NEET Previous Year Questions (2014-2024): Reproductive Health | Biology Class 12 PDF Download

Ans: (d)
Vaults are not a natural or traditional contraceptive method. They refer to barrier methods such as cervical caps, which are modern contraceptive devices used to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, unlike natural methods like coitus interruptus, periodic abstinence, and lactational amenorrhea that rely on behavioral practices without the use of physical devices.

Ans: (d)
Let's analyze each item in List-I and find the appropriate match from List-II:

Non-medicated IUD - This type of intrauterine device (IUD) does not contain any hormones or active pharmaceutical ingredients. It solely relies on the presence of a foreign body within the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A representative example of a non-medicated IUD is Lippes loop, which is an inert, flexible plastic loop. Therefore, A corresponds to III.

Copper releasing IUD - These IUDs release a small amount of copper into the uterus, which enhances contraceptive efficacy. Multiload 375 is a typical example of a copper-releasing IUD as it includes a copper component. Thus, B corresponds to I.

Hormone releasing IUD - These IUDs release a hormone to prevent pregnancy. One well-known hormone releasing IUD is LNG-20, also known as Mirena, which releases levonorgestrel, a type of progestogen, directly into the uterus. Consequently, C corresponds to IV.

Implants - These are typically small rods containing progestin that are implanted under the skin. Since the description coincides with the progestogens' action (such as Norplant), D corresponds to II.

Based on the analysis:

A corresponds to III (Lippes loop).
B corresponds to I (Multiload 375).
C corresponds to IV (LNG-20).
D corresponds to II (Progestogens).

Therefore, the correct matches for the options are: Option D: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Ans: (d)
(a) IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): A widely known ART where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body and then implanted in the uterus.

(b) GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer): Another ART method where eggs and sperm are placed directly into the fallopian tubes to facilitate fertilization.

(c) IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): A procedure that involves placing sperm directly into a woman's uterus to increase the chances of fertilization.

(d) IUD (Intrauterine Device): A form of contraception that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy, but it is not a method of ART.

Ans: (d)
A. Copper releasing IUD – II. Multiload 375
Multiload 375 is a commonly used copper IUD which releases copper ions to prevent fertilization.

B. Non-medicated IUD – IV. Lippes loop
Lippes loop is an older type of IUD without any drug or hormone, hence non-medicated.

C. Contraceptive barrier – I. Vaults
Vaults are mechanical barriers placed in the vagina to block sperm entry.

D. Hormone releasing IUD – III. LNG-20
LNG-20 is a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, a hormonal IUD.

Thus, option (d) is the correct match.

Ans: (b)

• Genital herpes and Hepatitis-B are caused by viruses and are not completely curable, though symptoms can be managed.

• Syphilis and Trichomoniasis are caused by bacteria and protozoa respectively and are curable with appropriate antibiotics.

• Genital warts, caused by HPV, may recur even after treatment. However, in many cases, they can be managed and may clear over time.

Hence, B (Genital herpes) and D (Hepatitis-B) are not completely curable.

Ans. (d)

• The correct answer is option (4) as ‘Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programme’ deals with creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects and providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society.
• Amniocentesis is basically used to test for the presence of certain genetic disorders such as Down’s syndrome, haemophilia, etc., to determine the survivability of the foetus.
• Amniocentesis is not a sex determination technique in India and is not a strategy of RCH.

• It was banned in India around 1994 under the Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, which is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to stop female foeticides and arrest the declining sex ratio in India.

Ans: (c)
(a) HIV Infection: Currently, there is no cure for HIV, although it can be managed with antiretroviral therapy.

(b) Genital Herpes: This condition is caused by the herpes simplex virus and is not curable, though symptoms can be managed.

(c) Gonorrhoea: This bacterial infection is completely curable with the right antibiotics when detected early.

(d) Hepatitis-B: While there are treatments available, Hepatitis-B is not completely curable; it can be managed but may remain in the body.

Ans: (c)
​A. Vasectomy: III. Surgical method - This is a permanent method of male sterilization.

B. Coitus interruptus: IV. Natural method - This involves withdrawal before ejaculation.

C. Cervical caps: II. Barrier method - These are used to block sperm from entering the uterus.

D. Saheli: I. Oral method - This is a contraceptive pill taken orally.

Ans: (b)
(a) HIV infection and Trichomoniasis: HIV is not curable, making this option incorrect.

(b) Syphilis and Trichomoniasis: Both of these infections can be completely cured with appropriate antibiotics.

(c) Hepatitis-B and Genital herpes: Neither of these infections is completely curable; they can be managed but not eradicated.

(d) Genital Herpes and Genital warts: Both are manageable but not curable, making this option incorrect.

Ans: (c)
​(A) Non-medicated IUDs: III. Lippes loop - This is a type of non-medicated IUD.

(B) Copper releasing IUDs: I. Multiload 375 - This is a specific type of copper-releasing IUD.

(C) Hormone releasing IUDs: IV. LNG-20 - This is a hormone-releasing IUD.

(D) Vaults: II. Rubber barrier - This refers to barrier methods that prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

Ans: (b)
Statement I says ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is an in-vivo fertilization method. This is incorrect because ICSI is actually an in-vitro (outside the body) technique. In this method, a sperm is directly injected into an egg in a lab.
Statement II says that if a male cannot inseminate naturally, artificial insemination (AI) can help. This is correct. AI is used to insert sperm into the female reproductive tract when natural insemination is not possible.

Ans: (c)
A: Reproductive health includes physical, emotional, social well-being – ✔️ True

B: Amniocentesis (a prenatal test) is banned for sex determination in India to prevent female foeticide – ✔️ True

C: "Saheli" is a birth control pill developed by CDRI (Central Drug Research Institute), not ICMR – ❌ False

D: Amniocentesis is used to detect genetic disorders and health of fetus – ✔️ True

Ans: (b)
Option (b) is the correct answer as progestogens are the synthetic forms of progesterone.
Option (a) is not the answer as progestasert is an hormone releasing IUD.
Option (c) is not the answer as Multiload-375 is a copper releasing IUD.
Option (d) is not the answer as Lippes loop is an inert IUD.

Ans: ​C
(a) IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus.

(b) The released copper ions suppress the sperm motility.

(c) IUDs make the cervix hostile to the sperm.

(d) IUDs suppress the fertilisation capacity of sperms.

(e) The IUDs do not require surgical intervention for their insertion into the uterine cavity. 

Ans.  (b)

• Lippe’s loop is an example of a non-medicated intrauterine device or IUD used in female contraception. 

• Lippes loop is a plastic double “S” loop. 

• It attracts the macrophages stimulating them to accumulate in the uterine cavity. 

• Macrophages increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and act as a contraceptive.

Ans.  (a)

• Diaphragm are dome-shaped rubber plastic covers that have to be fitted on the cervix in the female's vagina to check the entry of sperms into the uterus. 
• Oral pills are the hormonal tablets are taken orally. These pills contain a combination of synthetic hormones like progesterone and estrogen. These hormones inhibit ovulation and implantation by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.

• IUDs (Intrauterine Devices) are made of plastic, metal, or a combination of the two and are inserted into the uterus to prevent conception. IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms. 

• Lactational Amenorrhea is also a natural method of birth control where there is no menstrual cycle and therefore ovulation does not occur during intense lactation following parturition.

Ans.  (a)

LNG 20

• Levonorgestrel hormone is released from LNG-20. It is highly effective for contraception. The risk of unwanted pregnancy is lower with LNG-20 because it causes endometrial atrophy and alter the stroma to inhibit the process of implantation.
• Lippes loop is an IUD impregnated with barium sulphate. IUDs like CuT and multiload-375 release copper that suppress the motility of sperm thus reducing its fertilising capacity. Thus, Lippes loop, CuT and multiload-375 are not hormone releasing IUDs.

Ans.  (a)

• Venereal diseases or sexually transmitted diseases or infections are transmitted by sharing of infected needles, surgical instruments with infected person, transfusion of blood or from an infected mother to foetus.
• Venereal diseases can be transmitted through kissing  ( in some cases : usually rare) but not from inheritance.

Ans.  (d)

• Vaults is a rubber dome, which fits over the vaginal vault or cervix. They prevents the entry of sperm into the uterus.
• IUDs are the devices which are inserted by the doctors or trained nurses into the uterus of female. These IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperm in uterus.
• Vasectomy : Surgical removal of the small part of vas deferens. It is a form of male birth control that inhibits to transport of male gamete.
• Tubectomy is a surgical method of contraception in females where a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.

Vasectomy

Tubectomy

Ans.  (c)

ART in which embryos are transferred, include ZIFT and IUT i.e. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer and Intra Uterine Transfer respectively, both are embryo transfer (ET) methods.

Ans.  (b)

In lactational amenorrhea, due to high prolactin level, gonadotropin level decreases. Oral pills are either progestogens or progestin-estrogen combinations used by females. Emergency contraceptive includes administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combination or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus. So, lactational amenorrhea, oral pills and emergency contraceptives involve the role of hormones.

Contraceptive pills are the pills, which are taken orally to prevent pregnancy. The choice of pills is made on the basis of menstrual symptoms, breastfeeding, cardiovascular health, chronic conditions or any other medicines. There are various types of pills. Types of oral contraceptives are:

Combination pills are synthetic hormones like estrogen and progestin. These pills are active at the active part of the cycle containing hormones and those used in inactive times are known as non-hormonal. These pills prevent the body from ovulating. Few examples of combination pills are Levora, Beyaz, etc. Progestin pills contain progestin without estrogen. They are called mini pills. All the pills in the cycle are active. It doesn’t allow implantation, which will prevent a growing pregnancy. For example, Camila, Errin.

Hence, the correct answer is option B.

Ans: (a)
Progestasert, and LNG-20 are hormone releasing IUDs, which makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

Ans.  (a)

Saheli is a mini pill that contains a nonsteroidal preparation called centchroman, which is taken once a week after an initial intake of twice a week for 3 months. It blocks estrogen receptors in the uterus hence alters uterine lining and prevents fertilized eggs from being implanted.

Ans.  (d)

• Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. N. gonorrhoeae infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men.
• Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the spirochaete Treponema pallidum. Syphilis is usually transmitted by sexual contact or from mother to infant, although endemic syphilis is transmitted by non-sexual contact in communities living under poor hygiene conditions.
• Genital warts are caused by several of the epidermotropic human papillomaviruses (HPVs). HPV-6 and HPV-11 most commonly are isolated.

• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Ans.  (d)

Cu²⁺ interfere in the sperm movement, which suppress the sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms.

Ans: (b)
LNG-20 is the hormone releasing IUD, multiload 375 and Cu7 are copper releasing IUDs and Lippes loop is a non-medicated IUD.

Ans.  (b)
Vasectomy is a surgical contraception method performed in males. In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small cut on the scrotum. This prevents sperm transport. Vasectomy has a poor reversibility. There is no effect on libido and erectile functioning. Seminal vesicles are one pair of sac like structures which join vasa deferentia to form ejaculatory duct. They secrete seminal fluid which contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting protein, but no sperms. In a male who has undergone vasectomy, the ejaculatory duct will receive seminal fluid but due to cut in vasa deferentia sperms will not be transported from epididymis hence the semen will lack sperms.

Ans.  (a)
Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres formed due to in vitro fertilisation is transferred into uterus (intra-uterine transfer, IUT).

Ans.  (b)
Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, and also used for sex determination in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac. Cleft palate is a developmental abnormality which can only be detected by sonography.

Ans.  (d)
Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception. During the procedure, the male vas deferens are severed and then tied or sealed in a manner so as to prevent sperm from entering into the seminal stream (ejaculate) and thereby prevent fertilization.

Ans.  (a)
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) is an assisted reproductive technology in which both the sperm and unfertilised oocytes are transferred into the Fallopian tubes. Fertilisation takes place in vivo (inside the body of the female).

Ans: (c)
Encephalitis is a disease of inflammation of the brain. It is not transmitted sexually. Most commonly it is caused by a virus.

Ans: (b)
The virus of chikunguniya is Arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquito. In this disease the patient feels fever lasting 2-7 days.

Ans.  (a)

Tubectomy also referred to as tubal sterilization is a surgical procedure done on women as a permanent method of contraception. In this method, fallopian tubes are removed or tied up so that the ova or eggs are prevented from travelling to the uterus from the ovary. This prevents any future pregnancy from occurring after the surgical procedure.

Ans: (c)
At present the most widely accepted method of contraception in India is IUDs. Intra uterine devices (IUDs) are plastic or metal objects which are inserted by doctors in the uterus through vagina. These are available as non-medicated IUDs (i.e., Lippes loop), copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and hormone releasing IUDs (progestasert, LNG-20). Vault cap is hemispheric dome like rubber or plastic cap with a thick rim which is meant for fitting over the vaginal vault over the cervix.