Sociology: CBSE Sample Question Paper (2020-21) - 3 | CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Humanities - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Class - XII
Sociology
TIME: 3 Hrs.
M.M: 80

General Instructions:
1. The question paper is divided into four sections.
2. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
3. Section A includes question No. 1-16. These are objective type questions.
4. Section B includes question No. 17-25. These are very short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 30 words.
5. Section C includes question No. 26-32. These are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 80 words. Question no. 26 and 27 are case based questions with 4 parts each carrying 1 mark, making the questions of 4 marks each.
6. Section D includes question No. 33-35. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words each. Question No 35 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.

Q.1. When Raja Rammohan Roy campaigned against Sati and formed the Brahmo Samaj, defenders of sati formed Dharma Sabha and petitioned the British not to legislate against sati. When reformers demanded education for girls, many protested that this would be disastrous for society. This is an example of _____________.
(a) objectives and ideologies
(b) public issue
(c) agreement
(d) counter movement
Ans. d

Q.2. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this better than having no work at all, i.e., being unemployed. Marx called this situation ______________.
Ans. Alienation

Q.3. “All, municipalities come, clean this”, is how most people call out to Narayanamma and her fellow workers when they walk down the road. It is as though we do not have a name, she says.” _____________had popularised the term ‘Harijan’ (literally, children of God) in the 1930s to counter the pejorative charge carried by caste names.
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi
Q.4. Mark the statement as true or false. The most important official effort to collect information on caste was through the census.
Ans. True

OR
The British government began to take a regular census every 10 years from the year ______.
(a) 1781
(b) 1881
(c) 1891
(d) 2001
Ans. c

Q.5. “The Malthusian theory suggests that the human population tends to grow at a much faster rate than the rate at which the means of human subsistence can grow. Choose the incorrect statement about Malthusian Theory.
(a) While population rises in geometric progression, agricultural production can only grow in arithmetic progression.
(b) While population rises in arithmetic progression, agricultural production can only grow in geometric progression.
(c) Population growth always outstrips growth in production of subsistence resources.
(d) Positive checks to population growth in the form of famines and diseases were inevitable.
Ans. b

Q.6. Caste is an institution uniquely associated with the Indian subcontinent. While social arrangements producing similar effects have existed in other parts of the world, the exact form has not been found elsewhere. Which of the following statements is not a feature of caste?
(a) Caste is determined by birth
(b) Caste membership involves rules about growth
(c) Caste involve sub-division within themselves
(d) Caste involves strict rules about marriage
Ans. b

Q.7. The violent culmination of several movements aimed at overthrowing the monarchy and establishing ‘liberty, equality and fraternity.ʼ
Ans. French Revolution

Q.8. Mark the statement as true or false.
Comparative analysis of different countries suggests that there is a standard model of industrial capitalism.
Ans. True

Q.9. Mark the statement as true or false.
Our community provides us the language (our mother tongue) and the cultural values through which we comprehend the world.
Ans. True

Q.10. The system by which categories of people in asociety are ranked in hierarchy is known as______.
Ans. Social stratification

Q.11. The _____ refers to the number of live births per thousand women in the child-bearing age group, usually taken to be 15-49 years.
Ans. Fertility rate

OR
The _____of population refers to the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
Ans. The rate of natural increase/growth rate

Q.12 The difficulties arise from the fact that cultural identities are very powerful – they can arouse intense passions and are often able to mobilise large numbers of people. That is why, we say the cultural diversity can present:
(a) Tender situations
(b) Minimal challenges
(c) Equalities
(d) Tough challenges
Ans. d

Q.13. Discrimination can be very hard to prove because it may not be open or explicitly stated. Discriminatory behaviour or practices may be presented as motivated by other, more justifiable, reasons rather than prejudice. Which is of the following is not a form of discrimination?
(a) Wage inequality based on gender
(b) Entry in a temple on the basis of caste
(c) Female harassment
(d) Right to vote
Ans. d

Q.14. Correct the given statement.
Stereotypes are often applied to non-ethnic and racial groups and to women.
Ans. Stereotypes are often applied to ethnic and racial groups and to women.

Q.15. Sociologists understand social structure as a ‘continuing arrangement of persons in relationships defined or controlled by institutions’ and ‘culture’ as ‘socially established norms or patterns of behaviour. Mark the statement as true or false.
Ans. True

Q.16. To facilitate the smooth functioning of its rule, _______introduced a wide array of changes in every sphere, be it legal or cultural or architectural.
Ans. colonialism

Q.17. “I have fought against White domination and I have fought against Black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Defend this proverb using an example of South Africa.
Ans. Just like caste in India, race in South Africa stratified society into a hierarchy. About one South African in seven is of European ancestry, yet South Africa’s White minority holds the dominant share of power and wealth. To ensure their political control, the White European minority developed the policy of apartheid. Despite this reign of terror, Blacks collectively struggled for decades under the leadership of the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela, and finally succeeded in coming to power and forming the government in 1994.

OR

Gender is also a form of social inequality and exclusion like caste and class, but with its own specific features. Determine using two examples how gender inequality came to be recognised as inequality in Indian context.
Ans. Because of the obvious biological and physical differences between men and women, gender inequality is often treated as natural. However, despite appearances, scholars have shown that the inequalities between men and women are social rather than natural. The two examples are:
(i) If women were biologically unfit to be inheritors and heads of families, how did matrilineal societies like Khasis of Meghalaya still exist?
(ii) Women manage to be successful in all the fields in which men work.

Q.18. How does the access to land determine the role one plays in the process of agricultural production?
Ans. Medium and large landowners are usually able to earn sufficient or even large incomes from cultivation (although this depends on agricultural prices, which can fluctuate greatly, as well as other factors such as the monsoon). But agricultural labourers are more often than not paid below the statutory minimum wage and earn very little.

Q.19. It is a social fact that no country or group ever mobilises its members to struggle for untruth, injustice or inequality – everyone is always fighting for truth, justice, equality. Justify.
Ans. This does not mean that both sides are right in every conflict, or that there is no right and wrong, no truth. Sometimes both sides are indeed equally wrong or right; at other times history may judge one side to be the aggressor and the other to be the victim. But this can only happen long after the heat of the conflict has cooled down. Some notion of mutually agreed upon truth is very hard to establish in situations of identity conflict; it usually takes decades, sometimes centuries for one side to accept that it was wrong.

OR
Identify the importance of the Right to Information Act.
Ans. The Right to Information Act specifies that citizens have a right to:
(i) Request any information (as defined)
(ii) take copies of documents inspect documents, works and records
(iii) take certified samples of materials of work
(iv) obtain information in form of printouts, diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or through print-outs.

Q.20. What is meant by ‘regionalism’ in the Indian context?
Ans. Following is the meaning of ‘regionalism’ in the Indian context:
(i) Regionalism in India is deeply rooted in the country’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes and religions.
(ii) Regionalism is also encouraged by the geographical concentration of these identity markers in special parts and fuelled by a sense of regional deprivation. Virtually, Indian federalism has been a means of accommodating these regional emotions.
(iii) Language plays a sentimental role in the sphere of regionalism. However, language doesnot always play a significant role in the creations of new states.

Q.21. The schemes of the Government of India like Make in India, etc. have made employment possible. Justify.
Ans. The schemes of the Government of India, like ‘Stand Up India Scheme’ and ‘Make in India’ are programmes by which employment and self-employment will become possible. These schemes are helpful to people of the marginalised sections of the society, like SC, ST and other backward classes. These are positive signs for creating economic potential amongst the demographic dividend of India.

OR
Evaluate the consequences of the Bombay textile mills strike?
Ans. The Bombay textile mills affect a quarter million workers and their families. The various consequences of the strike were:
(i) Mill owners stopped buying new machineries and didn’t upgrade them.
(ii) They sold it to property dealers.
(iii) This was the time when mills disappeared and buildings came up.
(iv) The whole scenario in Bombay changed

Q.22. State how are different forms of capital interrelated?
Ans. These social resources can be divided into three forms of capital – economic capital in the form of material assets and income; cultural capital such as educational qualifications and status; and social capital in the form of networks of contacts and social associations (Bourdieu 1986). Often, these three forms of capital overlap and one can be converted into the other.

Q.23. Distinguish between social change and social movements.
Ans. Social change is continuous and ongoing. The broad historical processes of social change are the sum total of countless individual and collective actions gathered across time and space. Social movements are directed towards some specific goals. It involves long and continuous social effort and action by people. We can view sanskritization and westernisation as social change and see the 19th century social reformers’ efforts to change society as social movements.

Q.24. How are prejudices often grounded in stereotypes?
Ans. Prejudices are often grounded in stereotypes, fixed and inflexible characteristics of a group of people. Stereotypes are often applied to ethnic and racial groups and to women. In a country such as India, which was colonised for a long time, many of these stereotypes are partly colonial creations. Some communities were characterised as ‘martial races’, some others as effeminate or cowardly, yet others as untrustworthy. Stereotypes fix whole groups into single, homogeneous categories; they refuse to recognise the variation across individuals and across contexts or across time. They treat an entire community as though it were a single person with a single all-encompassing trait or characteristic.

Q.25. Using the theory of demographic transition, what is demography?
Ans. Demography is primarily concerned with the measurement and analysis of the components of population change. The theory suggests that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth.

Q.26. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow the passage.
The sociological sense of minority also implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity, that is, they have a strong sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging. This is linked to disadvantage because the experience of being subjected to prejudice and discrimination usually heightens feelings of intra-group loyalty and interests (Giddens 2001:248). Thus, groups that may be minorities in a statistical sense, such as people who are left-handed or people born on 29th February, are not minorities in the sociological sense because they do not form a collectivity.

(i) In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by:
(a) An inclusive and democratic vision
(b) misrepresentation
(c) discrimination and exclusion
(d) westernisation
Ans. a

(ii) _______________ influence Indian nationalist.
(a) exclusion
(b) discrimination
(c) idea of humanism
(d) inferiority
Ans. c

(iii) Religious or cultural minorities, regardless of their economic and social position are:
(a) dominant identity
(b) political power
(c) demographically dominant
(d) politically vulnerable
Ans. d

(iv) In the long years of struggle against British colonialism, Indian nationalist understood the need to recognise and respect:
(a) inequitable society
(b) India’s diversity
(c) idea of exclusion
(d) separation
Ans. b

OR
Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow the passage.
Threatened by community identities, states try to eliminate cultural diversity. Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation-building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such differences would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.

(i) Policies of assimilation try to:
(a) establish national differences
(b) Would lead to social fragmentation
(c) favour dominant groups culture
(d) erode the cultural differences between groups
Ans. d

(ii) Policies that promote assimilation are aimed at persuading, encouraging all citizens to adopt a ______________ set of cultural values and norms.
(a) different
(b) flexible
(c) uniform
(d) heterogeneous
Ans. c

(iii) Policies providing integration are:
(a) different in style but not in overall objective
(b) different in objective but not in overall style
(c) not restricted to a common national pattern
(d) have a relationship with a specific community
Ans. a

(iv) Assimilationist and integrationist strategies try to establish:
(a) varied national identities
(b) singular national identities
(c) political domain
(d) exclusion
Ans. b

Q.27. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow the passage.
A model of the South Asian colonial city. The European town…had spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, trees on both sides of the street,…clubs for afternoon and evening get-togethers…The open space was reserved for…Western recreational facilities, such as race and golf courses, soccer and cricket. When domestic water supply, electric connections, and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European town residents utilised them fully, whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town. (Dutt 1993:361)
(i) Cities were the concrete version of the _____________.
(a) de-urbanisation
(b) global capitalism
(c) middle class
(d) social groups
Ans. b

(ii) The city that was planned and redeveloped by the Britishers:
(a) Bombay
(b) Masulipatnam
(c) Surat
(d) Kochchi
Ans. a

(iii) The first new colonial city was ____________.
(a) Masulipatnam
(b) Kochchi
(c) Bombay
(d) Kolkata
Ans. d

(iv) The merchant who leased three villages by the river Hugli in order to setup a trading post was _______________
(a) Job Charnock
(b) Joe Charnock
(c) Job Smith
(d) Joe Williams
Ans. a

OR
Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow the passage.
Parbatpuri had always been an important offloading and loading point. The doughty British managers and their mems always came down from the estates surrounding Parbatpur when a steamer docked here. In spite of the inaccessibility of the gardens, they had lived lives of luxury. Huge, sprawling bungalows, set on sturdy wooden stilts to protect the inmates from wild animals, were surrounded by velvety lawns and jewel bright flower beds…They had trained a large number of malis, bawarchis and bearers to serve them to perfection. Their wide verandahed houses gleamed and glistened under the ministrations of this army of liveried servants.

(i) Official reports show how the _____________ government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers:
(a) discriminatory
(b) Indian
(c) colonial
(d) autocratic
Ans. c

(ii) The labour system in Assam was essentially that of indenture by which the labourers went to Assam under ____________ for a number of years.
(a) penalty
(b) pressure
(c) incentives
(d) contract
Ans. d

(iii) Since Assam was sparsely populated and the tea plantations were often located on uninhabited hillsides, bulk of the sorely needed labour had to be imported from other:
(a) countries
(b) continents
(c) provinces
(d) tea gardens
Ans. c

(iv) The planters lived a ______________ life.
(a) austere
(b) luxurious
(c) harsh
(d) spartan
Ans. b

Q.28. What are the inherent contradictions in matrilineal systems?
Ans. The various inherent contradictions in matrilineal systems are: One such contradiction arises from the separation of the line of descent and inheritance on the one hand and the structure of authority and control on the other. The former, which links the mother to the daughter, comes in conflict with the latter, which links the mother’s brother to the sister’s son. [In other words, a woman inherits property from her mother and passes it on to her daughter, while a man controls his sister’s property and passes on control to his sister’s son. Thus, inheritance passes from mother to daughter whereas control passes from (maternal) uncle to nephew. Khasi matriliny generates intense role conflict for men. They are torn between their responsibilities to their natal house on the one hand, and to their wife and children on the other. In a way, the strain generated by such role conflict affects Khasi women more intensely. A woman can never be fully assured that her husband does not find his sister’s house a more congenial place than her own. Similarly a sister will be apprehensive about her brother’s commitment to her welfare  because the wife with whom he lives can always pull him away from his responsibilities to his natal house. The women are more adversely affected than men by the role conflict generated in the Khasi matrilineal system not only because men wield power and women are deprived of it, but also because the system is more lenient to men when there is a transgression of rules. Women possess only token authority in Khasi society; it is men who are the de facto power holders. The system is indeed weighted in favour of male matri-kin rather than male patri-kin. (In other words, despite matriliny, men are the power- holders in Khasi society; the only difference is that a man’s relatives on his mother’s side matter more than his relatives on his father’s side.)

OR
What are the differences between matriliny and matriarchy?
Ans. (a) Matriliny: (i) Societies of Meghalaya Khasi, Jaintia, Garo tribes and societies of Kerala, Nayyar family property inheritance goes from mother to daughter whereas control passes from maternal uncle to Nephew.
(ii) It means a woman inherits property from a mother and passes on to her daughter while a man controls his sister’s property and passes on control to his sister’s son.
(iii) This matriliny generates intense role conflict for men because they are in conflict between their responsibilities to their own house on the one hand and to their wife and children on the other- “Should I pay more attention to my family or my sister’s family.” This role conflict is for women also. She possesses only token authority, men are the de facto power holders. Despite matriliny men are the powerholders.

(b) Matriarchy: (i) In such societies the women exercise authority and play a dominant role.
(ii) Practically it is only a theoretical concept as it never allows the women to have real power of dominance.
(iii) Realistically it does not exist even in matrilineal families.

Q.29. Express the correlation between agriculture and culture?
Ans. The nature and practice of agriculture varies greatly across the different regions of the country. These variations are reflected in the different regional cultures. One can say that both the culture and social structure in rural India are closely bound up with agricultural and the agrarian way of life. Agriculture is the single most important source of livelihood for the majority of the rural population. But the countryside is not just agriculture. Many activities that support agriculture and village life are also sources of livelihood for people in rural India. For example, a large number of artisans such as potters, carpenters, weavers, ironsmiths, and goldsmiths are found in rural areas. Rural life also supported many other specialists and crafts persons as storytellers, astrologers, priests, water-distributors, and oil-pressers. Thus we can say that there is a close connection between agriculture and culture.

Q.30. Critically examine the three aspects to the modern framework of change in colonial India as elaborated by sociologist Satish Saberwal?
Ans. The three aspects to the modern framework of change in colonial India:
(i) modes of communication
(ii) forms of organisation,
(iii) the nature of ideas
New technologies speeded up various forms of communication. The printing press, telegraph, and later the microphone, movement of people and goods through steamship and railways helped quick movement of new ideas. Within India, social reformers from Punjab and Bengal exchanged ideas with reformers from Madras and Maharashtra.
Modern social organisations like the Brahmo Samaj in Bengal and Arya Samaj in Punjab were set up. The All-India Muslim Ladies Conference (Anjuman-E-Khawatn-E-Islam) was founded in 1914. Indian reformers debated not just in public meetings but through public media like newspapers and journals. Translations of writings of social reformers from one Indian language to another took place. New ideas of liberalism and freedom, new ideas of homemaking and marriage, new roles for mothers and daughters, new ideas of self-conscious pride in culture and tradition emerged. The value of education became very important. It was seen as very crucial for a nation to become modern but also retain its ancient heritage. The idea of female education was debated intensely.

Q.31. Highlight the impact of gradual emergence of an educated middle class among tribal communities.
Ans. A very significant development is the gradual emergence of an educated middle class among tribal communities. Most visible in the North-eastern states, this is now a segment beginning to be seen in the rest of the country as well, particularly among members of the larger tribal communities. In conjunction with policies of reservation education is creating an urbanised professional class. As tribal societies get more differentiated, i.e., develop class and other divisions within themselves – different bases are growing for the assertion of tribal identity.

Q.32. List the transformations that took place in rural society after independence.
Ans. Several profound transformations in the nature of social relations in rural areas took place in the post-Independence period, especially in those regions that underwent the Green Revolution. These included:
(i) an increase in the use of agricultural labour as cultivation became more intensive;
(ii) a shift from payment in kind (grain) to payment in cash;
(iii) a loosening of traditional bonds or hereditary relationships between farmers or landowners and agricultural workers (known as bonded labour);
(iv) the rise of a class of ‘free’ wage labourers’.

Q.33. Express the reasons for the wide variations in the fertility rates across the states in India.

Ans. The reasons for the wide variations in the fertility rates across the states in India are as follows. Some states, like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have managed to bring down their total fertility rates (TFR) to 1.7 each (2009). This means that the average woman in Kerala and Tamil Nadu produces only 1.7 children, which is below the ‘replacement level’ and Kerala’s TFR is also below the replacement level, which means that the population is going to decline in future. Many other states (like, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka and Maharashtra) have fairly low TFRs. But there are some states, notably Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, which still have very high TFRs. In 2009, the TFRs of these states were 3.9, 3.3, 3.3 and 3.7, respectively. According to the SRS Bulletin in 2015, India’s total birth rate is 22.4, among them rural birth rate is 22.4 and urban 17.3. The highest birth rate in India is Uttar Pradesh (26.7) and Bihar (26.3), and they will also account for about half (50%) of the additions to the Indian population upto the year 2026. Uttar Pradesh alone is expected to account for a little less than one-quarter (22%) of this increase.

OR
What does the age composition indicate? Do you feel that India is in a position to achieve demographic dividend?

Ans. The age composition indicates that India has a very young population, that is, the majority of Indians tend to be young, and the average age is also less than that for most other countries. Table shows that the share of the under 15 age group in the total population has come down from its highest level of 42% in 1971 to 35% in 2001. The share of the 15-60 age group has increased slightly from 53% to 59%, while the share of the 60+ age group is very small but it has begun to increase (from 5% to 7%) over the same period. But the age composition of the Indian population is expected to change significantly in the next two decades. Most of this change will be at the two ends of the age spectrum – as Table shows, the 0-14 age group will reduce its share by about 11% (from 34% in 2001 to 23% in 2026) while the 60 plus age group will increase its share by about 5% (from 7% in 2001 to about 12% in 2026), the table indicates larger proportion of worker (i.e. age group 15-59 years) relative to non-workers (i.e 60+ years). Thus India is definitely in a position to achieve demographic dividend.

Q.34. Elaborate on the points which highlight that industrialisation leads to greater equality.
Ans. Industrialisation leads to greater equality, at least in some spheres. For example, caste distinctions do not matter any more on trains, buses or in cyber cafes. On the other hand, older forms of discrimination may persist even in new factory or workplace settings. And even as social inequalities are reducing, economic or income inequality is growing in the world. Often social inequality and income inequality overlap, for example, in the domination of upper caste men in well-paying professions like medicine, law or journalism. Women often get paid less than men for similar work. While the early sociologists saw industrialisation as both positive and negative, by the mid-20th century, under the influence of modernisation theory, industrialisation came to be seen as inevitable and positive. Modernisation theory argues that societies are at different stages on the road to modernisation, but they are all heading in the same direction.

Q.35. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow the passage.

…the anti-caste movement which began in the 19th century under the inspiration of Jyotiba Phule and was carried out in the 1920s by the non-Brahmin movements in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu and then developed under the leadership of Dr. Ambedkar had characteristics of all types. At its best it was revolutionary in terms of society and redemptive in terms of individuals. In partial context, the ‘post Ambedkar Dalit Movement’ has had revolutionary practice. It has provided alternative ways of living, at some points limited and at some points radical and all-encompassing, ranging from changes in behaviour such as giving up eating beef to religious conversion. It has focussed on changes in the entire society, from radical revolutionary goals of abolishing caste oppression and economic exploitation to the limited goals of providing scope for members of Scheduled Caste to achieve social mobility.
But on the whole… This movement has been a reformist movement. It has mobilised along caste lines, but only made halfhearted efforts to destroy caste; it has attempted and achieved some real though limited societal changes with gains especially for the educated sections among Dalits, but it has failed to transform society sufficiently to raise the general mass from what is still among the most excruciating poverty in the world.

(i) Identify the reasons why the dalit movement can be termed reformist as well as redemptive?
Ans. A redemptive social movement aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members. Dalit movements can be termed as redemptive because there has not been a single, unified Dalit movement in the country now or in the past. Different movements have highlighted different issues related to Dalits, around different ideologies. However, all of them assert a Dalit identity though the meaning may not be identical or precise for everyone. Notwithstanding differences in the nature of Dalit movements and the meaning of identity, there has been a common quest for equality, selfdignity and eradication of untouchability. Reformist social movements strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. Social movements of Dalits show a particular character. The movements cannot be explained satisfactorily by reference to economic exploitations alone or political oppression, although these dimensions are important. This is a struggle for recognition as fellow human beings. It is a struggle for self-confidence and a space for self-determination. It is a struggle for abolishment of stigmatisation, that untouchability implied. It has been called a struggle to be touched. That is why they can be termed as a reformist movement.

(ii) Name any two dalit movements in India.
Ans. Dalit movements in India: (a) Satnami Movement in Chattishgarh plains in eastern Madhya Pradesh and Adi Dharma Movement in Punjab,

(b) Mahar Movement in Maharashtra, Anti-Brahmin Movement in South India (Any two).