamingo (Pink Flamingo) 
•  Near Threatened: Lesser flamingo, Puna flamingo, and Chilean flamingo 
•  CITES: Appendix II 
•  Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule II 

Ramsar Sites and World Environment Day

Why in News?

Ramsar Sites are wetlands recognized for their international importance, as per the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty aimed at conserving such vital ecosystems.

India recently added two more sites, Khichan in Phalodi and Menar in Udaipur, increasing the total number of Ramsar Sites in the country to 91.

Khichan Wetland:

• Located in the village of Khichan, about 171 km from Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, Khichan Wetland consists of two main water bodies, the Ratri River and Vijaysagar Pond, along with riparian habitat and scrub land.
• Migratory Bird Habitat: The wetland is famous for hosting the Demoiselle Crane, attracting these birds from regions like Southwest Europe, Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and parts of North and South Africa.

Menar Wetland:

• Menar Wetland is a freshwater complex in Udaipur, formed by three interconnected ponds—Braham Talab, Dhand Talab, and Kheroda Talab.
• During the monsoon, the surrounding agricultural land floods, creating additional habitat for various water bird species.
• Biodiversity and Key Species: The wetland supports diverse birdlife, including the critically endangered white-rumped vulture and long-billed vulture, along with over 70 plant species.
• Community-Led Conservation: Menar Wetland is a model of community-driven conservation, with local residents actively protecting wildlife by preventing poaching and fishing in the area.

World Environment Day:

• Background: World Environment Day (WED) was established in 1972 during the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm. The UN General Assembly later officially designated June 5 as WED.
• First Celebration: The inaugural celebration took place in 1973 with the theme “Only One Earth,” marking the beginning of a global platform for environmental awareness.
• Current Focus: The WED celebration in 2021 initiated the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, a global mission to revive billions of hectares of ecosystems, including forests, farmlands, mountains, and oceans.
• Upcoming Events: The Republic of Korea will host WED 2025, focusing on “Beat Plastic Pollution,” aiming to reduce plastic waste globally.
• India’s Involvement: India hosted the 45th WED celebration in 2018 under the theme “Beat Plastic Pollution.”

Ramsar Convention:

• The Ramsar Convention, signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, is an international treaty aimed at conserving wetlands of international importance.
• In India, the convention came into force on February 1, 1982, leading to the declaration of wetlands of international importance as Ramsar sites.

Montreux Record:

• The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites of international importance where ecological changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur due to human interference, pollution, or technological developments.
• It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List.

Criteria for Identifying Ramsar Sites:

• There are currently nine criteria for identifying Wetlands of International Importance, including sites containing representative, rare, or unique wetland types, sites of international importance for conserving biological diversity, and specific criteria based on waterbirds, fish, and other species.

Rajasthan to Manufacture Rifles and Machine Guns

Why in News? ’

Under the and initiatives, Rajasthan secured defence clearance for projects worth over Rs 1500 crore.

It marks a significant milestone for the state’s sector, positioning it as a key player in India’s defence production and exports.

Rajasthan’s Role in Defence Manufacturing:

• Gun parts will be manufactured in locations like Jodhpur and Jaipur, with barrels produced at a specialised facility in Boranada, Jodhpur—ensuring supply chain security through a decentralised, infrastructure-driven approach.
• A key challenge is meeting safety norms for ammunition storage, which requires facilities to be 8–10 km from inhabited areas; the government is being approached for suitable land allocation.

Advanced Weapon Systems Under Production:

• Military-Grade Sniper Rifle: Engineered for long-range precision with sub-minute of angle (MOA) accuracy up to 2.4 km, this fully indigenous weapon is built to perform reliably across diverse environments.
• Multi-Barrel Machine Gun: Boasting a firing rate of 6,000 rounds per minute and a 1,000-yard range, it can fire 15,000 rounds per belt, with future upgrades planned for C-RAM (Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar) and anti-aircraft roles.

Significance for India’s Defence Ecosystem:

• Alignment with ‘Make in India’: The initiative embodies India’s vision of self-reliance in defence manufacturing by producing fully indigenous, cutting-edge weapon systems.
• Decentralised and Robust Production: Multiple production hubs reduce risk, improve security, and leverage regional industrial infrastructure, contributing to resilience in the supply chain.
• Boost to Defence Start-ups: Involvement of defence start-ups in the project reflects the growing role of innovation and private sector participation in the defence sector.
• Export Potential: Early interest from countries such as Togo and Thailand indicates promising export opportunities, supporting India’s goal to become a global defence supplier.
• Complement to Existing Defence Production: Following Uttar Pradesh’s success with BrahMos missile production, Rajasthan’s entry into small arms manufacturing diversifies India’s defence production capabilities.

BrahMos Missile

• About: The BrahMos missile is a product of an Indo-Russian joint venture and is known for being the world’s fastest cruise missile, with a range of 290 km and a top speed of Mach 2.8, which is approximately three times the speed of sound. The missile is named after the Brahmaputra River in India and the Moskva River in Russia.
• Technical Specifications: The BrahMos is a two-stage missile, with a solid propellant engine in the first stage and a liquid ramjet in the second stage. It is a multiplatform missile, meaning it can be launched from land, air, and sea. Additionally, it is a multi-capability missile that operates with high accuracy regardless of weather conditions, day or night.
• Operational Features: The missile operates on the “fire and forget” principle, which means it does not require guidance after launch. This feature enhances its operational efficiency and effectiveness.
• Potential Markets: Countries such as Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, and Indonesia are among the potential customers for the BrahMos missile, indicating its global market appeal and strategic importance.

‘Make in India’ Initiative

• About: The ‘Make in India’ initiative was launched to boost investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual property, and build a world-class manufacturing infrastructure in India.
• Objectives: The campaign aims to increase the growth rate of the manufacturing sector to 12-14% per annum, create 100 million additional manufacturing jobs by 2025, and raise the manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP to 25% by 2025.
• Pillars of ‘Make in India’: The initiative focuses on new processes to improve the ease of doing business, developing industrial corridors and smart cities for better infrastructure, and enhancing innovation and research through streamlined intellectual property rights and improved registration systems.
• “Make in India 2.0” phase: The ongoing phase of the initiative, covering 27 sectors, continues to strengthen India’s position in the global manufacturing arena.