Syllabus: UGC NET Geography (Paper - II) | Crash Course for UGC NET Geography PDF Download

 Page 1


 
                                                
  
 
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION 
NET BUREAU 
  
                                  NET SYLLABUS 
 
Subject : GEOGRAPHY                                                        Code No.:(80) 
 
 
 
Unit I -  Geomorphology 
Unit II -  Climatology 
Unit III-  Oceanography 
Unit IV-  Geography of Environment 
Unit V -  Population and Settlement Geography 
Unit VI-  Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 
Unit VII - Cultural, Social and Political Geography 
Unit VIII - Geographic Thought  
Unit  IX  -  Geographical Techniques 
Unit X-         Geography of India 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 2


 
                                                
  
 
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION 
NET BUREAU 
  
                                  NET SYLLABUS 
 
Subject : GEOGRAPHY                                                        Code No.:(80) 
 
 
 
Unit I -  Geomorphology 
Unit II -  Climatology 
Unit III-  Oceanography 
Unit IV-  Geography of Environment 
Unit V -  Population and Settlement Geography 
Unit VI-  Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 
Unit VII - Cultural, Social and Political Geography 
Unit VIII - Geographic Thought  
Unit  IX  -  Geographical Techniques 
Unit X-         Geography of India 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNIT-I 
Geomorphology 
Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic  forces.  
Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck),  Theories and 
Process of Slope Development,  Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting 
and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards 
(earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches) 
 
UNIT –II 
Climatology 
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, 
Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and 
upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic 
Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and 
Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, 
Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and  
Cloudburst , Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and 
Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate. 
 
UNIT-III 
Oceanography 
Relief of Oceans, Composition:  Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: 
Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami 
and Cyclone    
 
UNIT –IV 
Geography of Environment 
Components:  Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, 
Functions:  Trophic  Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen 
and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction 
and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and 
Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water 
Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal 
Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International 
Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, 
Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)  
 
 
 
Page 3


 
                                                
  
 
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION 
NET BUREAU 
  
                                  NET SYLLABUS 
 
Subject : GEOGRAPHY                                                        Code No.:(80) 
 
 
 
Unit I -  Geomorphology 
Unit II -  Climatology 
Unit III-  Oceanography 
Unit IV-  Geography of Environment 
Unit V -  Population and Settlement Geography 
Unit VI-  Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 
Unit VII - Cultural, Social and Political Geography 
Unit VIII - Geographic Thought  
Unit  IX  -  Geographical Techniques 
Unit X-         Geography of India 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNIT-I 
Geomorphology 
Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic  forces.  
Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck),  Theories and 
Process of Slope Development,  Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting 
and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards 
(earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches) 
 
UNIT –II 
Climatology 
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, 
Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and 
upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic 
Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and 
Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, 
Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and  
Cloudburst , Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and 
Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate. 
 
UNIT-III 
Oceanography 
Relief of Oceans, Composition:  Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: 
Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami 
and Cyclone    
 
UNIT –IV 
Geography of Environment 
Components:  Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, 
Functions:  Trophic  Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen 
and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction 
and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and 
Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water 
Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal 
Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International 
Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, 
Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)  
 
 
 
 
UNIT –V 
Population and Settlement Geography 
Population Geography 
Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data 
reliability and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and 
determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). 
Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and 
Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world 
patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models), Population 
Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and 
educational levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries. 
 
Settlement Geography 
Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of 
Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and 
transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis 
Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and 
Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, 
structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city 
and rank size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch),  Internal 
Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman , 
and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing 
Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban , ring and satellite 
towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation 
of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion). 
 
Unit –VI:   
Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development             
 
Economic Geography 
Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, 
tertiary and quarternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution and 
associated problems), Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in 
Developed and Developing Countries. 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 4


 
                                                
  
 
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION 
NET BUREAU 
  
                                  NET SYLLABUS 
 
Subject : GEOGRAPHY                                                        Code No.:(80) 
 
 
 
Unit I -  Geomorphology 
Unit II -  Climatology 
Unit III-  Oceanography 
Unit IV-  Geography of Environment 
Unit V -  Population and Settlement Geography 
Unit VI-  Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 
Unit VII - Cultural, Social and Political Geography 
Unit VIII - Geographic Thought  
Unit  IX  -  Geographical Techniques 
Unit X-         Geography of India 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNIT-I 
Geomorphology 
Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic  forces.  
Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck),  Theories and 
Process of Slope Development,  Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting 
and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards 
(earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches) 
 
UNIT –II 
Climatology 
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, 
Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and 
upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic 
Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and 
Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, 
Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and  
Cloudburst , Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and 
Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate. 
 
UNIT-III 
Oceanography 
Relief of Oceans, Composition:  Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: 
Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami 
and Cyclone    
 
UNIT –IV 
Geography of Environment 
Components:  Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, 
Functions:  Trophic  Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen 
and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction 
and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and 
Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water 
Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal 
Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International 
Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, 
Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)  
 
 
 
 
UNIT –V 
Population and Settlement Geography 
Population Geography 
Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data 
reliability and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and 
determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). 
Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and 
Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world 
patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models), Population 
Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and 
educational levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries. 
 
Settlement Geography 
Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of 
Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and 
transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis 
Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and 
Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, 
structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city 
and rank size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch),  Internal 
Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman , 
and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing 
Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban , ring and satellite 
towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation 
of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion). 
 
Unit –VI:   
Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development             
 
Economic Geography 
Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, 
tertiary and quarternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution and 
associated problems), Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in 
Developed and Developing Countries. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Geography  
Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods 
of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop 
diversification, Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement and 
Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural 
Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World. 
 
Industrial Geography  
Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial 
Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). 
World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on manufacturing sector in Less 
Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World distribution and growth of 
Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production 
(Education and R & D) Industries.  
 
Geography of Transport and Trade 
Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) 
Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: 
Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and 
Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra 
Regional Cooperation and Trade. 
 
Regional Development 
Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, 
Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John 
Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, 
Regional Development and Social Movements in India 
 
 
Unit – VII: Cultural, Social and Political Geography 
 
Cultural and Social Geography 
Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, 
Cultural Ecology. Cultural Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social 
Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial distribution of social 
groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language), Environment and Human 
Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification 
and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India) 
Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India. 
Page 5


 
                                                
  
 
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION 
NET BUREAU 
  
                                  NET SYLLABUS 
 
Subject : GEOGRAPHY                                                        Code No.:(80) 
 
 
 
Unit I -  Geomorphology 
Unit II -  Climatology 
Unit III-  Oceanography 
Unit IV-  Geography of Environment 
Unit V -  Population and Settlement Geography 
Unit VI-  Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 
Unit VII - Cultural, Social and Political Geography 
Unit VIII - Geographic Thought  
Unit  IX  -  Geographical Techniques 
Unit X-         Geography of India 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNIT-I 
Geomorphology 
Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic  forces.  
Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck),  Theories and 
Process of Slope Development,  Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting 
and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards 
(earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches) 
 
UNIT –II 
Climatology 
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, 
Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and 
upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic 
Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and 
Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, 
Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and  
Cloudburst , Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and 
Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate. 
 
UNIT-III 
Oceanography 
Relief of Oceans, Composition:  Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: 
Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami 
and Cyclone    
 
UNIT –IV 
Geography of Environment 
Components:  Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, 
Functions:  Trophic  Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen 
and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction 
and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and 
Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water 
Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal 
Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International 
Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, 
Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)  
 
 
 
 
UNIT –V 
Population and Settlement Geography 
Population Geography 
Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data 
reliability and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and 
determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). 
Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and 
Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world 
patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models), Population 
Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and 
educational levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries. 
 
Settlement Geography 
Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of 
Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and 
transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis 
Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and 
Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, 
structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city 
and rank size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch),  Internal 
Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman , 
and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing 
Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban , ring and satellite 
towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation 
of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion). 
 
Unit –VI:   
Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development             
 
Economic Geography 
Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, 
tertiary and quarternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution and 
associated problems), Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in 
Developed and Developing Countries. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Geography  
Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods 
of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop 
diversification, Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement and 
Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural 
Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World. 
 
Industrial Geography  
Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial 
Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). 
World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on manufacturing sector in Less 
Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World distribution and growth of 
Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production 
(Education and R & D) Industries.  
 
Geography of Transport and Trade 
Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) 
Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: 
Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and 
Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra 
Regional Cooperation and Trade. 
 
Regional Development 
Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, 
Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John 
Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, 
Regional Development and Social Movements in India 
 
 
Unit – VII: Cultural, Social and Political Geography 
 
Cultural and Social Geography 
Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, 
Cultural Ecology. Cultural Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social 
Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial distribution of social 
groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language), Environment and Human 
Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification 
and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India) 
Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India. 
 
 
Political Geography 
Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India), Heartland and Rimland 
Theories. Trends and Developments in Political Geography, Geography of 
Federalism, Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour, 
Geopolitics of Climate Change, Geopolitics of World Resources, Geo-politics of 
India Ocean, Regional Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, 
EU). Neopolitics of World Natural Resources. 
 
 
Unit VIII: Geographic Thought  
Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars, Contributions 
of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, 
Carl Ritter, Scheafer & Hartshorne), Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical 
Thought. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and 
Methodological contributions. Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, man-
environment relationship, area studies and spatial analysis), Dualisms in 
Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. 
quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic), Paradigm Shift, Perspectives in 
Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and 
Postmodernism).          
 
Unit IX: Geographical Techniques 
Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial), Types of 
Maps, Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, 
Chorochromatic, Flow Maps) Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar 
diagrams and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and 
attribute data formats). Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis), Digital 
Elevation Model (DEM), Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections 
and Datum), GIS Applications ( thematic cartography, spatial decision support 
system), Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and 
Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image 
Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs, Digital Image 
Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing 
and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India, GPS Components 
(space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications, Applications of 
Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling 
Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA), Time Series 
Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Measurement of Indices, Making