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Fit India Movement

Theme
On 29th August 2019, which is National Sports Day, India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the 'Fit India Movement' (Fit India Abhiyan) to inspire people to adopt a fit and healthy way of life.

Benefits of Fit India Movement

• While technology has made our lives easier and better, it has also led many people to become sedentary. In the past, people used to walk to school or work, but technological advancements have reduced the need for physical activity. Apps for food delivery, cab bookings, washing machines, and online shopping allow us to accomplish tasks without much physical effort. Therefore, it is important to take effective measures to promote an active lifestyle for the sake of our health. The 'Fit India Movement' was launched at an opportune time to encourage people to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
• Due to sedentary routines and high levels of stress, many individuals are developing lifestyle diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The Fit India Movement can motivate people to consume nutritious food and maintain their physical and mental well-being.
• Through persuasive advertisements and marketing strategies, junk food manufacturers are influencing children to buy their unhealthy products. The Fit India Movement aims to make children aware of the negative consequences of junk food, thus encouraging them to opt for healthier alternatives.
• Some parents put excessive pressure on their children to study, sending them for extra tuition after school or keeping them occupied with homework, neglecting the importance of free time for play. This movement has the potential to change their mindset, leading them to encourage their children to engage in outdoor activities and play.
• While there is already a growing focus on fitness, as evidenced by the increasing number of fitness startups, it remains a minority. Many people desire an active lifestyle but lack the necessary motivation. Therefore, this movement serves as a constant reminder to prioritise fitness goals, just as Swachh Bharat reminds us to keep our surroundings clean.
• This movement also has the potential to revive interest in traditional Indian martial arts like Kathi Samu, Musti Yudha, traditional dance forms, and healthy Indian snacks. As a result, it may even generate employment opportunities.

Challenges

• The 'Fit India Movement' may not reach individuals below the poverty line. A healthy lifestyle requires both physical activity and nutritious food, yet many people in India are malnourished and lack access to safe drinking water. Therefore, without addressing the issues of poverty and limited access to affordable nutritious food, a segment of the Indian population will be unable to benefit from this movement.
• The motivation for maintaining fitness should begin in childhood. However, many schools in India lack playgrounds, which can discourage children from leading an active lifestyle.

Best practices worldwide

• In 2007, a report by the 'International Association for the Study of Obesity' revealed that Germans had the highest obesity rates compared to other European countries. This served as a wake-up call for Germany, leading them to launch the 'Fit instead of Fat' program immediately. The initiative aimed to promote an active lifestyle and curb the rising obesity rates among children by 2020.
• In 2016, the Chinese government introduced a program called 'Healthy China 2030' to encourage people to prioritize their health.

Conclusion

The Fit India Movement is an essential initiative considering the growing number of people leading sedentary lives. It is imperative to take steps towards making healthy food affordable and accessible.

Disaster Management in India

Theme
Recent heavy monsoon floods in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh caused significant loss of life and displacement of over a million people. Floods and droughts have become common in India due to factors like climate change and deforestation. Therefore, it is crucial to assess India's preparedness in handling such natural disasters.

What is a disaster

A disaster is a sudden event that disrupts society and results in human, economic, and environmental damage. Disasters can be categorized into two types: natural disasters (such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes) and man-made disasters (including nuclear accidents and water crises). While we cannot control natural disasters, human activities contribute to their increased frequency and severity. Deforestation, river encroachment, and other human mistakes have contributed to climate change, making natural disasters even more devastating.

The need for disaster management

Effective disaster management strategies can prevent loss of life and economic damage. For instance, excess water can be diverted to water-deficient states to avoid floods, and constructing disaster-resistant buildings can minimize economic losses during earthquakes and cyclones.

How can we deal with disasters

The complete disaster management cycle involves four stages: mitigation, preparation, response, and recovery.

• Mitigation: Measures taken to reduce the negative impact of disasters, such as building seawalls to protect coastal areas from tsunamis.
• Preparation: Preparing individuals to deal with disasters, including conducting mock drills and training people to protect themselves and others during emergencies.
• Response: Providing immediate assistance during disasters, such as relocating people to safe areas and providing shelter and food.
• Recovery: Restoring affected areas and rebuilding livelihoods.

Besides disaster management, disaster prevention is equally important. Taking preventive measures can help avoid the occurrence of disasters. For instance, avoiding construction in ecologically sensitive areas can prevent landslides and floods.

The situation of disaster management in India

• India is highly susceptible to floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, and landslides. Approximately 70% of the coastal areas are prone to cyclones and tsunamis, while 12% of the land is susceptible to floods and 60% to earthquakes.
• In 2006, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005. NDMA, along with the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF), and State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF), oversees disaster management in India.
• India has made significant progress in disaster response. For instance, during the Super Cyclone in 1999, more than 10,000 people lost their lives in Odisha. However, when Cyclone Phailin struck in 2013, the death toll was under 40. The Odisha government successfully evacuated nearly 700,000 people to prevent casualties. In 2019, Odisha faced Cyclone Fani, the strongest cyclone to hit India in two decades, and managed to evacuate one million people in advance. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) praised India for its efforts in minimising loss of life.
• During the recent floods in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, the Navy rescued over 14,000 individuals.
• At the 2017 G20 summit, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed the establishment of the 'Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)'. This coalition aims to facilitate the sharing of capacity building measures and technical knowledge among countries to effectively tackle disasters.

What more needs to be done

• Disaster prevention measures need improvement in India. Deforestation, improper land use, and unplanned urbanization have increased the country's vulnerability to disasters. In 2011, the Madhav Gadgil-led Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel recommended dividing the Western Ghats into three zones. The largest zone, covering 64% of the Western Ghats, was suggested to be declared an ecologically sensitive area, with restrictions on mining and other development activities. Unfortunately, the government did not follow this report. If implemented, these recommendations could have mitigated the severity of recent floods. Neglecting environmental assessment reports in various regions has led to preventable disasters. Prioritizing the environment over development is crucial to avoid negative consequences that can hinder progress.
• Raising widespread awareness about disaster preparedness is essential to saving lives and reducing reliance on disaster response forces.
• Insufficient funding for disaster management in India remains a significant challenge. Establishing a National Disaster Insurance Policy could provide a solution. By paying the premium from the disaster fund, the government could ensure that infrastructure is disaster-resistant. Shifting responsibility from the government to insurance companies would be effective in mitigating the impact of disasters. Additionally, affected individuals would receive immediate compensation, enabling them to rebuild their lives more swiftly. Currently, waiting for government assistance prolongs the process of restoring communities.
• As urban migration continues, population density in urban areas increases rapidly. Higher population density poses greater risks in case of disasters. Therefore, prioritizing planned urbanization is crucial.

Best practices worldwide

Japan stands as the world's safest and most disaster-resilient country, despite facing recurrent earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons. Through planned urbanization and the implementation of disaster-resilient infrastructure, Japan effectively handles natural disasters.

Conclusion

India has made significant progress in disaster response. However, more efforts are needed in disaster mitigation and recovery. Implementing effective disaster management strategies will not only save lives but also aid affected individuals in rebuilding their lives swiftly.

Coastal security in India

The security of India's coastlines is primarily handled by the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard, with some states like Gujarat also having their own marine police. The Ministry of Home Affairs is considering the establishment of a Central Marine Police Force (CMPF).
Indian Navy: Even before Independence, the Indian Navy has played a crucial role in safeguarding Indian waters. It is responsible for protecting the country's coastlines from external threats. The Indian Navy possesses aircraft carriers, destroyers, corvettes, frigates, submarines, helicopters, and planes. Its main functions are as follows:

• Working with other branches of the Armed Forces to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against India's territory, people, or maritime interests, both in times of war and peace.
• Projecting influence in India's maritime area of interest to further the nation's political, economic, and security objectives.
• Collaborating with the Indian Coast Guard to maintain order and stability in India's maritime zones.
• Providing maritime assistance, including disaster relief and rescue operations, in India's maritime neighbourhood.

Indian Coast Guard: In the early 1960s, illegal smuggling through sea routes posed a threat to the Indian economy. The Indian Customs Department frequently sought assistance from the navy to tackle these issues, particularly for patrol and interceptions. In 1971, a committee recognized the need for a separate body equipped with personnel and resources to address these challenges. In 1973, the Indian Navy was assigned additional equipment and tasked with anti-smuggling and law enforcement duties. However, the Navy realized that these responsibilities were diverting their focus from their primary military role. Consequently, the Indian Coast Guard was established in 1975. Its main duties include:

• Ensuring the safety and protection of artificial islands and offshore terminals.
• Providing protection and assistance to fishermen at sea.
• Preserving and protecting marine ecology.
• Controlling pollution.
• Assisting the customs department in anti-smuggling operations.
• Enforcing maritime laws.
• Collecting scientific data and offering support.
• Participating in national defense under the command of the Indian Navy during hostilities.
• Coordinating with central and state agencies for all matters related to coastal security.
• Conducting search and rescue missions.

Central Marine Police Force: The Ministry of Home Affairs is planning to establish the CMPF to support the Indian Coast Guard. The specific roles and responsibilities of the CMPF have not been finalized yet. There is a need for extensive planning regarding their functions, jurisdictions, recruitment, and training.
Other developments: Following the 26/11 attacks, coastal preparedness has improved compared to the past. Efforts have been made to enhance coastal infrastructure, including the establishment of police stations and radar stations along India's coastline. There has been an improvement in surveillance and domain awareness through the installation of radar stations and identification systems. Coordination has also been enhanced through the establishment of Joint Operation Centres (JOCs).
However, one of the challenges is the lack of commitment from state governments. State police forces appear to be reluctant to take on responsibility. The number of marine police stations is limited, and they are understaffed. Patrol boats are not fully utilized, and there is insufficient investment in infrastructure development due to low funding allocations.
Active participation from the states is crucial for effective coastal security, considering the challenging task of protecting the 7,500 km coastline cannot be solely shouldered by a single organization.

How can India become a global power?

What defines a global power?

According to Wikipedia, a global power is a country that holds a dominant position due to its significant ability to influence and exert power worldwide. This influence is derived from a combination of economic, military, technological, and cultural strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence. This comprehensive definition encompasses all aspects of being a global power.
At present, the United States of America is the only global power. The USSR was also a global power, but it ceased to be one after its division. China is on its way to becoming a global power, but for now, it is considered a regional power.

What steps does India need to take to become a global power?

Becoming a global power is a long-term goal for India, and it requires focus on several key areas. These areas include:

• Education and Healthcare: Developing a strong education system and healthcare infrastructure is a crucial initial step taken by all developed countries. Investing significantly in these areas improves literacy rates and life expectancy. Currently, India's literacy rate is comparable to China's rate in 1991. It is well-known that India has underinvested in education and healthcare, despite their potential to address a significant portion of the country's challenges. Enhancing these sectors will elevate the standard of living, which is currently lower in India compared to the United States.
• Robust Economy: India still relies heavily on agriculture and tax collection for its revenue. However, it missed the opportunity to open its markets after the Cold War era. To become a global power, India needs to boost its manufacturing sector. Although foreign investments have started flowing in recently, they primarily aim to capture the Indian market. Indian-made products have limited global usage and struggle to compete internationally. India must transition from being primarily a consumer to becoming a producer. Unfortunately, this aspect has not received sufficient attention. In the last quarter, India's manufacturing sector only grew by 3.1%. As a comparison, the United States boasts a $21 trillion economy, while India aims to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024. Shedding the label of an agricultural economy is imperative for India's future.
• Defence: While India possesses the second-largest army, fourth-largest Air Force, and seventh-largest navy, a significant portion of its equipment belongs to older generations. The technology used is not state-of-the-art, and India relies on imports for 99% of its defence equipment. Dependence on other countries for defence compromises the status of a global power. India needs a robust defence system built on the foundation of a strong economy.
• Embracing the Fourth Industrial Revolution: India needs to pay more attention to advancements in fields such as AI, IoT, Data Sciences, Life Sciences, and New Energy Resources. A country's strength and destiny in the future will be determined by its level of scientific and technological progress. Currently, India invests only a fraction of China's budget in these technologies, falling behind the United States as well.
• Environmental Concerns: In terms of handling environmental issues, India ranks 177th out of 180 countries, according to the 2018 Environmental Performance Index (EPI). Developed nations allocate higher expenditure to environmental protection than to military and education combined. India is experiencing rapid deforestation, severe water scarcity in many cities and villages, rising temperatures, and extensive pollution in major rivers. These issues lead to social unrest and instability, hindering progress.
• Improving Rankings: As a country with lofty ambitions, India should focus on improving its rankings in various indexes, including the Human Development Index, Happiness Index, and Freedom of Press Index. Currently, India's rankings in these areas align more with underdeveloped nations in Africa.
• Population Control: India's population is rapidly growing, and it may surpass China in terms of population by 2025, despite being the seventh-largest country by area. Managing such a large population is a daunting task, as it leads to resource mismanagement and overexploitation.
• Strong Diplomatic and Defence Relations: A global power possesses the ability to influence decisions in countries located thousands of miles away, causing them to carefully consider their actions. The United States, for example, maintains almost 800 military bases in over 70 countries and territories, even after closing several bases in Iraq and Afghanistan. It provides billions of dollars in financial aid to countries in need, including India during its independence, which significantly impacts their policy-making. Additionally, the United States is a member of all major decision-making and governing bodies globally. It will undoubtedly take decades for India to achieve a similar stature in the international community.

Conclusion

In conclusion, India must heavily focus on these crucial areas if it wants to become a global power.

Syrian crisis

How did it start?

The Syrian crisis began in March 2011 as a result of protests similar to those seen in other Arab countries. The Syrian citizens demanded the resignation of President Bashar-Al-Asad, whose family had been in power since 1971. They sought a fully democratic government for their country. When the protests continued, President Bashar-Al-Asad ordered the Syrian army to use force against the peaceful demonstrators, turning the situation into an armed rebellion.

Who all are involved presently?

The conflict has now escalated to involve various parties on a global scale in Syria, including the Syrian government, Russia, Iran, Turkey, the USA, Israel, Syrian rebel groups like Jayash Al Islam and Ahrar Al Sham, the Kurds, and ISIS.

How did so many parties get involved in this?

The involvement of these parties can be explained as follows:

• Russia: President Asad is Russia's closest ally in the Middle East, and Russia doesn't want to lose its influence in the region or its port in Syria, Tartus.
• Iran: Iran has a strong friendship with Syria and aims to counter the influence of Saudi Arabia in the region.
• The Kurds: The Kurds are a group without their own territory. They were fighting for autonomy in the northern region of Syria known as Rojava, and they allied with the USA in their fight against ISIS.
• Rebel groups like Jayash Al Islam and Ahrar Al Sham: These groups took up arms against the Asad regime after the Syrian army became involved. They consist of former army members, civilians, and professionals who want to remove Bashar Al Asad from power.
• ISIS: ISIS is a violent terrorist group that once controlled large parts of Syria and Iraq. However, they have been pushed out of most areas by Kurdish fighters, Iranian and Syrian armies, and the US army.
• USA: Although the USA has voiced its desire for Bashar Al Asad to step down, it has taken limited action, possibly due to concerns that ISIS would fill the power vacuum. The USA has supported Kurdish fighters with weapons and fought alongside them against ISIS.
• Turkey: Turkey has provided shelter to Syrian refugees and supported rebel groups. Turkey fears Kurdish autonomy in Syria, as it could fuel separatism within Turkey. Turkey has been in conflict with Kurdish fighters, whom it considers terrorists. As the Kurdish fighters are allied with the USA, Turkey is now working closely with Russia.
• Israel: Israel is engaged in fighting in the southern region of Syria. Its main concern is countering the rise of Iranian influence and the militia group Hezbollah, as both countries are adversaries.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Russia and Iran have strongly supported the Asad government, ensuring that the opposition forces have been suppressed and the idea of removing Bashar Al Asad is rarely discussed. However, the use of Syria as a proxy war battleground should be stopped. Syria was once a beautiful country with rich Islamic architecture, cultures, and traditions, and it is the innocent people of Syria who are suffering the most as a result of this conflict, despite having done nothing wrong.

CPEC

CPEC, short for China Pakistan Economic Corridor, is a crucial part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and holds significant developmental benefits for Pakistan. China aims to establish its presence in Central Asia while strengthening its position as a global superpower. The corridor starts in China's Xinjiang province, extends across Pakistan, and concludes at the Gwadar port.
In 2015, China and Pakistan signed a $46 billion agreement (now increased to $62 billion) to initiate the CPEC Projects.

Types of CPEC Projects:

• Infrastructure Development: Pakistan will witness the development of highways, rail infrastructure, and LNG pipelines, enhancing connectivity. Security measures will be implemented to safeguard these extensive projects.
• Energy Priority Projects: Hydro, thermal, and wind power plants will be established in Pakistan. Both China and Pakistan will utilize the energy generated by these plants. Pakistan has committed to purchasing a certain amount of electricity from these plants annually. Moreover, these energy projects will relocate coal-based power plants outside of China's borders.
• Gwadar: The Gwadar port will undergo development, transforming the entire city into a smart port city. Additional advancements include the Gwadar International Airport, highways, clean water supply, Pakistan-China Friendship Hospital, housing projects, and the establishment of a university.
• Other Projects: These encompass cross-border optical fibre cables, meteorological advancements, and more.

Impact on China

• The significance of this project for China is evident, as it has been included in the country's 13th Five Year Development plan. CPEC provides China with an alternative and shorter route for energy supplies. As the world's largest oil importer, China currently relies on a 12,000 km sea route passing through the Strait of Malacca (where the US Navy conducts patrols), the disputed South China Sea, and the Indian Ocean. By utilising CPEC, China can cover a distance of just 6,000 km, reducing vulnerability and enhancing security.
• Moreover, CPEC aligns with China's Western Development plan, attracting increased public and private investments in the Xinjiang province, as well as Tibet and Qinghai.
• Chinese imports and exports to Africa, Europe, and the Middle East will witness growth, accompanied by reduced shipment time and distances. China will establish a strong presence in Central Asia and the Indian Ocean.

Impact on Pakistan

The impact on Pakistan is a mixed bag. On one hand, it brings substantial development, improved connectivity, and job creation. On the other hand, it burdens Pakistan with a substantial debt of approximately $10 billion. Escaping this debt may prove challenging for Pakistan, potentially compromising its sovereignty, as seen in the case of Sri Lanka.

Challenges

There are various challenges associated with CPEC, including the provision of security for the infrastructure in a terrorism-affected country like Pakistan. Additionally, there is opposition from the residents of Gwadar who feel that the project may not deliver the promised benefits. Baloch nationalists also oppose large-scale development, fearing exploitation of the resource-rich region.

Indian Concern

India's primary concern stems from the fact that the CPEC passes through the POK, undermining India's sovereignty.

India – Russia relations

History
India had strong bilateral ties with the USSR, which later extended to Russia. India became Russia's key partner in the 1950s regarding relationships with third-world countries. In 1955, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru initiated the partnership by visiting the USSR. During a visit in 1955, Nikita Khrushchev, the first secretary of the communist party, announced the USSR's recognition of Indian sovereignty over disputed territories like Kashmir and Goa (then under Portuguese rule). The USSR remained neutral during the 1962 Indo-Sino War, which China strongly objected to. The USSR used its influence with China to strengthen ties with India. In 1962, the USSR agreed to transfer technology to India for co-production of MIG-21s, a privilege denied to China. In August 1971, India signed the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the USSR. From the 1950s, the USSR provided significant financial aid to India and supported infrastructure and industrial development.

Economy

In 2014, both countries aimed for a USD 30 billion investment by 2025. By 2017, Russian investment in India reached USD 18 billion, while Indian investment amounted to USD 13 billion. Having surpassed the USD 30 billion mark, the target for 2025 was increased to USD 50 billion. In 2017-18, bilateral trade was USD 10.69 billion, a 21.3% increase from the previous year, with Russia having a trade surplus of USD 6.5 billion. India imports mineral fuels, oils, precious metals, fertilizers, machinery, and electrical equipment. The country exports nuclear reactors, machinery, chemicals, coffee, tea, vehicles, and accessories. Both countries are planning to enhance bilateral trade through trading in national currencies and a free trade agreement.

Defence

Russia has been a generous defence partner to India since its independence. The buyer-seller relationship has evolved into joint research and development. Examples of joint cooperation include the BrahMos missile system, licensed production of SU-30 fighter aircraft, and T-90 battle tanks. Russia is India's largest arms supplier. A joint cooperation project will set up an AK-203 assault rifle manufacturing plant in Amethi, and S-400 Air Defence Systems will be supplied to India. Military exercise 'INDRA' and air force exercise 'Avia INDRA' are regularly conducted by both countries.

Science & Technology

Russia is an important partner for India in nuclear energy, space technology, and other scientific fields. Both countries signed an agreement in December 2014 to strengthen cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) in India is being built with Russian cooperation, with Units 1 and 2 already operational. Space cooperation has a long history, starting with the launch of India's first satellite 'Aryabhatta' on a Russian vehicle and the joint mission with Russia that sent India's first astronaut, Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma, into space. Several agreements and institutional mechanisms, such as the Working Group on Science and Technology, promote bilateral cooperation. Inter-academy exchanges and technology sharing are also encouraged.

Conclusion

Russia has proven to be a steadfast friend to India. The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) serves as the inter-governmental body between the two countries. India shares this level of relationship only with Russia. Since 2014, India has shown a growing inclination towards the USA, leading to increased cooperation between China and Russia. In response to Donald Trump's aggressive behavior towards non-allies, China and Russia have strengthened their cooperation at the BRICS and SCO levels. India should handle these situations tactfully and diplomatically to maintain this strong and enduring friendship.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Introduction

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an alliance that was formed as an extension of the Shanghai Five. It originally consisted of China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan, and later Uzbekistan joined, forming the SCO in Shanghai, China, on 15 June 2001. India and Pakistan became full-time members on 9 June 2017. The SCO serves as a Eurasian economic, political, and security alliance. It holds annual meetings where decisions are made and guidelines are adopted. The member countries also conduct regular military exercises to combat terrorism and maintain peace and stability in the region. With nearly half of the world's population, the SCO covers the largest geographical area of any organization. The Council of Heads, consisting of the presidents of all member countries, is the top decision-making body.

Activities

• Security Cooperation:
  One of the main focuses of the SCO is to ensure the security of its members against terrorism, extremism, and separatism. In 2004, the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) was established to enhance cooperation among member states in combating terrorism, ensuring security, addressing drug trafficking, and dealing with cyber warfare. In 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) to strengthen its security against various threats. China and Russia have been conducting large-scale military exercises since 2005, with other countries joining in 2010. India participated in these exercises for the first time in 2018.
• Economic Cooperation:
  In 2003, the SCO member states signed a Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation. China proposed the long-term objective of establishing a Free Trade Area within the SCO. The organization also promotes joint energy projects and exploration of new hydrocarbon reserves. In 2005, the SCO Interbank Consortium (SCO IBC) was formed to fund future joint projects and provide financial support to member nations, excluding India.
• International Relations:
  In 2005, the United States applied for observer status in the SCO but was rejected. Russia and China, although not directly opposed, serve as a counterbalance to the activities of the USA and NATO in Central Asia through this organization. With the unrest in Afghanistan and Iraq and the US's prolonged involvement in those regions, it was expected that the US would establish a presence in its bases in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Consequently, the SCO requested a clear deadline for the withdrawal of US troops from member states. Soon after, Uzbekistan asked the US to leave its K2 base, which the US vacated within six months. In 2005, the Russian foreign minister addressed the SCO members, emphasizing that the SCO countries are capable and responsible enough to manage Central Asia without interference from Western countries.

Conclusion

The SCO addresses various issues, providing India with a platform to maintain its close relations with Russia, negotiate with China on border disputes, raise concerns about Pakistan's support for terrorism, and promote a zero-tolerance policy against terrorism. Strengthening ties with Central Asian countries can result in greater influence, connectivity, and investment opportunities in the region, particularly in Afghanistan. India should take advantage of the opportunities offered by the SCO to enhance investments, access technology for alternative energy resources, and collaborate in the fight against terrorism.

Changing relation between India and Bangladesh

History

India and Bangladesh have close linguistic and cultural ties, shared interests in art and culture, and a common history until 1947. Previously known as East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971, Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan with the assistance of India in 1971. However, their relations deteriorated in the mid-1970s when Bangladesh identified itself as an Islamic country and developed closer ties with other Islamic nations. Both countries aligned with different Cold War alliances in the 1980s. Fortunately, since the 1990s, bilateral relations have improved due to the liberalization in South Asia. In 1996, the Ganges Water Treaty was signed, and both countries agreed to combat terrorism together. They also became the largest trading partners in South Asia.

Developments in Relations over time

In 2011, a significant agreement was reached, resolving a 40-year-long border dispute known as the Teen Bigha Corridor. India leased this area to Bangladesh, allowing it to access the Dahagram-Angarpota enclaves.
Since 2013, India has been exporting 500 MW of electricity daily to Bangladesh, a commitment that will continue for 35 years.
India's NTPC, in collaboration with the Bangladesh Power Development Board, is establishing a 1320 MW coal-fired electricity plant in Rampal, Bangladesh.
In 2014, Sushma Swaraj, the former Minister of External Affairs, during her first official overseas visit, concluded various agreements:

• Eased the visa regime to provide 5-year multiple entry visas to minors below 13 and the elderly above 65.
• Proposed the establishment of a Special Economic Zone in Bangladesh.
• Provided an additional 100 MW of power to Bangladesh from Tripura.
• Increased the frequency of the Maitree Express.
• Introduced bus services between Dhaka and Guwahati and Shillong.

Bangladesh permitted India to transport food grains to the northeast through its territory. (In 2012, Bangladesh also allowed India's ONGC to transport heavy machinery to Tripura through its territory.)
In 2015, India extended a 2 million dollar line of credit to Bangladesh and pledged investments of 5 million dollars. Additionally, 22 agreements were signed, covering areas such as countering terrorism, maritime cooperation, curbing human trafficking, and combating counterfeit currency.
Reliance and Adani have begun establishing power plants in Bangladesh.
In 2018, the leaders of both countries inaugurated the 130 km long Bangladesh-India Friendship pipeline, supplying 4 lakh metric tonnes of diesel to Bangladesh.
In September 2018, Bangladesh approved a proposed agreement with India, allowing the use of the Chittagong and Mongla seaports for transporting goods to and from India's land-locked northeastern states.
In 2017, Bangladesh and India signed two defence agreements, involving joint military exercises, training, and India's assistance in setting up manufacturing and service platforms for defence equipment. India also extended a 500-million-dollar line of credit to Bangladesh for purchasing defence equipment.
Apart from providing electric power, India will support Bangladesh in establishing nuclear plants for civil purposes.
India has provided soft loans of over 2 billion dollars for infrastructure development.
India offers scholarships to talented Bangladeshi students.
In 2018, the estimated trade between the two countries reached about 10 billion dollars, with India having a trade surplus. India also allows duty-free imports of Bangladeshi goods. Both countries have agreed to use each other's ports for sending goods to third countries.

Areas of Contentions between India and Bangladesh

Bangladesh's close relationship with China: Bangladesh views China as its all-weather friend. China heavily invests in Bangladesh, particularly in infrastructure development, which India has struggled to match. The Chinese investments align with the aspirations of both countries. Bangladesh aims to become a developed country by 2040 and is leveraging Chinese resources accordingly. China, on the other hand, seeks to exert significant influence in the region.
Furthermore, China has successfully tapped into the Bangladeshi markets and maintains a large trade surplus with Bangladesh. China has also taken advantage of its generosity, gaining a political advantage by convincing Bangladesh to participate in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and supporting its observer status in SAARC. Additionally, China is the only country with a defence agreement with Bangladesh. It provides military training, conducts joint exercises, and supplies various defence equipment such as rifles, aircraft, missiles, and submarines.
India's silence on the atrocities committed by Myanmar against Rohingya Muslims: Bangladesh urges India to exert pressure on Myanmar to repatriate Rohingya refugees and ensure their humane treatment. The influx of Rohingya migrants has put a strain on Bangladesh, which is already densely populated, making their management increasingly challenging. The prolonged Teesta River dispute.

Conclusion

Although analysts in Bangladesh have repeatedly stated that India should not worry about Bangladesh's relations with China, as it seeks good relations with both countries, India should remain cautious. India's Look East policy under the new government is a positive step forward. Meeting development project deadlines should be a priority for India to regain the trust of its neighbours, an area where China has outperformed India. Strengthening ties with neighbouring countries is crucial as a first step towards gaining global influence, and the cordial relations between India and Bangladesh should be extensively nurtured.

‘Neighbourhood First’ policy

Introduction
Since 2014, India has been following a foreign policy known as "Neighbourhood First." This policy emphasizes India's focus on strengthening its relationships with immediate neighbouring countries compared to other strategic partners. The Modi Government has consistently emphasized the importance of this approach in its foreign policies. The first example of the "Neighbourhood First" policy was observed when the SAARC nations were invited to the Prime Minister's swearing-in ceremony. In the recent re-election of the NDA, members of BIMSTEC were also invited to attend the ceremony.

Significance

• Initially, the Modi government aimed to establish friendly relations with all its neighbours, including Pakistan and China. However, due to Pakistan's support of terrorism and separatism, India has chosen to distance itself from Pakistan. Additionally, China's increasing support for Pakistan and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) infringing on Pakistan-occupied Kashmir has diminished the significance of India's ties with China.
• On the other hand, India's smaller neighbours are in a phase of development and have growing needs. This presents an opportunity for both India and its neighbours to benefit. India can invest in these countries, strengthening trade and political ties. However, China, another major economic power in the region, has been interfering with India's aspirations. Chinese projects offer faster delivery schedules, easier implementation, and financing mechanisms. But, they often lead to debt traps that smaller countries struggle to handle.

Relations with its neighbours

• India-Maldives: Under the Modi government, relations with the Maldives have become less confrontational. During the Maldives' state of emergency, India maintained a neutral stance and refrained from interfering, despite calls for military intervention by some in the Maldivian community. This demonstrated a more passive approach than India has typically adopted. While the previous Maldivian government signed a Free Trade Agreement with China, the new government disapproves of the agreement and intends to withdraw from it.
• India-Sri Lanka: Despite the political upheaval in Sri Lanka, India chose not to make any political statements. Sri Lanka has shown a growing inclination towards China in recent times, with the Hambantota port being practically owned by China. However, India has been making efforts to revive the long-standing friendship and has taken responsibility for operating the Hambantota airport, which is known as the world's emptiest airport.
• India-Nepal: India's relations with Nepal soured since 2015. The current government in Nepal, led by Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli, came to power in 2018 through an anti-India campaign. India has since attempted to mend relations, but Nepal has shown an increasing inclination towards China.
• India-Bhutan & Bangladesh: Relations with Bhutan and Bangladesh have improved over time. After the Doklam standoff, Bhutan reiterated its pro-India stance. Under Sheikh Hasina, Bangladesh has also developed closer ties with India.
• India-Myanmar: India is engaged in various projects with Myanmar, such as the Kaladan project and the Asian Trilateral Highway. However, the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) is likely to be a point of contention between the two countries.
• India-Afghanistan: India and Afghanistan have always maintained friendly relations. India has undertaken several projects, such as dams and highways, to support Afghanistan as a landlocked country. India has also expressed its willingness to include the Taliban in government negotiations, which marks a new development in their relations.
• India-Pakistan: Relations between India and Pakistan have been tense in recent years due to increased cross-border terrorism. Following the Pulwama attack and Balakot Airstrikes, relations further deteriorated.
• India-China: Relations have cooled somewhat after the Doklam standoff. The Wuhan meeting last year attempted to revive previous relations, but visible improvements are yet to be seen. China's consistent support for Pakistan, even at international forums, has been a longstanding point of contention.

BIMSTEC

Introduction:
BIMSTEC, which stands for Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, is a group comprising seven countries: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan. These nations are all connected to the Bay of Bengal in various ways. The initiative was established in 1997 in Bangkok, Thailand, and focuses on cooperation in 14 priority sectors. Additionally, a BIMSTEC free trade agreement is currently in progress.

Significance for India

India has been actively pursuing its Look East Policy, and BIMSTEC plays a crucial role within this strategy. Moreover, BIMSTEC consists of key regional partners for India. Given the growing alliance between Pakistan and China, BIMSTEC serves as an effective counterbalance in terms of geopolitics. India is involved in three major ongoing projects within BIMSTEC: the Kaladan Multimodal project, the Asian Trilateral Highway, and a pact among Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN) for the movement of goods and vehicles.

Challenges Faced by India in BIMSTEC

India has encountered challenges in its projects with neighbouring countries, including slow bureaucratic processes and delays in project completion. These issues have tarnished India's reputation, leading some neighbouring nations to prefer China over India. China's system, being governed by a single-party government, enables faster implementation, construction, and project delivery. As a result, countries like Nepal and Sri Lanka have increasingly turned towards China. However, Myanmar has already signed certain projects with India.

What India needs to work on for a better future

For India to emerge as a true regional leader, it must enhance the efficiency of its project delivery. Addressing bureaucratic hurdles and streamlining paperwork processes are crucial steps to take. Without such improvements, India, despite having good intentions, will struggle to compete with China's well-established machinery.

Blood is thicker than water – Abstract GD topic

This is an old saying that has changed its meaning over time. It now suggests that family relationships are stronger than friendships or romantic relationships. While this may be true for some people, it is not always the case. Naturally, our parents and siblings want us to be happy and they often have our best interests at heart. However, this can sometimes lead to problems. Each person is unique, with their own preferences, interests, and independence, which may differ from those of their parents.

Now, let's discuss the original meaning of the proverb:
The original saying originated from the Bible as "Blood of the covenant is thicker than the water of the womb." Without delving into the details, it simply means that bonds formed through shared hardships and bloodshed on the battlefield are stronger than family ties. And this proverb is absolutely true. When individuals fight alongside each other, they trust each other with their lives. These bonds are forged in the crucible of adversity. They have experienced some of life's toughest moments together, creating a deep sense of brotherhood and camaraderie. These bonds are so strong that they are willing to sacrifice their own lives to save their comrades.

Mechanisms adopted to combat terrorism

Terrorism is no longer confined to any particular nation; it has become a worldwide issue that requires the collective effort of all countries to address it effectively.

The United Nations (UN) has implemented various measures to combat terrorism, including:

• Enhancing law enforcement and border control activities.
• Preventing and responding to attacks involving weapons of mass destruction.
• Combating the financing of terrorism.
• Protecting vulnerable individuals and the Internet from terrorist activities.

Similarly, the European Union (EU) has taken the following steps:

• Strengthening EU border controls: Monitoring and analysing cross-border movements of people.
• Securing external borders: The European Border and Coast Guard aims to have 10,000 border guards by 2027 to manage border control, migration, and combat cross-border crime.
• Preventing the influx of foreign terrorist fighters.
• Utilising air passenger data: Airlines operating flights to and from the EU are required to provide passenger data to national authorities.
• Establishing an information-sharing system: Recognising the importance of information in today's data-driven world, countries within the EU share vital information, enabling police and border guards to cooperate freely and generate alerts. The EU police agency, Europool, supports this exchange of information among national police authorities.
• Cutting off the financing of terrorism.
• Reducing access to dangerous weapons: Stringent firearms directives have been implemented, addressing legal loopholes and closely monitoring weapon acquisition data.
• Enhancing cybersecurity and preventing radicalisation through both online and offline sources.

The reason for sharing the strategies of these two organisations is that they operate collectively rather than individually. Terrorism has surpassed the capabilities of individual countries, and addressing it requires a broader approach.

Conclusion

In conclusion, several countries, including India, have made individual efforts to combat terrorism. However, as this is a global crisis similar to climate change, the EU and UN have demonstrated the importance of collaborative efforts. All nations should learn from their approaches and establish systems for intelligence sharing, collective training, and resource allocation.

India – Iran Relations

History

The history of India-Iran relations dates back to the Cold War era. While India, as a non-aligned nation, formed close military ties with the Soviet Union, Iran aligned itself with the USA. The relationship between the two countries worsened when Iran supported Pakistan and India supported Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. However, they both found common ground in opposing the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, with support from the USA. In 2003, they announced the establishment of strategic relations.

Economics

Iran used to be India's second-largest oil supplier until American sanctions were imposed. India's stance has been to only recognize UN sanctions since its independence. However, to maintain close ties with the USA, the Indian government has halted oil imports from Iran. Previously, the two countries had a bilateral trade worth $12 billion, which was in favor of Iran. India used to export tea and rice, and Iran's interest in these imports was mainly due to India's substantial demand for oil. With the halt in oil imports, we must wait and see how the new government plans to offset the losses due to sanctions and maintain friendly relations with Iran.

Geopolitics

India is currently developing the Chabahar port in Iran, which is of significant economic and strategic importance. Chabahar serves as India's gateway to the Middle East, particularly Afghanistan, bypassing the need to go through Afghanistan directly. Although India has been actively working on its development, its compliance with US sanctions may jeopardize its relationship with Iran. India had also planned to construct a 900 km rail route from Iran to the resource-rich Hajigak region in Afghanistan.

Defence

The security ties between India and Iran strengthened when Iranian President Hojjatoleslam Seyyed Mohammad Khatami visited India in January 2003 as the guest of honor for Republic Day. During this visit, a significant agreement was reached, allowing future Iranian access to Indian military technology. Both countries have agreed to collaborate towards regional peace and stability, with their navies participating in several maritime exercises.

Conclusion

While India has maintained a cordial relationship with Iran so far, the adherence to US sanctions brings along various challenges. According to a 2005 BBC poll, 71% of Iranians considered the Indian impact on their nation to be beneficial, the highest favorability rating for any country in the world. However, India needs to find a way to navigate the implications of complying with US sanctions and seek a resolution soon.

Nationalism vs Regionalism

Theme:
Nationalism and regionalism should be discussed separately in two contexts: 1. Indian context/Political context, and 2. International relations. These concepts have distinct meanings and require separate considerations.

Indian Context/ Political context 

India is a highly diverse country where significant cultural, traditional, and linguistic differences are evident when one travels from the North to the South or from the West to the East. These differences have resulted in divisions, both in terms of administration and culture, within the country. The states in India serve as a prime example of these divisions, with many states having been created in recent decades due to the aspirations of the people in various regions. The establishment of separate states allows for better governance and coordination between the central government and the people of the newly formed states, as demonstrated by the recent case of Telangana.
In India, individuals often identify more strongly with their region rather than the entire country. Instances of conflicts arising from regionalism are not uncommon. Movements such as the demand for Dravida Nadu, the Telangana movement, opposition by Shiv Sena against Kannadigas, the Kashmir issue, the demand for Bodoland, and the Khalistan Movement are all examples of regionalist movements. The central government has historically been reluctant to divide the nation into smaller states. India's first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, was initially opposed to this idea. However, due to mounting pressure from regional forces, the state of Andhra Pradesh became the first to be formed, separating from the Madras Presidency. The primary concern behind this reluctance was the potential compromise to the nation's unity.
Thus far, the central government has handled regional forces wisely, striking a balance between nationalism and regionalism. It is crucial to maintain this balanced approach to ensure India functions cohesively and peacefully, upholding its integrity while providing a platform for regional representation.

Regionalism in International Relations 

In the context of international relations, regionalism refers to cooperation among regional powers to establish harmonious trade, military, and geopolitical ties. Examples of such regional relationships include ASEAN, SCO, and SAARC. Regionalism in this sense helps prevent powerful nations from bullying weaker ones and exploiting them.

On the other hand, nationalism, when applied internationally, can verge on jingoism. Excessive nationalism in the global arena can lead to hostilities between neighboring countries and result in economic losses. A nationalist approach often involves protectionist trade policies, which can severely weaken a country's economy and markets. However, it is important for a nation to maintain its identity in the international arena to ensure it is not taken advantage of. A recent example of nationalism is Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again" campaign.

Once again, a balance must be struck between these two approaches. India has thus far succeeded in establishing meaningful regional relationships while maintaining its national sovereignty.

India-France Relations

History 
The relationship between France and India has a long history. France maintained its presence in India as a colonial power from the 17th century until 1954. They were the last European nation to arrive in India, establishing the 'French East India Company' in 1664 and setting up factories in Surat and Masulipatnam. The French administrators in India engaged in power struggles with the British and supported several kingdoms in their wars against British rule. France retained control over Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanam, and Mahe, while Madras Presidency remained under British rule. Many Indian freedom fighters sought refuge in French establishments to evade capture by the British. Following independence, a treaty of cession was signed in 1956, and in 1962 France ceded full sovereignty over the territories it controlled to India. However, the French rule over these territories was exploitative in nature, affecting both the people and resources.

Economics 

India and France have intertwined economic relations, impacted by stalled negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union (EU). The trade is primarily focused on the defence and space sectors. In 2017-18, India had a trade deficit of 1.62 billion dollars with France. Imports from France include aircraft and its parts, electrical and mechanical machinery, and nuclear reactors and boilers, among others. India's exports to France consist of nuclear reactors and boilers, articles of apparel and clothing accessories, mineral fuels, mineral oils, and their distillation products. France is collaborating with India on the development of smart cities.

Defence 

India and France enjoy a robust defence relationship. France has been a longstanding supporter of India's nuclear programs. It has been a major supplier to the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force, providing Mirage-2000s in the 1980s, which were used in the Balakot strikes. Currently, France is supplying Rafale aircraft to the Indian Air Force. Additionally, the P-75 Scorpene project is underway, involving the construction of six Scorpene-class submarines in India with technology transfer from France. Regular bilateral military exercises, including Shakti (Army), Varuna (Navy), and Garuda (Air Force), are conducted between India and the French Armed Forces.

Diplomacy 

Both countries are working together towards their shared goal of a multipolar world order. France strongly supports India's inclusion as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). They jointly initiated the International Solar Alliance (ISA), which includes all UN member countries. EU regulations significantly impact the India-France relationship due to France's membership in the EU. India and the EU largely align on issues such as Iran's 2015 nuclear deal, India's stance against Pakistan and terrorism. However, India has concerns as the EU gradually leans towards China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Other Areas 

• Nuclear Cooperation: France acknowledged India's need for nuclear tests and, alongside the US, worked towards India obtaining a clean waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) to integrate India into the global nuclear order. After the NSG waiver, France became the first country to enter into a civil nuclear deal with India.
• Space Cooperation: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the French Space Organization (CNES) have a longstanding cooperation. France is a major supplier of equipment for India's space programs.

Conclusion 

Since gaining independence, India has maintained a healthy relationship with France, which should be further strengthened. This relationship can serve as a means to enhance ties with the EU, which would be advantageous, particularly as China's presence in Europe grows.

BRICS

BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It was established in 2006 as BRIC, with South Africa joining as a member in 2010. Russia took the initiative to create BRICS, and annual summits are held to discuss progress and new goals.
BRICS is a group of developing countries that support each other in various areas such as development projects, improved infrastructure, energy security, health, sustainable development, and climate change.
BRICS serves as a link between the developed West and the developing nations. It has partially worked to counter the United States' monopoly in international institutions. Additionally, their collaboration helped them navigate the 2008 recession.
Since the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is still dominated by the USA, the BRICS countries have established their own bank called The New Development Bank. It is headquartered in Shanghai, China, with an initial subscribed capital of $50 billion. Unlike the IMF, the founding members of BRICS have equal voting rights, while non-BRICS members have voting power proportional to their subscribed shares in the bank's capital stock.
The world has reached a level of globalization that cannot be reversed. Unfortunately, instead of cooperation, we are witnessing an increase in xenophobia, anti-globalization sentiment, unilateralism, protectionism, and populism. The BRICS community aims to advance mutual benefit, cooperation, and win-win outcomes.

Major benefits for India

Major benefits for India include reduced tensions with China through this platform, maintaining a strong relationship with its longstanding ally Russia, and having the New Development Bank as a source of funding for coal projects, given the World Bank's decision to halt such funding.

Conclusion 

In conclusion, BRICS represents 41% of the world population, with a combined nominal GDP of $18.6 trillion and $4.46 trillion in combined foreign reserves as of 2018. India and China are the world's fastest-growing economies. Together, these countries have the potential to bring about significant changes in the current socio-economic order, which is currently dominated by the US, EU, and G-7 nations. It is crucial for these countries to recognize their collective potential and work towards sustainable development, involving more nations in the process.

Is nuclear disarmament mandatory to achieve World Peace?

No, they have helped in maintaining world peace 

Is nuclear disarmament necessary for achieving world peace? No, it isn't. Nuclear weapons, despite their destructive power, have actually played a role in maintaining peace. As Sun Tzu said in 'The Art of War', "Attack is the secret of defence; defence is the planning of an attack." The use of a nuclear bomb by the USA in Japan brought an end to World War II, and since then, there have been no open, full-scale wars among countries possessing nuclear arms. While tensions persist, the presence of these weapons acts as a deterrent. However, it's important to consider the catastrophic effects nuclear weapons can have, as witnessed in Japan. The development of even more powerful weapons raises concerns about the potential for global devastation. This is evident in the relationship between India and Pakistan, where tensions exist but full-scale war has been avoided due to both countries possessing nuclear weapons.

Yes, Nuclear Disarmament is necessary 

On the other hand, experts argue that nuclear disarmament is necessary. Climate change and nuclear weapons are seen as the two major threats to humanity, and complete disarmament has been advocated for. When a nuclear bomb detonates, the devastation is immense, with temperatures surpassing that of the sun. Additionally, the long-lasting effects on survivors and the environment are significant. It's alarming to know that nearly 2000 nuclear weapons are on high alert throughout the year, and any miscommunication or misunderstanding could lead to a disaster, especially given the impulsive leadership witnessed worldwide. The advancement of the symbolic Doomsday Clock by 30 seconds in February, as indicated by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, highlights the failure of world leaders in maintaining peace. Furthermore, the risk of terrorist organizations obtaining nuclear weapons poses unimaginable destruction, especially considering the vulnerabilities in some countries' security systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, both arguments hold weight. In the era of globalization, it is crucial to address global issues collaboratively, as no single country can tackle them alone. To safeguard our beautiful planet Earth, we must recognize this reality and engage in fair, negotiated, and mature cooperation with one another.

Criminalization of politics

What is criminalization of politics?
The criminalization of politics refers to the increasing trend of politicians, specifically MLAs and MPs, facing criminal charges. Over the years, the number of lawmakers with criminal cases filed against them has risen, which is a cause for concern. In the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, 24% of MPs were facing criminal charges, with 12% facing serious charges. This percentage increased to 30% facing criminal charges and 14% facing serious charges in the 2009 elections. The numbers reached even higher levels in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, with 34.4% of MPs facing criminal charges.

Background

In September 2018, the Supreme Court dealt with a series of pleas questioning whether lawmakers facing criminal trials should be disqualified from contesting elections when charges are framed against them. The case, Public Interest Foundation vs Union of India, heard by a constitution bench, highlighted the concerns of the general public regarding the criminalization of politics.

What does the constitution say on this?

Under the current law, the Representation of Peoples (RP) Act prohibits lawmakers and candidates from contesting elections only after they are convicted in a criminal case. In the Lily Thomas case of 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that any MLA, MP, or MLC convicted with a minimum sentence of 2 years would immediately lose their seat.

Should there be stricter laws?

The issue of criminalization has plagued Indian politics since independence, but imposing stricter laws presents a dilemma. While some argue that anyone accused of a crime should be barred from participating in elections, such a law has the potential for misuse. Political rivals may file false cases against each other to sabotage their opponents. The law treats everyone as innocent until proven guilty, and it would be best to uphold this principle.
The Supreme Court, in its August 2018 verdict, acknowledged that the issue was beyond its jurisdiction and that the legislature needed to address the problem. However, in this case, the legislature itself is implicated. Therefore, the possibility of enacting a law against itself seems unlikely in the near future.
Nevertheless, the Supreme Court, despite being outside its jurisdiction, issued the following directives: Every candidate must fill out a form provided by the Election Commission of India, stating in bold letters the criminal cases pending against them. If a candidate is contesting an election on a party ticket, they must inform the party about the pending criminal cases. The political party must then publish this information on its website. Additionally, the candidate and the political party must declare the candidate's background in widely circulated newspapers and electronic media. The declaration should be made at least thrice after filing the nomination papers.
The Supreme Court has also mandated the establishment of special courts by lower courts to handle cases involving MPs, MLAs, and MLCs. These special courts must complete the hearings within one year. If they fail to do so, they must provide a valid reason to the High Court of the state.

Conclusion

In light of the information provided, it is clear that all possible aspects of the issue have been examined. The Supreme Court has once again upheld the constitution and the integrity of our country by issuing directives for candidates. However, the legislature's response has been disappointing. The legislature should enact laws based on the Supreme Court's directives, but there has been no action on this front so far. The judiciary also needs to expedite the resolution of pending cases against legislators as soon as possible.

Who serves the country most – Teacher or Solider?

Soldier 

Defends the country from external threats.
To effectively perform his duties, he has to be away from home and family for long periods.
He may have to serve in scorching deserts with temperatures reaching 55 degrees Celsius, or at high altitudes of 22,000 feet with temperatures dropping to -40 degrees Celsius.
He puts his life at risk when necessary. For a soldier, the safety of his fellow countrymen comes first, followed by the safety of his comrades and himself.

Teacher 

• Has the responsibility of educating children.
• Throughout their education, children attend schools/colleges, and the teachers' attitude towards their students and profession greatly influences the future of those students.
• Teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of the country.

Conclusion 

• One of the main reasons why India is still a developing country is the lack of education. Research and data have consistently shown that no country in the world has ever prospered without education or basic healthcare facilities.
• While there are 23 countries in the world without an army, there is no country that can exist without schools.

India-US relations

History 

• The United States supported India's independence during World War II and considered India more diplomatically valuable than Pakistan. However, due to India's non-alignment policy, the USA began developing relations with Pakistan and made it a 'Central Treaty Organization Ally' in 1954. As a result, India formed strategic and military relations with the Soviet Union.
• In the years following independence, the USA provided aid to India, including 1.7 billion dollars, with 931 million dollars for food. During the Sino-Indian war in 1962, the USA assisted India by supplying ammunition, arms, and clothing.
• However, after President Kennedy, Indo-US relations deteriorated significantly, and by the time Richard Nixon became President, the USA shifted its position towards Pakistan in the Indo-Pak tensions.
• In 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test, known as 'Smiling Buddha,' which was opposed by the USA. Nevertheless, relations gradually improved in the 1980s, and the USA provided substantial technical assistance in the fields of electronics, aviation, and communication.
• When Atal Bihari Vajpayee became Prime Minister, he approved nuclear weapons testing in Pokhran, which was strongly opposed by the Clinton government. As a result, India faced numerous sanctions and embargoes, except for food. Japan also supported the USA's stance. However, India proceeded with its development plans, and the sanctions were eventually lifted.

Economics 

• India and the USA have a bilateral trade worth 74.5 billion dollars, with the USA having a trade deficit of 21 billion dollars with India. India is the USA's ninth-largest goods trading partner.
• However, due to failed free trade negotiations and the current US government's 'America First Policy,' the USA decided to withdraw import duty benefits for approximately 2,000 Indian goods under its Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program. This has led to a declining trade surplus.
• The USA claims that it is not receiving a fair share of the Indian market and demands import duty relaxations due to its increasing exports. On the other hand, India argues that the USA fails to acknowledge its efforts to reduce the trade deficit, such as importing oil and gas worth 4 billion dollars for the first time in 2018.
• If the USA proceeds with revoking India's Preferential Trade status, India plans to impose higher import duties on 29 items imported from the USA. This move would put an additional burden of 290 million dollars per year on the USA.

Defence and Security 

A senior Pentagon commander recently stated that defence sales between India and the USA are at an all-time high. The USA has been supplying aircraft to the Indian navy (P-8I) and air force (C-17 Globemaster, Hercules C-130J, Apache, and Chinook Helicopters). In July, the USA started delivering M777 Howitzers to the Indian Army.
India has signed two agreements with the USA:

• COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement): It facilitates access to advanced defence systems, allowing India to optimize its existing U.S.-origin platforms.
• LEMOA (Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement): LEMOA grants access to designated military facilities for refuelling and replenishment purposes. Both India and the USA can access each other's bases worldwide for logistical support.

During the recent 2+2 dialogue, the defence ministers of both countries recognized the role of technology and agreed to prioritize co-production and co-development projects through the Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI).
Military Exercise Participation:

• Yudh Abhyas: An annual combat exercise between the Indian and American armies.
• Malabar: An annual naval exercise between India and the USA, which began in 1992. Japan joined in 2015.
• Cope India: Exercises between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the United States Air Force (USAF).
• Red Flag: India has participated in this aviation exercise conducted by the USAF in Nebraska several times a year, alongside NATO and other allied countries.

Diplomacy 

• Since independence, the USA has shown a preference for Pakistan, even supporting Pakistan in the 1971 Indo-Pak War. The USA provided military and monetary aid to Pakistan for a long time. However, the Trump administration started reducing military aid to Pakistan due to its reluctance to act on terrorism.
• The USA's support for India is also part of its strategy to deal with China. The progress of China's military and technology, as well as its expansion in the Indian Ocean, concerns both India and the USA. Therefore, the USA aims to unite like-minded democracies and, with India's help, keep a check on China.
• In 2018, India received a waiver under the CAATSA (Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act), which prevented a standoff between the two countries. This waiver was granted because India showed reluctance to purchase S400 Triumf missiles from Russia and import oil from Iran. However, the USA has not renewed the waiver, and India is likely to stop importing oil from Iran from May.

Conclusion 

India-USA relations have experienced constant ups and downs, with both positive and negative aspects for India, regardless of the US President in power. It is important to prioritize maintaining our sovereignty and fostering good relations with our neighbors.
While there may be merits in being close to the USA, we should not overlook Russia's contributions since independence. Additionally, we had good relations with Iran, which provided us with cheaper oil. India maintains that it only abides by UN sanctions and should stand firm on this position. It is crucial to find a way to continue relations with Iran while not appearing weak on the international stage.

India’s role in its neighboring countries

India shares borders with several countries, including Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Here's a summary of India's relationship with each of these nations:

• Pakistan: Our relations with Pakistan have been mostly hostile due to tensions in Kashmir and ceasefire violations. We have engaged in four wars with Pakistan in the past. After the Pulwama attack, India increased import duty and halted trade with Pakistan. However, the Kartarpur corridor stands as a positive development between the two countries.
• China: India's relationship with China can be described as somewhat cordial, although there are occasional disputes over borders and trade. Both nations signed the 'Panchsheel Agreement,' but China doesn't always adhere to it. In 1962, India lost the Aksai Chin region to China in a war. China is currently India's largest trading partner, but we have a trade deficit of 53 billion dollars. There is fierce competition between the two countries to establish dominance in the Indian Ocean region. China openly supports Pakistan against India, raising concerns for India and other nations. India has withheld support for China's BRI (Belt & Road Initiative) due to China's undermining of India's sovereignty.
• Afghanistan: Although India claims to be a direct neighbor of Afghanistan, the border lies in the Gilgit Baltistan area, which comes under Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK). Nonetheless, India is considered Afghanistan's most valued partner. We have donated over 3 billion dollars to Afghanistan and provided assistance in building schools, offering scholarships, constructing the new Parliament building, and establishing the Salma dam. India and Iran are on the verge of signing a transit agreement to transport goods to landlocked Afghanistan. Since road connectivity via Pakistan is denied, we have established two air corridors.
• Bangladesh: Our relationship with Bangladesh has had its ups and downs, but currently, relations are cordial. India played a significant role in Bangladesh's liberation war against Pakistan. In 2011, both countries signed the Tin Bigha corridor agreement, which demarcated the border. India has made substantial investments in Bangladesh's infrastructure development. Both nations have agreed to combat terrorism together, and India supplies electricity to Bangladesh. Additionally, India has extended a 500 million dollar line of credit for defence equipment and conducts regular military exercises with Bangladesh. Bangladesh also allows the movement of Indian goods through its territory to India's northeastern states and can transmit electricity from Assam to Bihar.
• Myanmar: India shares a 1600 km long border with Myanmar, and our relations have been relatively normal. Myanmar was once a province of British India before its separation in 1937. We have had cultural exchanges, particularly involving Buddhist texts. Trade and connections with Myanmar are currently limited, but India aims to improve these aspects as part of its 'Act East' policy. Since 2017, India has granted visa-free entry to all Myanmar citizens. Both countries have agreed to cooperate against terrorism and drug trafficking. India is assisting Myanmar in modernizing its military.
• Bhutan: India's relationship with Bhutan is exceptionally close and unique. Bhutan is the largest recipient of Indian foreign aid, and we have supported their development in various areas. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru once stated that any aggression towards Bhutan would be considered an act of aggression towards India. In 1949, India and Bhutan signed a Treaty of Friendship, granting India a guiding role in Bhutan's foreign policy while not interfering in its internal matters. This agreement was revoked in 2007. India also takes responsibility for training Bhutan's army. Bhutan has declared its aim to become a developed country by 2045, and India should not underestimate the economic and strategic importanceIndia's Role in Neighboring Countries

India shares borders with several neighbouring countries, including Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Let's take a look at India's relationship with each of these nations:

• Pakistan: India has had mostly hostile relations with Pakistan due to tensions in Kashmir and ceasefire violations. There have been four wars fought between the two countries. After the Pulwama attack, India increased import duty and halted trade with Pakistan. However, the Kartarpur corridor stands as a positive development between the two nations.
• China: India's relationship with China can be described as somewhat friendly, although there are occasional disputes over borders and trade. Both countries signed the 'Panchsheel Agreement,' but China doesn't always adhere to it. In 1962, India lost the Aksai Chin region to China in a war. China is currently India's largest trading partner, but there is a trade deficit of 53 billion dollars. There is intense competition between the two countries to establish dominance in the Indian Ocean region. China openly supports Pakistan against India, raising concerns for India and other countries. India has withheld support for China's BRI (Belt & Road Initiative) due to China's disregard for India's sovereignty.
• Afghanistan: Although India claims to be a direct neighbour of Afghanistan, the border lies in the Gilgit Baltistan area, which comes under Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK). Nonetheless, India is considered Afghanistan's most valued partner. India has donated over 3 billion dollars to Afghanistan and provided assistance in building schools, offering scholarships, constructing the new Parliament building, and establishing the Salma dam. India and Iran are about to sign a transit agreement to transport goods to landlocked Afghanistan. Since road connectivity via Pakistan is denied, India has established two air corridors.
• Bangladesh: India's relationship with Bangladesh has had its ups and downs, but currently, relations are friendly. India played a significant role in Bangladesh's liberation war against Pakistan. In 2011, both countries signed the Tin Bigha corridor agreement, which demarcated the border. India has made substantial investments in Bangladesh's infrastructure development. Both nations have agreed to combat terrorism together, and India supplies electricity to Bangladesh. Additionally, India has extended a 500 million dollar line of credit for defence equipment and conducts regular military exercises with Bangladesh. Bangladesh also allows the movement of Indian goods through its territory to India's northeastern states and can transmit electricity from Assam to Bihar.
• Myanmar: India shares a 1600 km long border with Myanmar, and their relations have been relatively normal. Myanmar was once a province of British India before its separation in 1937. Cultural exchanges have taken place, particularly involving Buddhist texts. Trade and connections with Myanmar are currently limited, but India aims to improve these aspects as part of its 'Act East' policy. Since 2017, India has granted visa-free entry to all Myanmar citizens. Both countries have agreed to cooperate against terrorism and drug trafficking. India is assisting Myanmar in modernizing its military.
• Bhutan: India's relationship with Bhutan is exceptionally close and unique. Bhutan is the largest recipient of Indian foreign aid, and India has supported its development in various areas. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru once stated that any aggression towards Bhutan would be considered an act of aggression towards India. In 1949, India and Bhutan signed a Treaty of Friendship, granting India a guiding role in Bhutan's foreign policy while not interfering in its internal matters. This agreement was revoked in 2007. India also takes responsibility for training Bhutan's army. Bhutan has declared its aim to become a developed country by 2045, and India should not underestimate the economic and strategic importance of maintaining strong ties with Bhutan to compete with China in the region.
• Nepal: India's relationship with Nepal began with the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship. India and Nepal have open borders, allowing citizens of both countries to move freely. Nepalese citizens can also work freely in India, with some exceptions. India has provided significant assistance to Nepal in terms of infrastructure development, line of credit, free trade, and monetary aid. However, there has been a growing closeness between Nepal and China recently, and India should handle its relations with both countries tactfully.
• Sri Lanka: India and Sri Lanka have generally enjoyed positive relations. Both countries share deep cultural links, with Buddhism and Hinduism being core values. India is Sri Lanka's largest trading partner. India assisted Sri Lanka in its struggle against the LTTE. There is increased closeness between China and Sri Lanka, particularly with China's involvement in the Hambantota port. However, India has also gained control of the Hambantota airport management for 40 years and signed a civil nuclear deal with Sri Lanka.

Conclusion

While India initially had good relations with most neighbouring countries, there is a tendency for them to gravitate towards China. To prevent China from gaining a dominant position in the South Asian region, India should continuously review its policies and remain proactive.

Is non-violence still relevant today?

Non-violence may not be effective in today's world

• Before discussing whether non-violence is applicable in the present, let's examine its past success.
• In 1906, Mahatma Gandhi organized the first Satyagraha in South Africa, which lasted for eight years. Although they achieved some rights through Satyagraha, it failed to completely eliminate oppressive laws and cultural norms against Indians and other races.
• Despite the relentless efforts and significant expenditure of more than a crore rupees (equivalent to approximately Rs 300 today), Swaraj, promised by Gandhi within a year, was not attained.
• The Bardoli peasants did not receive what was promised to them by the leaders of the Satyagraha, namely Sardar Patel and Mahatma Gandhi.
• Attributing Indian independence solely to Satyagraha would be inaccurate. If World War II had not occurred, India would have remained a British colony beyond 1947.
• The outcome of Satyagraha was failure, and the compromises it won were mistakenly seen as victories. Compromises can never be stepping stones to achieving complete independence.
• Although I am not a fan of Winston Churchill due to the atrocities he was responsible for against Indians, he was right when he said, "You cannot reason with a tiger when your head is in its mouth."
• Bhagat Singh also believed that "There can be no just negotiations between the powerful and the weak."
• Non-violence is not a solution when dealing with terrorists from POK (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir) or operating from POK itself, ceasefire violations by Pakistan, or militants trained and supported by China in the northeast. They are our enemies, and we have no obligation to win their hearts. We should communicate with them using the language they understand. The Indian Defence Forces should instill such immense fear among foreign terrorists that the mere thought of harming Indians would make them tremble with fear.

Non-violence will work in today’s world :

• However, this does not mean that we should resort to violence to solve all our problems. The approach should depend on who we are dealing with.
• Non-violence can be a good solution for addressing issues related to Naxalism and Kashmir. We need to show care towards these individuals as they are our own citizens; they are Indians. The government should focus on providing education and healthcare facilities in these regions instead of increasing the number of security personnel. We cannot win their hearts through hostility or by suppressing their voices with the use of force.
• The international community is actively working towards resolving conflicts through dialogue and making efforts to prevent violence. The emphasis on non-violence has helped us avoid a third world war so far.
• Non-violence can also bring about change in criminals. By transforming prisons into reformative centres and promoting peaceful methods of rehabilitation, we can create a better society. Tihar Central Jail has proven this to be possible.
• Gandhiji's quote, "An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind," reminds us of the significance of non-violence regardless of the era we live in.

Conclusion

Whether to choose violence or non-violence depends on the nature of the problem or enemy we face. If our aim is to establish peace and coexist with the person in front of us, non-violence is the path to choose. However, if our goal is to dismantle an oppressive regime, an armed movement may be necessary.

“America First” Policy : Good or bad for World Geopolitics?

The USA has a significant influence on global affairs, but the "America First" policy could have negative consequences for both the rest of the world and the USA itself in the long run. Over the years, we have experienced economic growth and relative stability through global interdependencies and rule-based relations. However, in today's world, where issues like international terrorism, nuclear proliferation, migration, pandemics, and climate change transcend borders, it is crucial to work together, setting aside rivalries and differences.
Unfortunately, the Trump administration appears to have developed hostility towards multilateralism. Their focus on short-term gains has disregarded the potential long-term side effects. Let's examine how the "America First" policy is affecting geopolitical dynamics:

• Climate Change: The USA has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement, denying the reports on climate change. This decision is detrimental to humanity as a whole. With its abundant financial resources, technological infrastructure, and intellectual capacity, the USA could have led the way in addressing climate change and assisting developing and underdeveloped countries. However, the USA selfishly withdrew from the agreement, claiming that it would harm its economy and put it at a permanent disadvantage.
• Economy: Trump's policies have played a significant role in the International Monetary Fund's decision to lower its global growth forecast by 0.2 percentage points to 3.7% for this year and the next. The US president pursued two key economic policies: a substantial tax cut that could lead to the highest budget deficit since 2012 and an aggressive trade policy involving steep tariffs against China and the renegotiation of agreements with long-standing partners like Mexico, Canada, and the EU. These planned tariffs are likely to backfire, as globalization and integrated supply chains mean that all countries in respective regions will suffer from trade wars.
• Defence & Security: Through military escalations, unwavering support for impulsive US allies, opposition to the Iran nuclear deal, endorsement of the extreme right-wing regime in Israel, and a lack of interest in peacemaking, President Trump has destabilized the Middle East and increased the risk of conflicts.
• Social Aspects: The imposition of travel bans on certain countries, the ban on LGBT individuals, demonization of immigrants, African Americans, Mexicans, and public encouragement of hatred are not only against moral values but also contradict American principles.

Conclusion

Trump's "America First" policy has been a significant disservice to both the USA and the world. If the USA wishes to maintain its central role on the international stage, it should urgently change its current course. A true leader should care for those in need, respect everyone, and prioritize initiatives that benefit the greater good, while also considering their own interests. In this critical time for humanity, the USA should proactively take the right steps and embrace positive changes, thus achieving the true meaning of "Making America Great Again."

India has a long coastal line. Is it an advantage or Liability?

Advantages :

• Maritime trade: India's long coastline has been instrumental in facilitating maritime trade since 2400 BC. With 12 major ports and 205 minor ports, the majority of India's trading volume (95%) and value (70%) is conducted through maritime transport. This allows India to export spices, fine cloths, minerals, and more.
• Tourism: The lengthy coastline provides opportunities for beautiful and relaxing beaches, attracting tourists. Six out of the ten most visited states by foreigners in India have coastlines. Tourism contributes significantly to the revenue of regions such as Goa and Andaman & Nicobar.
• Monsoon: The Indian Ocean is closely associated with monsoons, which play a vital role in agriculture. Good monsoons ensure favourable crop growth, benefiting 61% of the Indian population that relies on agriculture.
• Security: Coastal regions offer a level of safety compared to land borders, as potential threats can be detected well before they reach the shore.
• Natural Resources: India's Exclusive Economic Zone is abundant in valuable minerals like manganese, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc, iron, and nickel. Additionally, it holds deposits of gold, silver, palladium, platinum, oil, and natural gas. Exploiting these resources sustainably would greatly benefit India. Furthermore, investing in seawater purification technology could help alleviate the country's freshwater scarcity.

Disadvantages :

• Natural Disasters: Coastal areas are prone to natural hazards such as tsunamis, cyclones, and floods, resulting in loss of life, infrastructure, and financial resources.
• Expense on security: Securing maritime borders, zones, and marine assets necessitates the maintenance of the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard. Modernization efforts, including the acquisition of ships, submarines, helicopters, aircraft, and training personnel, incur significant costs, amounting to approximately Rs. 42,000 crore.

Conclusion 

Considering the arguments presented above, India's 7500 km long coastline is undoubtedly advantageous. Although the expenditure on security amounts to Rs. 42,000 crore, if India had land borders instead, the expenses on the Indian Army and Indian Air Force would likely exceed the current investment.