Secondary Activities (Overview) Video Lecture | Geography Class 12 - Humanities/Arts

welcome to chapter six secondary
activities of class 12 NCERT so what is
the first thing that comes to our mind
when we hear the word secondary
activities it's always going to be
manufacturing because manufacturing
involves creating things and when you're
creating things you're adding a lot of
value to it and that's the kind of job
that falls under secondary activities
now if you look around and see all the
objects everything is made up of some or
the other sort of natural resource now
it is the job of these secondly
activities people to convert act raw
material into valuable products now what
I mean by that is let's take an example
of clothes that you're wearing suppose
if you are wearing a specific type of
cloth which is cotton clothes now you
must be familiar with the fact that
cotton is a plant and by the way it is
processed you are able to get a cloth
out of it and that's what you're wearing
right now so I hope you're understanding
the transformation that is taking place
from primary sector to secondary sector
that is what I mean when I say that
secondary activities add value to the
product similarly you can take an
example of iron ore so iron ore is a
mineral that is found in mines now you
cannot directly take it and use it right
you need to first convert it into proper
structured steels so that you can use
that to build infrastructure so the
extracting part from the mine is the job
of primary sector people and converting
that into a solid steel is the job of
secondary activities people so the final
conclusion is that the job of people
working in secondary activities is to
add value to the product so the first
topic that we will read under this
chapter is manufacturing so the other
meaning of the word manufacturing is
simply production anything that you make
directly falls under manufacturing
category now you understand the meaning
of the word manufacturing but there is
another important aspect associated with
it and that is the ability to produce
more meaning mass production so if you
are able to make hundreds and thousands
and lakhs of units of one particular
thing then you have a large production
unit which we call it as manufacturing
industry because the whole purpose of
the manufacturing sector is to serve to
the economy to the nation so if you're
not having a mass production unit then
it gets very difficult because there is
a
huge population that needs to be fed in
other words you have to supply to meet
the demand and to do that you will need
extreme help from modern power and
machineries because it's it's almost
impossible to put humans behind it and
make them produce thousands and lakhs of
units of a particular product and that's
going to be time consuming and time is
something that the manufacturing sector
is particular
hence you need heavy machineries however
there is a catch if you go to most of
the third-world countries I'm talking
about countries like Bangladesh Africa
so there the work is still done in
literal sense what I mean by that is
humans are doing it with their own hands
I mean there is very minimum machinery
involved and what is the reason behind
it that's a whole different story
because then we'll go into the aspects
of why their particular government is
not spending behind infrastructure so
that's a whole different story for a
different topic so here we are just
going to focus on the manufacturing
aspect of a particular country now we
are going to read about characteristics
of modern large-scale manufacturing when
we say characteristics we mean the
advantages strengths the area of
expertise so the first one is
specialization of skills or methods of
production
now this quality is quite common in big
modern factories here the labor force is
divided into departments and accordingly
workload is distributed so that each
worker performs only one task repeatedly
so this way there is no delay in the
production line and over the time the
work has become specialist in that line
of work and the second quality is
mechanization to accomplish any work you
need tools to finish a bigger job you
need bigger and better tools in modern
factories Automation plays a very
important role it saves time energy and
increases productivity you can see a lot
of computer-controlled machines in
automobile industries and the third
quality is technological innovation for
this a factory must need a strong
research and development that is R&D
department the work of R&D department is
to constantly look for new technologies
and better ways to accomplish a task
that's why the company that spends more
on R&D has cutting-edge technologies to
solve their problems and the next one is
organizational structure and
stratification
this one over here purely means the
organizational management now if you
look at all these points they are pretty
much the steps that is followed in a
large modern manufacturing industry you
will find complex machine technology
meaning robots and automated machines
then you'll find the work is divided
into different departments so that
individually if you finish the parts
that will together finish the entire
work then these factories have huge
capital investment for functioning any
break will cause huge loss they also
have large organizations meaning so many
employees and always remember more
employees means more productivity and
that will lead to more growth and
finally there will be an adverse
straight branch that deals with the
policy making and decision making roles
this is an authoritative role where in
major decisions regarding company's
future is data mined now we are going to
read about uneven geographic
distribution now if you see the world
map there are very few places where
manufacturing has developed and it's due
to various factors like location
availability of resources then
geopolitics economic development and
many other factors now if an industry
has to make profit always remember it
has to reduce cost for that it has to be
nearer to the resources by resources I
mean natural resources labor bar
transportation etc all of this adds up
to the production cost so there are very
few places in the world where you will
find all of this at one place
that's why geographic distribution is
uneven it is not equal now let's read
about some of the factors influencing
the industrial locations first one is
access to market in order to keep an
industry going there has to be a market
the meaning of market is where people
can buy that is where demand is there
and purchasing power that is money is
there and if you look at the world map
the regions of Europe of North America
Japan and Australia are the global
markets where the demand and purchasing
power is very high and if we have to
speak about Asia then India and China
forms a large market purely because of
the huge population the second factor is
access to raw material without raw
material industries are empty so the
entire cost of the product that is
produced is heavily
determined by the fact that how close is
the industry to the source of raw
material for example if iron industry is
closer to iron ore mines then the cost
of transportation will be less and cost
of iron would be cheap similarly if a
group processing and dairy industry are
closer to farm then the products would
not get damaged and the third factor is
access to labor supply industries need
labor of workers even if there is
automation or robot you still need
workers so labor supply or human
resources is very important for in the
industry and the fourth one is access to
transportation and communication
facilities improvement in transportation
facilities decreases the cost of
production because if you are spending
behind long distance transportation that
will take up a lot of money and
communication facilities helps in the
exchange and management of information
which helps the industry to function
globally with accuracy and efficiency
then we have government policy
industries boosts economic development
of a region therefore government does a
lot to promote industrial development in
terms of giving incentives like reducing
taxes import duties power concessions
etc and the final factor is access to
elimination
economies that is links between
industries so the meaning of
agglomeration is a collection of things
so when we say agglomeration economies
we mean collection of economies if
industries are located nearby to each
other they tend to mutually benefit from
each other in terms of services adaption
of Technology methods ideas etc so these
were the factors influencing the
industrial locations now we are going to
read about the ways in which
manufacturing industries is divided it's
purely to understand the secondary
activity in much more depth so here's a
picture that shows the overall
classification they're going to first
understand the classification of
industries based on size it is easy to
understand that if our industry is big
and massive there's a lot of investment
that goes into it then the amount of
workers working there would be large so
classification based on size is
something we understand but under this
we have three more categories let's get
to know each one of them the first one
is household industries or cottage
manufacturing
the moment the word household comes it
has to be a small manufacturing unit
because most of it is being done in your
house or backyard or some small garage
sort of place so here the output is also
low it's not huge
because artisans who are also the
workers here use simple tools and local
raw materials to produce goods hence
there isn't much profit involved when
there isn't much profit automatically
capital investment is also low and would
affect the whole production unit some
examples of products produced in this
sector of manufacturing include
foodstuffs fabrics mats containers tools
furniture shoes jewelry and other fancy
items the second category is small-scale
manufacturing now this one is entirely
different from household industries
please don't get confused between both
of them in this kind of manufacturing
there are simple power driven machines
and semi skilled Labor's involved
usually there will be small workshop
where the work is carried out then small
supply and demand will be there so in
overall sense these are a little bigger
commercially when compared to household
industries countries like India China
Indonesia and Brazil have developed
labor intensive small-scale
manufacturing industries and the third
one is large-scale manufacturing now
this one does not need any introduction
this kind of industry has a large market
access to large portion of raw materials
enormous energy specialized workers
advanced technology and mass production
is common here today this kind of
manufacturing is spread across the world
and they contribute significantly to a
nation's economy now let's understand
industries based on inputs raw materials
as raw materials are the basic
requirement for any industry to grow
hence we will break down the industry
based on raw materials they use under
this
the first one is agro based industries
meaning agricultural raw materials so
most of the raw materials comes from the
field and the farm and they are made
into finished products from rural and
urban markets the kind of industries
that fall in this category are food
processing sugar pickles fruit juices
beverages like tea coffee and cocoa
spices and oils
and textiles like cotton jute silk
rubber etc the second one is mineral
based industries here minerals are used
as raw material a good example would be
iron and steel industries they use
ferrous metallic minerals then we have
other industries like aluminum copper
and jewelry industries which use
non-ferrous metallic minerals and then
there are cement and pottery industries
who do not use any metallic minerals the
third one is chemical based industries
usage of chemicals are the speciality of
these industries we have petroleum
industry that uses chemicals to convert
crude oil into refined petroleum and
petrochemical products then salts sulfur
and potassium the strees also use
natural minerals then synthetic fiber
plastic are used with some chemicals to
produce more durable products so this is
all the job of chemical based industries
the fourth one is forest based raw
material using industries the products
that are made in this industry is purely
out of forest resources like trees wood
bamboo grass paper industry furniture
industry thrives on this type of
resources and the fifth one is animal
based industries leather fur leather
industry and wolf oval index tiles are
obtained from animals there isn't much
to understand about this animals are the
raw materials for some of humans
unnecessary wants now we'll try to
understand industry is based on output
of product so this kind of industries
are those whose products are used to
make goods and by using those Goods as
raw materials there are other industries
making a living on it what I mean by
that is textile industry produces
clothes and then there are small
business owners who use clothes to make
various type of garments for consumer
for these small business owners clothes
are raw material for their businesses I
hope you got what I just said
similarly iron and steel industries
produces iron and steel sheets and bars
now there are industries who take these
Island sheets and bars to make
structural frame or machines or tools so
here we can say that raw material for
such machines and tools is iron and
steel I hope you understood this point
now we have industries based on
ownership the first one is public sector
industries
government is the owner of these
industries they are also known as public
sector undertakings some examples are
pale barýþ heavy electronic limited then
Coal India then sale that is steel
authority of india then Gale gas
Authority of India then we have Indian
Oil Corporation NTPC etc the second one
is private sector industries it is owned
by individual investors these are what
we call as private organizations some
examples are the lands Industries
Limited Tata Consultancy Services
Infosys technologies pepra limited to
party a Dell ITC limited ICICI Bank etc
and the third one is joint sector
industries the shareholders in this
industry is both the government as well
as a private investor they get into some
sort of partnership to run a joint
sector industry then the fourth one is
missing here
but it is known as cooperative
industries here the industries rely on
each other based on some mutual
cooperation now we are going to read
about traditional large scale industrial
regions so when we say traditional
industry we are referring to metal heavy
engineering chemical manufacture and
textile production industries basically
industries with big chimney through
which smoke comes out now these
traditional industries provide large
amount of employment with that comes
human settlement near the industrial
area the environment around these
industries are unattractive
because of pollution smoke waste dumps
etc and all the time these traditional
industries have gone down due to fall in
demand which has been the prime reason
for unemployment then uncertain land
area disputes and many other issues so
these are some of the concerns
associated with traditional large scale
industrial region let's read about the
rule coal field Germany it has been one
of the major industrial regions of
Europe for a long time the ROO region
was responsible for 80% of Germany's
total steel production but as the demand
for coal declined the industry started
shrinking this region is now replaced
with new industries like the huge Opel
car assembly plant new chemical plants
universities then out-of-town shopping
centres
so this is a perfect example of what
happens when manufacturing industries go
through transformation with time now
let's quickly understand what is the
concept of high technology industry well
it simply means an industry having
high-tech gadgets which is the latest
generation of manufacturing activities
these are formed after intensive
research and development some of the
features of such industry are robotics
on the assembly line computer-aided
design electronic controls of smelting
and refining processes and the constant
development of new chemical and
pharmaceutical products the environment
around these industries are neatly
spaced low modern office buildings
rather than massive assembly structures
factories chimneys and storage areas
these areas are so-called tecnópolis
some examples are the Silicon Valley
near San Francisco and Silicon Forest
near Seattle then in India bangaluru
is known as the hub of information
technology and the last topic is iron
and steel industry and cotton textile
industry I'll cover this topic in a
separate short video because it needs
proper tension with the help of map work
and other necessary details so I'll
cover them in a different video with
this we have come to an end of this
video the question answers are available
on the website link to that is in the
description as well as in the info card
right up there one more thing I want you
all to click on this little icon on my
YouTube homepage so this little icon
will take you to a small feedback form
wherein I'll need you inputs so that it
helps me in improving the content for a
better learning experience I hope you
will head over there and fill it thanks
for watching the video and I'll see you
in the next one if you enjoyed these
videos and see a purpose behind watching
them please like the video and comment
down below until then
catch you guys later and talk to you
guys on the next one peace