NEET Exam > NEET Notes > NCERT Exemplar & Revision Notes for NEET > Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics
- Nuclear Physics:- Branch of physics dealing with the study of nucleus is called nuclear Physics.
- Constituents of nucleus (Nucleons) :-
(a) Protons:-
Mass of proton, mp = 1.6726×10-27 kg
Charge of proton = 1.602×10-19 C
(b) Neutron:-
Mass of neutron, mn = 1.6749×10-27 kg
(c) 1 atomic mass unit (1 amu) = 1.66×10-27 kg
(d) 1 amu = 1 u = 931.5 MeV - Properties of nucleus:-
(a) Charge on nucleus = 1.602×10-19 Z coulomb
(b) Size of nucleus:-
The radius r of the nucleus depends upon the atomic mass A of the element.
r =R0A1/3
Here R0 = 1.2×10-13 cm (1 Fermi =10-13 cm)
Volume of the nucleus:-
V = 4/3 πr3 = 4/3 π (R0A1/3)3
(c) Density of nucleus:-
Density of nucleus = mass/volume = A/(4/3 πR03A) = [3/(4πR03)] - Isotopes:- Nuclei having same atomic number Z but different mass number A are called isotopes.
- Isobars:- Nuclei having same mass number A but different atomic number Z are called isobars.
- Isotones:- Nuclei having the same number of neutrons (N) but different atomic number (Z) are called isotones.
- Nature of nuclear force:-
(a) Nuclear forces are attractive in nature.
(b) Nuclear forces are charge independent.
(c) These are short range forces.
(d) Nuclear forces decrease very quickly with distance between two nucleons.
(e) Nuclear forces are spin dependent. - Mas defect:- If the mass of the nucleus HZA is M, then the mass defect,
ΔM = [Zmp + (A-Z)mn – M]?
Here, mp and mn are the masses of the proton and neutron respectively. - Binding Energy:-
Binding Energy = (ΔM) c2 = [Zmp + (A-Z)mn – M] c2
If we use atomic mass instead of nuclear masses, then,
Binding Energy, B = [ZmH + (A-Z)mn – Mat] c2
Here Mat is the mass of the atom and mH is the mass of the hydrogen atom. - Binding energy per nucleon:-
B/A = [Zmp + (A-Z)mn – M] c2 /A
If we use atomic mass instead of nuclear masses, then,
B/A = [ZmH + (A-Z)mn – Mat] c2/A - Radioactivity:- The phenomenon by virtue of which substance, spontaneously, disintegrate by emitting certain radiations is called radioactivity.
- Radioactive radiations:-
- Alpha decay:- It is the process in which a parent nucleus decays into the daughter nucleus by ejecting an alpha particle.
- Beta decay:- It is the process in which a parent nucleus decays into the daughter nucleus by ejecting an electron.
- Gama decay:- Sometimes the daughter nucleus is left in the excited state. It decays in to any other lower state or ground state by emitting γ-rays.
- Laws of radioactivity:-(a) Radioactivity is due to the disintegration of a nucleus.
(b) Rate of disintegration is not affected by the external conditions like temperature and pressure etc.
(c) Law of conservation of charge holds good in radioactivity.
(d) The disintegration is accompanied by the emission of energy in terms of α, β and γ-rays either single or all at a time.
Emission of α- particle results in a decrease in its atomic number by 2 and a decrease in its atomic weight by 4.
Emission of β- particle results in an increase in its atomic number by 1 while its atomic weight remains unaffected.
Emission of γ- rays results neither in a change of atomic number nor in a change of atomic weight.
(e) Each of the product disintegration is a new element having physical and chemical properties different from those of the parent atom.
(f) Rate of disintegration of the radioactive substance, at any instant, is directly proportional to the number of atoms present at that instant.
N = N0e-λt
If, t = 1/λ, then, N = N0/e
Therefore, radioactive decay constant is defined as the reciprocal of time in which the number of atoms of radioactive sample is reduced to N0/e. - Half-life (T1/2):- Half-life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time during which the number of atoms of the substance are reduced to half their original value.
T1/2 = 0.693/λ
Thus, half-life of a radioactive substance is inversely proportional to its radioactive decay constant. - Average life (Tav):- Arithmetic mean of the lives of all the atoms is known as mean life or average life of the radioactive substance.
Tav = sum of lives of all atoms / total number of atoms
Average life of a radioactive substance is equal to the reciprocal of its radioactive decay constant. - Relation between T1/2 and Tav:-
T1/2 = 0.693× Tav
Half-life = 0.693×average life - Units of radioactivity:-
(a) Curie (Ci):- Radioactivity of a substance is said to be one curie if its atoms disintegrate at the rate of 3.7×1010 disintegrations per second.
(b) Rutherford (rd):- Radioactivity of a substance is said to be 1 Rutherford if its atoms disintegrate at the rate of 106 disintegrations per second. - Relation between Curie and Rutherford:-
1 C = 3.7×104 rd - Nuclear fission:- Nuclear fission is the process by which a nucleus breaks up in such a way that the two products obtained are of comparable sizes.
Fission of U92235 by fast moving neutrons is represented as,
Value of Q in this reaction is 200.4443 MeV. - Chain reaction:-The above quoted fission reaction proceeding in an uncontrolled manner is known as chain reaction and forms the basis of atom bomb. Following conditions must be met with, for the chain reaction to proceed.
(a) The fissionable material should be larger than a certain minimum size.
(b) The material should be highly pure. - Nuclear reaction:- Fission reaction of U92235can be made to proceed in a controlled manner by slowing down the three emitted neutrons. This is achieved by passing them through moderators. Heavy water and carbon rods can be used as moderators. A device in which the fission proceeds in a controlled manner is called a nuclear reaction.
- Nuclear fusion:- A fusion reaction is one in which two lighter nuclei get fused together to form a heavy nucleus. It is a highly exothermic reaction and produces energy, on a scale, much higher than that produced in fission.
- Radioactive equilibrium:- NAλA = NBλB
- Decay constant for two channels:-
(a) λ= λ1+ λ2
(b) T = T1T2/T1+T2 - Gamma intensity absorption:-
I = I0e - μx - Laws governing nuclear reaction:-
(a) Law of conservation of charge
(b) Law of conservation of number of nucleons
(c) Law of conservation of energy. - Classification of nuclear reaction:- Nuclear reaction can be classified into following categories.
(a) Elastic scattering
(b) Inelastic scattering
(c) Simple capture
(d) Disintegration - Q-value of nuclear reaction:-
Q= {(mi+mt) – (mp+m0)} c2 - Radioisotope:- An isotope, obtained in process of artificial transmutation, which exhibits radioactivity is called a radio-isotope. It can be put to following uses:
(a) Tracer
(b) In medicine
(c) In industry
The document Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics is a part of the NEET Course NCERT Exemplar & Revision Notes for NEET.
All you need of NEET at this link: NEET
FAQs on Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics
| 1. What is nuclear physics? |  |
Ans. Nuclear physics is a branch of physics that studies the properties and behavior of atomic nuclei, including their composition, structure, and interactions. It explores the fundamental forces that hold the nucleus together and investigates nuclear reactions and radioactive decay.
| 2. How is nuclear energy produced? | |
Ans. Nuclear energy is produced through a process called nuclear fission. In this process, the nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. This energy is harnessed to generate electricity in nuclear power plants.
| 3. What are the applications of nuclear physics? | |
Ans. Nuclear physics has various applications. It is used in the field of medicine for diagnostic imaging techniques like PET scans and in cancer treatments such as radiation therapy. Nuclear physics also plays a crucial role in nuclear power generation, nuclear weapons development, and understanding the composition of stars.
| 4. How do nuclear reactors work? | |
Ans. Nuclear reactors use a controlled chain reaction to produce heat. This heat is generated by the fission of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 nuclei, which release energy and additional neutrons. These neutrons can then collide with other nuclei, causing further fission reactions and sustaining the chain reaction. The heat produced is used to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity.
| 5. What are the risks associated with nuclear energy? | |
Ans. Although nuclear energy has its benefits, there are also risks involved. The main concern is the potential for accidents, such as meltdowns or radioactive leaks, which can release harmful radiation into the environment. Additionally, the disposal of radioactive waste and the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation are other significant concerns associated with nuclear energy. Stringent safety measures are implemented to minimize these risks.
About this Document
|
4.84/5 Rating |
|
Nov 21, 2024 Last updated |
Document Description: Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics for NEET 2024 is part of NCERT Exemplar & Revision Notes for NEET preparation.
The notes and questions for Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics have been prepared according to the NEET exam syllabus. Information about Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics covers topics
like and Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics Example, for NEET 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics.
Introduction of Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics in English is available as part of our NCERT Exemplar & Revision Notes for NEET
for NEET & Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics in Hindi for NCERT Exemplar & Revision Notes for NEET course.
Download more important topics related with notes, lectures and mock test series for NEET
Exam by signing up for free. NEET: Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics
Description
Full syllabus notes, lecture & questions for Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics - NEET | Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for NCERT Exemplar & Revision Notes for NEET | Best notes, free PDF download
Information about Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics
In this doc you can find the meaning of Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides explaining types of
Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics tests, examples and also practice NEET
tests
|
Explore Courses for NEET exam
|
|
Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
Related Searches
study material
,Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics
,mock tests for examination
,Free
,Viva Questions
,Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics
,Semester Notes
,Extra Questions
,MCQs
,practice quizzes
,ppt
,Sample Paper
,Important questions
,Previous Year Questions with Solutions
,Exam
,Summary
,shortcuts and tricks
,video lectures
,past year papers
,Objective type Questions
,Nuclear Physics Class 12 Notes Physics
;
Additional Information about Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics for NEET Preparation
Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics Free PDF Download
The Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the NEET exam.
These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective.
With the help of these notes, you can grasp complex subjects quickly, revise important points easily,
and reinforce your understanding of key concepts. The study notes are presented in a concise and easy-to-understand manner,
allowing you to optimize your learning process. Whether you're looking for best-recommended books, sample papers, study material,
or toppers' notes, this PDF has got you covered. Download the Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics now and kickstart your journey towards success in the NEET exam.
Importance of Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics
The importance of Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics cannot be overstated, especially for NEET aspirants.
This document holds the key to success in the NEET exam.
It offers a detailed understanding of the concept, providing invaluable insights into the topic.
By knowing the concepts well in advance, students can plan their preparation effectively.
Utilize this indispensable guide for a well-rounded preparation and achieve your desired results.
Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics
Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics Notes offer in-depth insights into the specific topic to help you master it with ease.
This comprehensive document covers all aspects related to Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics.
It includes detailed information about the exam syllabus, recommended books, and study materials for a well-rounded preparation.
Practice papers and question papers enable you to assess your progress effectively.
Additionally, the paper analysis provides valuable tips for tackling the exam strategically.
Access to Toppers' notes gives you an edge in understanding complex concepts.
Whether you're a beginner or aiming for advanced proficiency, Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics Notes on EduRev are your ultimate resource for success.
Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics NEET Questions
The "Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics NEET Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring students preparing for the
NEET exam. It focuses on providing a wide range of practice questions to help students gauge
their understanding of the exam topics. These questions cover the entire syllabus, ensuring comprehensive preparation.
The guide includes previous years' question papers for students to familiarize themselves with the exam's format and difficulty level.
Additionally, it offers subject-specific question banks, allowing students to focus on weak areas and improve their performance.
Study Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics on the App
Students of NEET can study Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics alongwith tests & analysis from the EduRev app,
which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics,
students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want.
The content of Revision Notes: Nuclear Physics is prepared as per the latest NEET syllabus.
|
© EduRev
|
Education Revolution
|
Follow Us
|
Signup on EduRev and stay on top of your study goals
10M+ students crushing their study goals daily