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BPSC (Bihar) Exam  >  BPSC (Bihar) Notes  >  Revision Notes: The Mughal Empire

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  • Babur wrote his autobiography Babur-namah or Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turkish language, which was his mother-tongue.
  • The Atqakhail, who conspired for the fall of Bairam Khan, were relations of Akbar’s foster-mother Maham Anaga.
  • After recapturing Delhi and his second coronation in Delhi, Humayun could only rule for six months.
  • At the time of his coronation at Kalanaur the age of Akbar was thirteen and a half.
  • Akbar’s marriage with the princess of Amber was unique because this was a voluntary alliance, different from the forced marriages of Muslim rulers with the Rajput princesses.
  • The Mughal troops captured Chittor in 1568 after defeating Rana Amar Singh.
  • The Afghan power in Orissa was crushed by Raja Man Singh.
  • The greatest crisis that Akbar faced in 1580-81 was when the disgruntled nobles and officers declared Akbar’s half-brother Mirza Hakim as their ruler.
  • The most valuable acquisition of Akbar in the North-west frontier was Kandahar.
  • After the conquest of Asirgarh in 1601, Akbar renamed Khandesh as Dandesh.
  • Abul Fazl, the celebrated author of Akbarnama, was murdered by Bir Singh Deva Bundela.
  • The Jesuit missionary who held personal discussions with Akbar and has written interesting account of him, was Antony Monserrate.
  • A contemporary Mughal historian who prepared a list of charges against Akbar and called him the enemy of Islam, was Badauni.
  • The well-known work Tabaqat-i-Akbari was written by Khwaja Nizamuddin Ahmad.
  • Mewar submitted to the Mughals during the reign of Jahangir largely owing to the able command of Prince Khurram.
  • Akbar divided the Mughal empire into provinces for the first time.
  • Under Diwan the provincial Bakshi worked.
  • Fauzdar was usually kept in charge of the sarkars.
  • Shiqdar was in-charge of the administration of the parganas or mahals.
  • The Marathas came to be admitted to the nobility during the reign of Jahangir.
  • The origins of the mansabdari system can be traced back to Chengiz Khan.
  • Akbar introduced the mansabdari system in order to organise the nobility as well as his army.
  • The highest rank (mansab) an ordinary officer could hold in the mansabdari system as originally devised by Akbar was a commander of 5,000.
  • The important modification introduced by Shah Jahan to the mansabdari system was that he drastically reduced the number of sawars a noble was required to maintain.
  • The Mughal emperors insisted on the mansabdars maintaining mixed contingents comprising Mughals, Pathans, Rajputs, etc. in order to weaken the forces of tribalism and parochialism.
  • The troops raised by the emperor but not paid directly by the state and placed under the charge of mansabdars were known as Dakhili.
  • The clique of four persons who ruled the Mughal empire from 1611 to 1621 comprised Nur Jahan, Asaf Khan, Itmaduddaulah and Asaf Khan.
  • The greatest failure of the reign of Jahangir was the loss of Kandahar to Persia.
  • Akbar conferred the title of Jagatguru on Jain saint Harivijaya Suri.
  • The Mughal emperor who allowed a chain with bells to be hung outside his place to enable petitioners to bring their grievances to the notice of the emperor was Jahangir.
  • During Mughal period Bengal was famous for Sugar.
  • During the Mughal period the assessed land revenue (jama) was always higher than the actual revenue collected (hasil), because revenue was deliberately assessed high.
  • The most severe famine which affected the Mughal empire was the 1630-32 famine in the Deccan and Gujarat.
  • The first Mughal emperor to organise some sort of distress relief during the famines was Akbar.
  • The reason for honouring the peasants’ right of occupancy during the Mughal period was that the land was plenty and the peasants scarce.
  • Akbar made a new experiment by abolishing old revenue areas and dividing North India (Gujarat, Bihar and Bengal excluded) into a large number of units each yielding one kror (crore) a year, under officials appropriately called kroris. The important objective of this ‘krori’ experiment was to encourage cultivation.
  • Under the zabti system the most fertile land was classified as Polaj.
  • The motive behind different rates of assessment for different classes of land was to help in bringing virgin and uncultivated waste land under cultivation.
  • The reason for each class of land being divided into three grades, namely, good, middling and bad was to ascertain the average produce of land belonging to each class.
  • In the Mughal period the zamindars served the state as an agency for collection of land revenue.
  • The revenue assessment known as batai, ghalla bakshi or bhaoli was a method of crop-sharing on the basis of actual production.
  • The main advantage of the kankut system over batai system was that in the kankut system no watch was required at the time of threshing.
  • Crops like cotton, indigo, oil-seeds, sugarcane, etc. were known as cash crops because the state demand in the case of these crops was invariably in cash.
  • The Amalguzar or revenue colelctor was in charge of Sarkar.
  • One of the subordinate revenue staff, who was not a servant of the state but of the village community, was Muqaddam or headman.
  • One of the revolts during Aurangzeb’s period which had a peasant-agrarian background was of Jats and Satnamis.
  • The usual reaction of the peasants to revenue oppression was desertion of the village.
  • In the field of art and architecture, the Mughal period may be appropriately described as an age of continuation and culmination.
  • Mughal architecture reveals a happy blending of Persian and Indian styles
  • The Persian influence in Mughal architecture did not predominate up to the end of the reign of Akbar.
  • Akbar founded the city of Fatehpur Sikri to commemorate victory of Gujarat.
  • The Buland Darwaza or the gateway to the Jama Masjid in Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar to commemorate his victory of Gujarat.
  • The Buland Darwaza is in the style of what is called a half-dome portal (i.e. slicing a dome into half). This device was borrowed from Persia.
  • “If on Earth be an Eden of bliss, it is this, it is this, none but this.” It is engraved in Diwan-i-Khas, Delhi.
  • The Mughal emperor who was an excellent connoisseur of paintings was Jahangir.
  • Development of fresco painting was the important contribution to the field of painting made during Akbar’s period.
  • Akbar justified the encouragement given by him to painting on the religious grounds that a painter was engaged in creating in man the image of God.
  • The type of painting which made special progress during the reign of Jahangir was Portrait painting.
  • One of the painters of Jahangir’s court who was famous for his paintings of animals and human portraits was Ustad Mansur.
  • One of the painters at Jahangir’s court who was not a foreigner was Ustad Mansur.
  • The last great royal patron of the Mughal school of painting was Aurangzeb.
  • The school of painting—a product of the union of Mughal art and the hilly folk art of the Himalayas—was Basholi School.
  • Akbar is reputed to have been a good player of Nakkarah.
  • The Mughal emperor credited with the composition of many Hindi songs was Jahangir.
  • The Mughal emperor credited with such attractive voice that “many pure-souled Sufis and holy men....lost their senses in the ecstasy produced by his singing”, was Shah Jahan.
  • The Mughal emperor who was an accomplished veena player was Aurangzeb.
  • The Razmnama, compiled by several scholars, was a Persian translation of Mahabharata.
  • The most famous poet of Akbar’s court was Ghizali.
  • Jahangir’s autobiography is Tuzk-i-Jahangiri
  • The Mughal building which has the deep “imprint of the refined feminism of Nur Jahan” is her Father Itmad-ud-daulah’s tomb at Agra.
  • Monserrate and Aquaviva were sent to Akbar’s court by the Portuguese.
  • Sir Thomas Roe was sent as the British Ambassador to the court of Jahangir.
  • One of the foreign travellers who was an eyewitness to the public disgrace in Delhi of Dara Shikoh after his defeat by Aurangzeb in the war of succession was Munucci.
  • A foreign traveller who visited India during Aurganzeb’s time and described the latter’s regulation issued to promote general morality was Niccolao Munucci.
  • A foreigner who left an account of the deplorable state of public security in Mughal India during the reign of Shah Jahan was Peter Mundy.
  • A foreign traveller who has given a classic description of the later years of Aurangzeb was Dr. Gemelli Carreri.
  • A foreign traveller who visited India during the Mughal period, was a jeweller and has left us an expert’s description of the Peacock Throne, was Travernier.
  • The worst political failure of the reign of Shah Jahan was the recovery and loss of Kandahar to Persia.
  • Dara Shikoh finally lost the war of succession to Aurangzeb in the battle of Samugarh.
  • Aurangzeb tried to annex Marwar on the plea that Raja Jaswant Singh of Marwar had died childless.
  • A valiant Rajput chief who saved Marwar from being annexed by Aurangzeb was Durga Dass.
  • Aurangzeb’s “height of political unwisdom” was attempt to incorporate Marwar in the Mughal empire.
  • The Mughal princess who wrote under the nom de plume Makhi and produced a graceful diwan or collection of poems was Aurangzeb daughter, Zibunnisa.
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FAQs on Revision Notes: The Mughal Empire - BPSC (Bihar)

1. What were the major achievements of the Mughal Empire?
Ans. The Mughal Empire achieved several significant accomplishments during its reign. Some of the major achievements include the establishment of a centralized administration system, the construction of architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal, the promotion of art and culture, and the expansion of trade and commerce.
2. Who were the notable rulers of the Mughal Empire?
Ans. The Mughal Empire saw a succession of notable rulers who played crucial roles in shaping its history. Some of the most renowned rulers include Babur, the founder of the empire, Akbar the Great, known for his religious tolerance and administrative reforms, and Shah Jahan, who built iconic structures like the Taj Mahal.
3. What led to the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Ans. Several factors contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire. These include the weakening of central authority, succession disputes among rulers, economic instability, the rise of regional powers, and invasions by foreign empires like the Marathas and the British.
4. How did the Mughal Empire impact the culture of India?
Ans. The Mughal Empire had a profound influence on Indian culture. It led to the synthesis of Indian and Persian artistic styles, resulting in unique architectural wonders like the Taj Mahal. The empire also patronized literature, music, and dance, which thrived under its patronage. Additionally, the Mughals introduced Persian language and customs, leaving a lasting impact on Indian society.
5. What was the significance of the Mughal Empire in India's history?
Ans. The Mughal Empire holds immense significance in India's history. It played a crucial role in unifying the Indian subcontinent and establishing a centralized administration system. The empire's architectural marvels, cultural patronage, and blending of diverse traditions created a rich cultural heritage. Furthermore, the empire's decline paved the way for British colonization, making it a turning point in India's trajectory towards independence.
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