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System of Particles & Rotational Motion Class 11 Notes Physics Chapter 6

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 Page 1


 
                                                 
 Revision notes 
Physics 
System of particles and rotational motion 
 
Rigid body: 
? A rigid body is one in which the distances between different particles of 
the body do not change even though forces are acting on them. 
? Axis of rotation: The line along which the body is fixed is known as the 
axis of rotation. Examples for rotation about an axis are a ceiling fan and a 
merry-go-round etc. 
? In pure rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of the rigid 
body moves in a circle which lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis and 
has its centre on the axis. Every point in the rotating rigid body has the 
same angular velocity at any time. 
 
Image: Linkage of a rigid body 
 
Centre of mass: 
? The centre of mass of a body is a point where the entire mass of the body 
can be supposed to be concentrated. The nature of motion executed by the 
body shall remain unaffected if all the forces acting on the body were 
applied directly at this point. 
? For a system of two particles of masses 
1
m and 
2
m having their position 
vector has 
1
r and 
2
r respectively, with respect to origin of the coordinate 
system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is given by 
1 1 2 2
12
CM
m r m r
R
mm
?
?
?
 
Page 2


 
                                                 
 Revision notes 
Physics 
System of particles and rotational motion 
 
Rigid body: 
? A rigid body is one in which the distances between different particles of 
the body do not change even though forces are acting on them. 
? Axis of rotation: The line along which the body is fixed is known as the 
axis of rotation. Examples for rotation about an axis are a ceiling fan and a 
merry-go-round etc. 
? In pure rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of the rigid 
body moves in a circle which lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis and 
has its centre on the axis. Every point in the rotating rigid body has the 
same angular velocity at any time. 
 
Image: Linkage of a rigid body 
 
Centre of mass: 
? The centre of mass of a body is a point where the entire mass of the body 
can be supposed to be concentrated. The nature of motion executed by the 
body shall remain unaffected if all the forces acting on the body were 
applied directly at this point. 
? For a system of two particles of masses 
1
m and 
2
m having their position 
vector has 
1
r and 
2
r respectively, with respect to origin of the coordinate 
system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is given by 
1 1 2 2
12
CM
m r m r
R
mm
?
?
?
 
 
                                                 
If 
12
m m m ?? , then 
12
2
CM
rr
R
?
? 
Thus, the centre of a mass of two equal masses lies exactly at the centre of 
the line joining the two masses. 
? For a system of N-particles of masses  
1 2 3
, , ...
N
m m m m having their 
position vectors as  
1 2 3
, , ,...,
N
r r r r respectively, with respect to the origin of 
the coordinate system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is 
given by 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m r m r
m r m r m r
R
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? The coordinates of centre of mass for a 3-D object is given as: 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m x m x
X
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m y m y
Y
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m z m z
Z
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
? For a continuous distribution of mass, the coordinates of centre of mass are 
given by 
1
;
CM
X xdm
M
?
?
  
1
;
CM
Y ydm
M
?
?
  
1
CM
Z zdm
M
?
?
  
? Velocity of centre of mass 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m v m v
m v m v m v
v
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? Acceleration of centre of mass 
Page 3


 
                                                 
 Revision notes 
Physics 
System of particles and rotational motion 
 
Rigid body: 
? A rigid body is one in which the distances between different particles of 
the body do not change even though forces are acting on them. 
? Axis of rotation: The line along which the body is fixed is known as the 
axis of rotation. Examples for rotation about an axis are a ceiling fan and a 
merry-go-round etc. 
? In pure rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of the rigid 
body moves in a circle which lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis and 
has its centre on the axis. Every point in the rotating rigid body has the 
same angular velocity at any time. 
 
Image: Linkage of a rigid body 
 
Centre of mass: 
? The centre of mass of a body is a point where the entire mass of the body 
can be supposed to be concentrated. The nature of motion executed by the 
body shall remain unaffected if all the forces acting on the body were 
applied directly at this point. 
? For a system of two particles of masses 
1
m and 
2
m having their position 
vector has 
1
r and 
2
r respectively, with respect to origin of the coordinate 
system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is given by 
1 1 2 2
12
CM
m r m r
R
mm
?
?
?
 
 
                                                 
If 
12
m m m ?? , then 
12
2
CM
rr
R
?
? 
Thus, the centre of a mass of two equal masses lies exactly at the centre of 
the line joining the two masses. 
? For a system of N-particles of masses  
1 2 3
, , ...
N
m m m m having their 
position vectors as  
1 2 3
, , ,...,
N
r r r r respectively, with respect to the origin of 
the coordinate system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is 
given by 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m r m r
m r m r m r
R
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? The coordinates of centre of mass for a 3-D object is given as: 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m x m x
X
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m y m y
Y
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m z m z
Z
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
? For a continuous distribution of mass, the coordinates of centre of mass are 
given by 
1
;
CM
X xdm
M
?
?
  
1
;
CM
Y ydm
M
?
?
  
1
CM
Z zdm
M
?
?
  
? Velocity of centre of mass 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m v m v
m v m v m v
v
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? Acceleration of centre of mass 
 
                                                 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m a m a
m a m a m a
a
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
 
Angular velocity and acceleration: 
? Angular velocity: It is defined as the time rate of change of angular 
displacement and is given by, 
d
dt
?
? ?  
? Angular velocity is directed along the axis of rotation. Angular velocity is 
a vector quantity. Its SI unit is rad/s and its dimensional formula is 
0 0 1
M L T
?
??
??
 . 
? Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity 
The linear velocity of a particle of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis 
is given by, 
vr ? ??  
where   r  is the position vector of the particle with respect to an origin 
along the fixed axis. 
? As in pure translational motion, all body particles have the same linear 
velocity at any instant. Similarly, in pure rotational motion, all body 
particles have the same angular velocity at any instant. 
? Angular acceleration: It is defined as the time rate of change of angular 
velocity, and it is given by 
d
dt
?
? ?  
? Angular acceleration is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is  
2
rads
?
 and its 
dimensional formula is 
0 0 2
M L T
?
??
??
 . 
 
Equation of rotational motion: 
After a brief introduction to angular velocity and angular acceleration, let us see 
how they are related to the kinematic equations. 
For a certain initial angular velocity, final angular velocity ( ,
o
?? ) with time t, 
the kinematic equations of rotational motion is given as: 
Page 4


 
                                                 
 Revision notes 
Physics 
System of particles and rotational motion 
 
Rigid body: 
? A rigid body is one in which the distances between different particles of 
the body do not change even though forces are acting on them. 
? Axis of rotation: The line along which the body is fixed is known as the 
axis of rotation. Examples for rotation about an axis are a ceiling fan and a 
merry-go-round etc. 
? In pure rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of the rigid 
body moves in a circle which lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis and 
has its centre on the axis. Every point in the rotating rigid body has the 
same angular velocity at any time. 
 
Image: Linkage of a rigid body 
 
Centre of mass: 
? The centre of mass of a body is a point where the entire mass of the body 
can be supposed to be concentrated. The nature of motion executed by the 
body shall remain unaffected if all the forces acting on the body were 
applied directly at this point. 
? For a system of two particles of masses 
1
m and 
2
m having their position 
vector has 
1
r and 
2
r respectively, with respect to origin of the coordinate 
system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is given by 
1 1 2 2
12
CM
m r m r
R
mm
?
?
?
 
 
                                                 
If 
12
m m m ?? , then 
12
2
CM
rr
R
?
? 
Thus, the centre of a mass of two equal masses lies exactly at the centre of 
the line joining the two masses. 
? For a system of N-particles of masses  
1 2 3
, , ...
N
m m m m having their 
position vectors as  
1 2 3
, , ,...,
N
r r r r respectively, with respect to the origin of 
the coordinate system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is 
given by 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m r m r
m r m r m r
R
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? The coordinates of centre of mass for a 3-D object is given as: 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m x m x
X
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m y m y
Y
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m z m z
Z
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
? For a continuous distribution of mass, the coordinates of centre of mass are 
given by 
1
;
CM
X xdm
M
?
?
  
1
;
CM
Y ydm
M
?
?
  
1
CM
Z zdm
M
?
?
  
? Velocity of centre of mass 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m v m v
m v m v m v
v
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? Acceleration of centre of mass 
 
                                                 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m a m a
m a m a m a
a
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
 
Angular velocity and acceleration: 
? Angular velocity: It is defined as the time rate of change of angular 
displacement and is given by, 
d
dt
?
? ?  
? Angular velocity is directed along the axis of rotation. Angular velocity is 
a vector quantity. Its SI unit is rad/s and its dimensional formula is 
0 0 1
M L T
?
??
??
 . 
? Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity 
The linear velocity of a particle of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis 
is given by, 
vr ? ??  
where   r  is the position vector of the particle with respect to an origin 
along the fixed axis. 
? As in pure translational motion, all body particles have the same linear 
velocity at any instant. Similarly, in pure rotational motion, all body 
particles have the same angular velocity at any instant. 
? Angular acceleration: It is defined as the time rate of change of angular 
velocity, and it is given by 
d
dt
?
? ?  
? Angular acceleration is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is  
2
rads
?
 and its 
dimensional formula is 
0 0 2
M L T
?
??
??
 . 
 
Equation of rotational motion: 
After a brief introduction to angular velocity and angular acceleration, let us see 
how they are related to the kinematic equations. 
For a certain initial angular velocity, final angular velocity ( ,
o
?? ) with time t, 
the kinematic equations of rotational motion is given as: 
 
                                                 
 
00
t ? ? ? ??  
 
2
0
1
2
tt ? ? ? ??  
 
22
0
2 ? ? ? ? ??  
These equations are valid for uniform angular acceleration. 
 
Moment of inertia: 
? Moment of inertia of a rigid body about a given axis of rotation is defined 
as the sum of the product of masses of all the particles of the body and the 
square of their respective perpendicular distances from the axis of rotation. 
It is denoted by symbol I and is given by, 
3
1
N
ii
i
I m r
?
?
?
  
? Moment of inertia is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is  
2
kgm and its 
dimensional formula is 
1 2 0
M L T
??
??
 . It depends upon 
o Position of the axis of rotation 
o Orientation of the axis of addition 
o Shape of the body 
o Size of the body 
o Distribution of mass of the body about the axis of rotation. 
? Radius of gyration: It is defined as the distance from the axis of rotation 
at which, if the whole mass of the body were concentrated, the moment of 
inertia of the body would be the same as the actual distribution of the mass 
of the body. It is denoted by the symbol K. 
? Radius of gyration of a body about an axis of rotation may also be defined 
as the root mean square distance of the particles from the axis of rotation. 
i.e.,     
2 2 2
12
...
N
r r r
K
N
? ? ?
?  
? The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is equal to the product 
of the mass of the body and square of its radius of gyration about that axis. 
i.e.,  
2
I MK ? . 
? The SI unit of radius of gyration is metre and its dimensional formula is  
0 1 0
M LT
??
??
 . 
Page 5


 
                                                 
 Revision notes 
Physics 
System of particles and rotational motion 
 
Rigid body: 
? A rigid body is one in which the distances between different particles of 
the body do not change even though forces are acting on them. 
? Axis of rotation: The line along which the body is fixed is known as the 
axis of rotation. Examples for rotation about an axis are a ceiling fan and a 
merry-go-round etc. 
? In pure rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of the rigid 
body moves in a circle which lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis and 
has its centre on the axis. Every point in the rotating rigid body has the 
same angular velocity at any time. 
 
Image: Linkage of a rigid body 
 
Centre of mass: 
? The centre of mass of a body is a point where the entire mass of the body 
can be supposed to be concentrated. The nature of motion executed by the 
body shall remain unaffected if all the forces acting on the body were 
applied directly at this point. 
? For a system of two particles of masses 
1
m and 
2
m having their position 
vector has 
1
r and 
2
r respectively, with respect to origin of the coordinate 
system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is given by 
1 1 2 2
12
CM
m r m r
R
mm
?
?
?
 
 
                                                 
If 
12
m m m ?? , then 
12
2
CM
rr
R
?
? 
Thus, the centre of a mass of two equal masses lies exactly at the centre of 
the line joining the two masses. 
? For a system of N-particles of masses  
1 2 3
, , ...
N
m m m m having their 
position vectors as  
1 2 3
, , ,...,
N
r r r r respectively, with respect to the origin of 
the coordinate system, the position vector 
CM
R of the centre of mass is 
given by 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m r m r
m r m r m r
R
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? The coordinates of centre of mass for a 3-D object is given as: 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m x m x
X
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m y m y
Y
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
11
1
NN
i i i i
ii
CM
N
i
i
m z m z
Z
M
m
??
?
??
??
?
 
? For a continuous distribution of mass, the coordinates of centre of mass are 
given by 
1
;
CM
X xdm
M
?
?
  
1
;
CM
Y ydm
M
?
?
  
1
CM
Z zdm
M
?
?
  
? Velocity of centre of mass 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m v m v
m v m v m v
v
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
? Acceleration of centre of mass 
 
                                                 
1 1 2 2 1 1
12
1
...
...
NN
i i i i
N N i i
CM
N
N
i
i
m a m a
m a m a m a
a
m m m M
m
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
??
??
?
 
 
Angular velocity and acceleration: 
? Angular velocity: It is defined as the time rate of change of angular 
displacement and is given by, 
d
dt
?
? ?  
? Angular velocity is directed along the axis of rotation. Angular velocity is 
a vector quantity. Its SI unit is rad/s and its dimensional formula is 
0 0 1
M L T
?
??
??
 . 
? Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity 
The linear velocity of a particle of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis 
is given by, 
vr ? ??  
where   r  is the position vector of the particle with respect to an origin 
along the fixed axis. 
? As in pure translational motion, all body particles have the same linear 
velocity at any instant. Similarly, in pure rotational motion, all body 
particles have the same angular velocity at any instant. 
? Angular acceleration: It is defined as the time rate of change of angular 
velocity, and it is given by 
d
dt
?
? ?  
? Angular acceleration is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is  
2
rads
?
 and its 
dimensional formula is 
0 0 2
M L T
?
??
??
 . 
 
Equation of rotational motion: 
After a brief introduction to angular velocity and angular acceleration, let us see 
how they are related to the kinematic equations. 
For a certain initial angular velocity, final angular velocity ( ,
o
?? ) with time t, 
the kinematic equations of rotational motion is given as: 
 
                                                 
 
00
t ? ? ? ??  
 
2
0
1
2
tt ? ? ? ??  
 
22
0
2 ? ? ? ? ??  
These equations are valid for uniform angular acceleration. 
 
Moment of inertia: 
? Moment of inertia of a rigid body about a given axis of rotation is defined 
as the sum of the product of masses of all the particles of the body and the 
square of their respective perpendicular distances from the axis of rotation. 
It is denoted by symbol I and is given by, 
3
1
N
ii
i
I m r
?
?
?
  
? Moment of inertia is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is  
2
kgm and its 
dimensional formula is 
1 2 0
M L T
??
??
 . It depends upon 
o Position of the axis of rotation 
o Orientation of the axis of addition 
o Shape of the body 
o Size of the body 
o Distribution of mass of the body about the axis of rotation. 
? Radius of gyration: It is defined as the distance from the axis of rotation 
at which, if the whole mass of the body were concentrated, the moment of 
inertia of the body would be the same as the actual distribution of the mass 
of the body. It is denoted by the symbol K. 
? Radius of gyration of a body about an axis of rotation may also be defined 
as the root mean square distance of the particles from the axis of rotation. 
i.e.,     
2 2 2
12
...
N
r r r
K
N
? ? ?
?  
? The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is equal to the product 
of the mass of the body and square of its radius of gyration about that axis. 
i.e.,  
2
I MK ? . 
? The SI unit of radius of gyration is metre and its dimensional formula is  
0 1 0
M LT
??
??
 . 
 
                                                 
? Theorem of perpendicular axes: The moment of inertia of a planar 
lamina about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its 
moments of inertia about two perpendicular axis concurrent with a 
perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of the body. 
 
Image: Theorem of perpendicular axes 
 
z x y
I I I ??  
Where x and y are two perpendicular axes in the plane, and the z-axis is 
perpendicular to its plane. 
? Theorem of parallel axes:  The moment of inertia of a body about any 
axis is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about a parallel 
axis passing through its centre of mass and the product of its mass and the 
square of the distance between the two parallel axis. 
 
Image: Parallel axis theorem 
 
2
CM
I I Md ??  
Where  
CM
I is the moment of inertia of the body about an axis (z) passing 
through the centre of mass, and d is the perpendicular distance between 
two parallel axes. 
 
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FAQs on System of Particles & Rotational Motion Class 11 Notes Physics Chapter 6

1. What is rotational motion?
Ans. Rotational motion refers to the movement of an object around an axis or a fixed point. It involves the rotation of an object in a circular or curved path, where different points on the object have different linear velocities and angular velocities.
2. What is the difference between linear and rotational motion?
Ans. The main difference between linear motion and rotational motion is the type of path followed by the object. In linear motion, the object moves along a straight line, whereas in rotational motion, the object moves in a circular or curved path around an axis.
3. How is angular velocity related to rotational motion?
Ans. Angular velocity is a measure of how quickly an object is rotating or how fast it is moving in a circular path. It is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time. In rotational motion, the angular velocity determines how fast an object is rotating around its axis.
4. What is moment of inertia and how does it relate to rotational motion?
Ans. Moment of inertia is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion. It depends on both the mass distribution and shape of the object. Objects with larger moments of inertia require more torque to produce a given angular acceleration, and therefore, rotate slower than objects with smaller moments of inertia.
5. What are some real-life examples of rotational motion?
Ans. Some examples of rotational motion in daily life include the rotation of a wheel on a bicycle, the spinning of a top, the movement of a propeller in an airplane, the rotation of the Earth on its axis, and the swinging of a pendulum.
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