Strings (Part - 1), C Programming Interview Questions | Placement Papers - Technical & HR Questions - Interview Preparation PDF Download

1. What is the difference between a string copy (strcpy) and a memory copy (memcpy)? When should each be used?

The strcpy() function is designed to work exclusively with strings. It copies each byte of the source string to the destination string and stops when the terminating null character (\0) has been moved. On the other hand, the memcpy() function is designed to work with any type of data.

Because not all data ends with a null character, you must provide the memcpy() function with the number of bytes you want to copy from the source to the destination. The following program shows examples of both the strcpy() and the memcpy() functions:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef struct cust_str {
     int  id;
     char last_name[20];
     char first_name[15];
} CUSTREC;
void main(void);
void main(void)
{
     char*   src_string = "This is the source string";
     char    dest_string[50];
     CUSTREC src_cust;
     CUSTREC dest_cust;
     printf("Hello!  I'm going to copy src_string into dest_string!\n");
     /* Copy src_string into dest_string. Notice that the destination
        string is the first argument. Notice also that the strcpy()
        function returns a pointer to the destination string. */
     printf("Done! dest_string is: %s\n",
            strcpy(dest_string, src_string));
     printf("Encore! Let's copy one CUSTREC to another.\n");
     printf("I'll copy src_cust into dest_cust.\n");
     /* First, initialize the src_cust data members. */
     src_cust.id = 1;
     strcpy(src_cust.last_name, "Strahan");
     strcpy(src_cust.first_name, "Troy");
     /* Now, use the memcpy() function to copy the src_cust structure to
        the dest_cust structure. Notice that, just as with strcpy(), the
        destination comes first. */
     memcpy(&dest_cust, &src_cust, sizeof(CUSTREC));
     printf("Done! I just copied customer number #%d (%s %s).",
               dest_cust.id, dest_cust.first_name, dest_cust.last_name);
}

When dealing with strings, you generally should use the strcpy() function, because it is easier to use with strings. When dealing with abstract data other than strings (such as structures), you should use the memcpy()function.

2. How can I remove the trailing spaces from a string?

The C language does not provide a standard function that removes trailing spaces from a string. It is easy, however, to build your own function to do just this. The following program uses a custom function namedrtrim() to remove the trailing spaces from a string. It carries out this action by iterating through the string backward, starting at the character before the terminating null character (\0) and ending when it finds the first nonspace character. When the program finds a nonspace character, it sets the next character in the string to the terminating null character (\0), thereby effectively eliminating all the trailing blanks. Here is how this task is performed:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main(void);
char* rtrim(char*);
void main(void)
{
     char* trail_str = "This string has trailing spaces in it.               ";
     /* Show the status of the string before calling the rtrim()
        function. */
     printf("Before calling rtrim(), trail_str is '%s'\n", trail_str);
     printf("and has a length of %d.\n", strlen(trail_str));
     /* Call the rtrim() function to remove the trailing blanks. */
     rtrim(trail_str);
     /* Show the status of the string
        after calling the rtrim() function. */
     printf("After calling rtrim(), trail_str is '%s'\n", trail_str);
     printf("and has a length of %d.\n", strlen(trail_str));
}
/* The rtrim() function removes trailing spaces from a string. */
char* rtrim(char* str)
{
int n = strlen(str) - 1;     /* Start at the character BEFORE
                                     the null character (\0). */
     while (n>0)            /* Make sure we don't go out of bounds... */
     {
          if (*(str+n) != ' ')    /*  If we find a nonspace character: */
          {
               *(str+n+1) = '\0'; /* Put the null character at one
                                     character past our current
                                     position. */
               break;             /* Break out of the loop. */
          }
          else      /* Otherwise, keep moving backward in the string. */
               n--;
     }
     return str;                  /* Return a pointer to the string. */
}

Notice that the rtrim() function works because in C, strings are terminated by the null character. With the insertion of a null character after the last nonspace character, the string is considered terminated at that point, and all characters beyond the null character are ignored.

 

3. How can I remove the leading spaces from a string?

The C language does not provide a standard function that removes leading spaces from a string. It is easy, however, to build your own function to do just this. you can easily construct a custom function that uses the rtrim() function in conjunction with the standard C library function strrev() to remove the leading spaces from a string. Look at how this task is performed:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main(void);
char* ltrim(char*);
char* rtrim(char*);
void main(void)
{
     char* lead_str = "          This string has leading spaces in it.";
     /* Show the status of the string before calling the ltrim()
        function. */
     printf("Before calling ltrim(), lead_str is '%s'\n", lead_str);
     printf("and has a length of %d.\n", strlen(lead_str));
     /* Call the ltrim() function to remove the leading blanks. */
     ltrim(lead_str);
     /* Show the status of the string
        after calling the ltrim() function. */
     printf("After calling ltrim(), lead_str is '%s'\n", lead_str);
     printf("and has a length of %d.\n", strlen(lead_str));
}
/* The ltrim() function removes leading spaces from a string. */
char* ltrim(char* str)
{
     strrev(str);    /* Call strrev() to reverse the string. */
     rtrim(str);     /* Call rtrim() to remove the "trailing" spaces. */
     strrev(str);    /* Restore the string's original order. */
     return str;     /* Return a pointer to the string. */
}
/* The rtrim() function removes trailing spaces from a string. */
char* rtrim(char* str)
{
     int n = strlen(str) - 1;     /* Start at the character BEFORE
                                     the null character (\0). */
     while (n>0)            /* Make sure we don't go out of bounds... */
     {
          if (*(str+n) != ' ')    /* If we find a nonspace character: */
          {
               *(str+n+1) = '\0'; /* Put the null character at one
                                     character past our current
                                     position. */
               break;             /* Break out of the loop. */
          }
          else      /* Otherwise, keep moving backward in the string. */
               n--;
     }
     return str;                  /* Return a pointer to the string. */
}

Notice that the ltrim() function performs the following tasks: First, it calls the standard C library functionstrrev(), which reverses the string that is passed to it. This action puts the original string in reverse order, thereby creating "trailing spaces" rather than leading spaces. Now, the rtrim() function is used to remove the "trailing spaces" from the string. After this task is done, the strrev() function is called again to "reverse" the string, thereby putting it back in its original order.