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FAQs on Surface & Ground Water Resources- 3 - Engineering Hydrology - Civil Engineering (CE)

1. What is the difference between surface water and groundwater?
Ans. Surface water refers to water that is visible on the Earth's surface, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. Groundwater, on the other hand, is water that is found below the Earth's surface in aquifers. Surface water is usually more easily accessible and can be directly used for various purposes, while groundwater requires extraction through wells or pumps.
2. How is surface water replenished?
Ans. Surface water is replenished through various processes. Precipitation, such as rain and snow, is the primary source of surface water. When it rains, a portion of the water infiltrates the ground and becomes groundwater, while the remaining water flows over the land and collects in rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water. Additionally, surface water can also be replenished through the melting of snow and ice.
3. What are the main uses of surface water resources?
Ans. Surface water resources have multiple uses, including irrigation for agriculture, drinking water supply, industrial processes, hydropower generation, and recreational activities. Many cities and towns rely on surface water sources for their water supply, while farmers use it to irrigate their crops. Industries often utilize surface water for cooling purposes, and hydropower plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing rivers.
4. How can groundwater be contaminated?
Ans. Groundwater can become contaminated through various sources. Common sources of contamination include industrial spills, leaking underground storage tanks, improper disposal of chemicals, and seepage from septic systems. Additionally, agricultural practices such as excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides can also contribute to groundwater contamination. Contaminants may infiltrate the soil and eventually reach the aquifers, making the groundwater unsafe for consumption.
5. How can civil engineering contribute to the management of surface and groundwater resources?
Ans. Civil engineering plays a crucial role in the management of surface and groundwater resources. Civil engineers design and construct infrastructure, such as dams, reservoirs, and water treatment plants, to regulate the flow of surface water and ensure its availability for various purposes. They also design and implement groundwater extraction systems, such as wells and pumps, to utilize groundwater sustainably. Furthermore, civil engineers are involved in the development of stormwater management systems to prevent flooding and protect surface water quality.
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