UGC NET Paper 2: Political Science 6th Jan 2025 Shift 2 | UGC NET Past Year Papers PDF Download

Q1: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

(c) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

(d) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II'

The correct matching of ideologies with their proponents is:

• A - IV (Pluralism - James Madison): Madison, in Federalist No. 10 (1787), advocated pluralism, emphasizing diverse interest groups to prevent tyranny and ensure democratic stability.
• B - III (Utilitarianism - Jeremy Bentham): Bentham founded utilitarianism in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), prioritizing actions that maximize happiness for the majority.
• C - I (Integral Humanism - Deen Dayal Upadhyay): Upadhyay introduced Integral Humanism in 1965, advocating holistic development blending spiritual and material progress, adopted by the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
• D - II (Positivism - Auguste Comte): Comte, in his Course in Positive Philosophy (1830–1842), developed positivism, emphasizing scientific methods for societal progress.

Q2: Arrange the following international events in the chronological order- 

A. Fidel Castro assumed power in Cuba

B. John F. Kennedy became 35th president of the United States of America

C. Pope John XXIII implored the Kremlin not to start a nuclear war

D. An American U-2 was shot down over Cuba

E. Soviet leader Khrushchev announced that he has agreed to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, D, B, C, E

(b) E, C, D, B. A

(c) A, B, C, D, E

(d) B, C, D, A, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, C, D, E'

Fidel Castro assumed power in Cuba:

• Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution and assumed power in January 1959, marking a significant shift in Cuban history and U.S.-Cuba relations.

John F. Kennedy became the 35th president of the United States of America:

• John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as the 35th president of the USA on January 20, 1961.

Pope John XXIII implored the Kremlin not to start a nuclear war:

• During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Pope John XXIII made a public appeal to the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States to avoid nuclear conflict.

An American U-2 was shot down over Cuba:

• On October 27, 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba, escalating tensions.

Soviet leader Khrushchev announced that he has agreed to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba:

• On October 28, 1962, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev publicly announced that the USSR would remove its missiles from Cuba, effectively ending the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Q3: The Seventy Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act is intend for- 

(a) Rural Local Administration

(b) Judicial Reforms

(c) Urban Local Bodies Administration

(d) Linguistic Administration

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Urban Local Bodies Administration'

The Seventy - Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act:

• The Seventy - Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act, enacted in 1992, aimed to strengthen urban local governance in India.
• This amendment introduced provisions for establishing and empowering Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) such as Municipalities, Municipal Corporations, and Nagar Panchayats.
• The Act provided for the constitution, powers, authority, and responsibilities of ULBs, ensuring regular elections, and the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women.
• It also mandated the creation of State Finance Commissions to review the financial position of ULBs and make recommendations for devolution of funds.

Other Related Points

Rural Local Administration:

• Rural local administration is governed by the Seventy - Third Constitutional Amendment Act, not the Seventy - Fourth.
• The Seventy - Third Amendment Act pertains to the establishment and empowerment of Panchayats in rural areas.

Judicial Reforms:

• The Seventy - Fourth Amendment does not address issues related to judicial reforms.
• Judicial reforms pertain to changes in the judiciary system, including procedural changes, improvements in judicial infrastructure, and measures to enhance the efficiency of the judicial process.

Linguistic Administration:

• The Seventy - Fourth Amendment does not involve linguistic administration.
• Linguistic administration generally refers to the governance and management of linguistic diversity, policies related to official languages, and promotion of linguistic harmony.

Q4: South Africa held its First non-racial election in- 

(a) 1993

(b) 1997

(c) 1994

(d) 1992

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is the year 1994.

First non-racial election in South Africa:

• The first non-racial elections in South Africa were held in 1994, marking a significant milestone in the country's history.
• This election was the first in which citizens of all races were allowed to participate, effectively ending decades of racial segregation under apartheid.
• The African National Congress (ANC), led by Nelson Mandela, won the election, and Mandela became the country’s first black president.
• This transition was pivotal in establishing a democratic and inclusive political system in South Africa.

Other Related Points

Incorrect Options:

• 1993: While significant, 1993 was the year in which the interim constitution was adopted, leading to the 1994 elections.
• 1997: By 1997, South Africa had already transitioned to a democratic government, and Nelson Mandela was serving as president. This year is not associated with the first non-racial elections.
• 1992: In 1992, a referendum was held among white South Africans to determine support for the reform process, but it was not a non-racial election.

Q5: Arrange the following leader's assassination into chronological order: 

A. John F. Keneddy

B. Zia ur Rahman

C. SWRD Bandarnaike

D. Olof Palme

E. Yitzhak Rabin

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, D, C, E, B

(b) A, C, D, E, B

(c) C, A, B, D, E

(d) C, B, A, D, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'C, A, B, D, E'

Chronological Order of the Assassinations:

• SWRD Bandaranaike (C): Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, was assassinated on September 26, 1959.
• John F. Kennedy (A): The 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
• Zia ur Rahman (B): The President of Bangladesh, Ziaur Rahman, was assassinated on May 30, 1981.
• Olof Palme (D): The Prime Minister of Sweden, Olof Palme, was assassinated on February 28, 1986.
• Yitzhak Rabin (E): The Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated on November 4, 1995.

Q6: Who wrote the book 'The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution' ? 

(a) Carolyn Merchant

(b) Judith Butler

(c) Germaine Greer

(d) Savita Singh

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'Carolyn Merchant'

Carolyn Merchant:

• Carolyn Merchant is the author of the book 'The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution'.
• Published in 1980, this book is a pioneering work in the field of environmental history and ecofeminism.
• The book argues that the scientific revolution contributed to the domination of nature and women, and it explores the historical roots of ecological crisis.
• Merchant's work has had a significant impact on the fields of environmental studies and feminist theory, highlighting the interconnectedness of the exploitation of nature and the oppression of women.

Other Related Points

Judith Butler:

• Judith Butler is a renowned philosopher and gender theorist known for her work on gender performativity and queer theory.
• Her notable works include 'Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity'.
• Butler's focus is primarily on gender and identity, rather than environmental history or ecofeminism.

Germaine Greer:

• Germaine Greer is an Australian writer and public intellectual known for her work in feminist theory.
• Her famous book 'The Female Eunuch' critiques the traditional roles of women in society.
• While influential in feminist thought, Greer's work does not specifically address the themes of ecology and the scientific revolution.

Savita Singh:

• Savita Singh is a poet and academic known for her contributions to Hindi literature and feminist scholarship.
• Her work is primarily in the field of literature and feminist studies in India.
• Singh's contributions are significant in their own right but are not related to the themes explored in 'The Death of Nature'.

Q7: Who wrote the book/ article 'Civil Disobedience'? 

(a) Bell Hooks

(b) James Tully

(c) Herbert Marcuse

(d) Henry David Thoreau

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'Henry David Thoreau'

Henry David Thoreau:

• Henry David Thoreau was an American essayist, poet, and philosopher.
• He is best known for his book "Walden," a reflection on simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience," which argues for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
• Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience" has influenced numerous leaders and movements, including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

Other Related Points

Bell Hooks:

• Bell Hooks was an American author, professor, feminist, and social activist whose work examined the intersections of race, capitalism, and gender.
• She is known for works like "Ain't I a Woman?" and "All About Love," but did not write "Civil Disobedience."

James Tully:

• James Tully is a Canadian political theorist known for his work on the philosophy of recognition and indigenous rights.
• He did not author "Civil Disobedience," but has written extensively on democratic theory and multiculturalism.

Herbert Marcuse:

• Herbert Marcuse was a German-American philosopher and sociologist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.
• He is known for works like "One-Dimensional Man," but not "Civil Disobedience."

Q8: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

(b) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(c) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(d) A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Thomas Hobbes:

• Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher best known for his work on political philosophy.
• His most famous book, "Leviathan," published in 1651, established the social contract theory that has become foundational in Western political theory.

Immanuel Kant:

• Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
• He published "Critique of Pure Reason" in 1781, which is considered one of the most important works in Western philosophy, addressing the relationship between human experience and knowledge.

Michel Foucault:

• Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic.
• His book, "The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences," published in 1966, explores the history of science and human knowledge.

Naomi Klein:

• Naomi Klein is a Canadian author, social activist, and filmmaker known for her political analyses and critiques of corporate globalization.
• Her book "On Fire: The Burning Case for a Green New Deal," published in 2019, discusses climate change and advocates for a comprehensive Green New Deal.

Q9: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

(b) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

(c) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III'.

Fred Riggs:

• Fred Riggs is known for his work "The Ecology of Public Administration".
• He contributed significantly to the field of comparative public administration.

Yehezkel Dror:

• Yehezkel Dror is the author of "Public Policy Making Re-examined".
• He is a prominent figure in the study of public policy and strategic planning.

Peter Drucker:

• Peter Drucker is famous for his book "The Practice of Management".
• He is often referred to as the father of modern management.

Karl Marx:

• Karl Marx wrote "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte".
• This work analyzes the rise of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte to power in France.

Q10: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

(c) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

(d) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III'.

SAARC Summits:

• SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, which is an organization of South Asian nations, established in 1985, to promote economic and regional integration.
• Summits are held periodically where member countries discuss various issues and strategies for regional cooperation and development.

Summit Locations and Dates:

• Dhaka: The SAARC Summit in Dhaka was held on 10-11 April, 1993.
• New Delhi: The SAARC Summit in New Delhi took place on 2-4 May, 1995.
• Colombo: The SAARC Summit in Colombo was organized from 29-31 July, 1998.
• Islamabad: The SAARC Summit in Islamabad happened from 2-6 January, 2004.

Q11: Who asserted bureaucracy as an exploitative class instrument? 

(a) Frederick Herzberg

(b) Karl Marx

(c) B. R. Ambedkar

(d) Fred Riggs

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'Karl Marx'

Bureaucracy as an Exploitative Class Instrument:

• Karl Marx, a renowned philosopher, economist, and political theorist, is known for his critical analysis of capitalism and class structures.
• He argued that bureaucracy serves as an instrument of the ruling class, maintaining the status quo and perpetuating class exploitation.
• According to Marx, bureaucracy is part of the superstructure that supports the economic base of capitalism, enforcing the interests of the bourgeoisie.

Other Related Points

Frederick Herzberg:

• Frederick Herzberg was an American psychologist known for his Two-Factor Theory of job satisfaction, which identifies motivators and hygiene factors in the workplace.
• His work primarily focused on employee motivation and job enrichment, not on the broader socio-political role of bureaucracy.

B. R. Ambedkar:

• B. R. Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, economist, and social reformer who played a key role in drafting the Indian Constitution.
• While he addressed issues of social justice and the caste system, his work did not primarily focus on bureaucracy as an exploitative class instrument in the Marxist sense.

Fred Riggs:

• Fred Riggs was a political scientist known for his work on comparative public administration and the development of the prismatic-sala model.
• His theories explored the functioning of bureaucracies in different cultural contexts, but he did not specifically assert that bureaucracy is an exploitative class instrument.

Q12: In which year was the 19th Chinese Communist Party (CCP) National Congress held in Beijing? 

(a) 2013

(b) 2017

(c) 2015

(d) 2019

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 2017.

19th Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Conference:

• The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held from October 18 to October 24, 2017, in Beijing.
• This conference is a significant event in Chinese politics as it sets the direction for the party and the country for the next five years.
• During the conference, Xi Jinping was reaffirmed as the General Secretary of the CCP, solidifying his authority.
• The congress also introduced Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era into the CCP Constitution.

Other Related Points

Other Options Explained:

• 2013:
  • The 18th National Congress of the CCP was held in 2012, not 2013. This congress marked the transition of leadership from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping.
• 2015:
  • No significant CCP Congress was held in 2015. The 18th Congress was held in 2012, and the 19th Congress in 2017.
• 2019:
  • The 19th Congress was held in 2017, and the next, the 20th, was scheduled for 2022, not 2019.

Q13: Identify the characteristic not associated with prismatic societies- 

(a) Selectivism

(b) Attainment

(c) Universalism

(d) Poly-functionalism

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Universalism'

Universalism:

• Universalism refers to the application of general rules and policies uniformly across all members of a society, without exceptions or favoritism.
• In prismatic societies, the opposite characteristic, particularism, is more common, where rules and policies are applied selectively, often based on personal relationships or specific circumstances.
• Therefore, universalism is not associated with prismatic societies, making it the correct answer.

Other Related Points

Selectivism:

• Selectivism is a characteristic of prismatic societies where choices are made based on selective preferences rather than universal rules.
• It implies that different standards are applied to different people or situations, depending on various factors such as personal relationships or social status.

Attainment:

• Attainment refers to the emphasis on achieving specific goals or statuses, often through formal education or other merit-based systems.
• In prismatic societies, the attainment might be recognized, but it can be influenced by particularistic criteria.

Poly-functionalism:

• Poly-functionalism is a characteristic of prismatic societies where institutions or individuals perform multiple functions rather than specialized roles.
• This leads to overlapping responsibilities and a lack of clear division of labor, which is typical in prismatic societies.

Q14: Giorgia Meloni is the Prime Minister of Italy. To which political party does she belong? 

(a) Conservative Party

(b) Democratic Party

(c) Brothers of Italy

(d) Republican Party

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Brothers of Italy'

Giorgia Meloni:

• Giorgia Meloni is the Prime Minister of Italy.
• She is the leader of the political party known as the 'Brothers of Italy' (Fratelli d'Italia).
• Meloni has been an influential figure in Italian politics and has led the party to significant electoral success.
• The Brothers of Italy is a right-wing political party that emphasizes nationalism, sovereignty, and conservative values.

Other Political Parties:|
 Conservative Party:

• This party is primarily associated with the United Kingdom, where it is one of the major political parties. It is not related to Italian politics.

Democratic Party:

• The Democratic Party in Italy is a center-left political party. It is different from the Brothers of Italy in terms of ideology and policies.

Republican Party:

• This name is commonly associated with the United States political landscape. In Italy, there is no major party by this exact name that is influential in the same context as the Brothers of Italy.

Q15: Minnowbrook Conference-I occurred in 

(a) 1961

(b) 1965

(c) 1968

(d) 1971

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is '1968'

Minnowbrook Conference-I:

• The Minnowbrook Conference-I, also known as the first Minnowbrook Conference, was a significant event in the field of public administration that took place in 1968.
• Held at the Minnowbrook Conference Center in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, the conference brought together young scholars and practitioners in public administration to discuss the future of the discipline.
• The conference is renowned for its critical examination of traditional public administration theories and practices, promoting a more dynamic and responsive approach to public management.
• The discussions and outcomes of the conference led to the development of the New Public Administration movement, which emphasized social equity, public participation, and ethical governance.

Other Options:

• 1961: This year did not witness any significant event related to the Minnowbrook Conference. The field of public administration continued to follow traditional approaches during this period.
• 1965: Although the 1960s were a period of significant social and political change, the first Minnowbrook Conference specifically did not occur in 1965.
• 1971: While there were many developments in public administration during the early 1970s, the first Minnowbrook Conference had already taken place in 1968. Another notable conference, Minnowbrook II, was later held in 1988.

Q16: Arrange the following states as per their year of formation in the chronological order: 

A. Manipur

B. Sikkim

C. Telangana

D. Jharkhand

E. Arunachal Pradesh

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D, E

(b) B, C, D, E, A

(c) A, B, E, D, C

(d) C, D, E, B, A

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, E, D, C'

Formation of Indian States:

• Manipur: Became a full-fledged state on January 21, 1972.
• Sikkim: Was integrated as the 22nd state of India on May 16, 1975.
• Arunachal Pradesh: Achieved statehood on February 20, 1987.
• Jharkhand: Was formed on November 15, 2000, by bifurcating Bihar.
• Telangana: Became the 29th state of India on June 2, 2014, after bifurcating Andhra Pradesh.

Q17: Which Article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the protection of the language, script, or culture of minorities?

(a) Article 21

(b) Article 29

(c) Article 27

(d) Article 23

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'Article 29'

Article 29:

• Article 29 of the Indian Constitution provides for the protection of the interests of minorities by ensuring that any section of citizens with a distinct language, script, or culture has the right to conserve the same.
• This article is crucial for preserving the cultural and educational rights of minorities, giving them the freedom to promote and safeguard their heritage.
• It ensures that no citizen is denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language, or any of them.

Other Related Points

Article 21:

• Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. It states that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.

Article 27:

• Article 27 prohibits the imposition of taxes for promoting or maintaining any particular religion. It ensures that no person is compelled to pay any taxes for the promotion of a specific religious denomination.

Article 23:

• Article 23 prohibits human trafficking, forced labor, and other forms of exploitation. It declares that traffic in human beings, begar (forced labor), and similar forms of forced labor are prohibited and punishable by law.

Q18: Ram Manohar Lohia advanced his theory of history through his famous work- 

(a) Wheel of History

(b) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

(c) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice

(d) Eros and Civilization

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'Wheel of History'

Wheel of History:

• Ram Manohar Lohia, a prominent Indian freedom fighter and socialist political leader, proposed his theory of history through his work "Wheel of History."
• The theory discusses how history progresses in cycles, influenced by various social, political, and economic factors.
• Lohia's work aimed to provide an understanding of historical events and their recurring nature, emphasizing the importance of learning from past mistakes to build a better future.

Other Related Points

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation:

• Written by Jeremy Bentham, this work is a foundational text for the philosophy of utilitarianism.
• Bentham's book discusses how laws should be designed to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
• Although influential in legal and moral philosophy, it is not related to Lohia's theory of history.

Liberalism and the Limits of Justice:

• Authored by Michael Sandel, this book critiques the liberal notion of justice as proposed by John Rawls.
• Sandel argues that liberalism's focus on individual rights and justice neglects communal values and responsibilities.
• This work is a significant contribution to political philosophy but is unrelated to Lohia's historical theories.

Eros and Civilization:

• Herbert Marcuse wrote this book, which explores the potential for human liberation through the reconciliation of Eros (life instincts) and civilization.
• Marcuse integrates Marxist and Freudian theories to argue for a society where human desires are fully realized.
• While influential in critical theory and sociology, it does not address historical cycles as Lohia's work does.

Q19: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. Radical feminists call for overturning of gender oppression.

B. According to Marxism, Ideology is an instrument to legitimize the rule of the dominant class.

C. According to Fascism, people should follow the dictates of their leader.

D. J. S. Mill opposed the rights for women.

E. To maintain the existing order, Karl Marx opposed any idea of revolution.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and C Only

(b) B, C and D Only

(c) C, D and E Only

(d) A, D and E Only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B and C Only'

Radical feminists call for overturning of gender oppression:

• Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society to eliminate male supremacy.
• This form of feminism believes that gender oppression is a fundamental form of oppression and seeks to overthrow the patriarchy.

According to Marxism, Ideology is an instrument to legitimize the rule of the dominant class:

• In Marxist theory, ideology is seen as a tool used by the ruling class to maintain control over the working class.
• It serves to perpetuate the existing power structure by making the dominance of the ruling class appear natural and justified.

According to Fascism, people should follow the dictates of their leader:

• Fascism emphasizes strong, centralized control and the necessity of following a singular, authoritative leader.
• It rejects democratic governance and promotes dictatorial power, where the leader's will is seen as paramount.

Other Related Points

J. S. Mill opposed the rights for women:

• This statement is incorrect. John Stuart Mill was actually a strong advocate for women's rights. He argued for gender equality and women's suffrage in his work "The Subjection of Women."

To maintain the existing order, Karl Marx opposed any idea of revolution:

• This statement is also incorrect. Karl Marx is known for his revolutionary ideas, advocating for the working class to overthrow the capitalist system and establish a classless society.

Q20: Identify the essential facts related to German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. 

A. Hegel popularized the idea of climate change mitigation.

B. Hegel's version of idealism is known as dialectical idealism.

C. Hegel sought to describe the dialectical process in terms of thesis, antithesis and synthesis.

D. Hegel authored the book 'Phenomenology of Spirit'.

E. Karl Marx was highly influenced by Hegel.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, E Only

(b) A, C, D Only

(c) A, B, E Only

(d) B, C, D, E Only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'B, C, D, E Only'

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel:

• Hegel was a prominent German philosopher who developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, often referred to as absolute idealism.
• His work has had a profound impact on a wide range of philosophical disciplines, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political theory.

Dialectical Idealism:

• Hegel's version of idealism is known as dialectical idealism, which posits that reality unfolds through a dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
• This process is fundamental to understanding the development of ideas, history, and the nature of reality.

Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis:

• Hegel sought to describe the dialectical process in terms of thesis (an initial idea), antithesis (a conflicting idea), and synthesis (a resolution that overcomes the conflict).
• This triadic structure is central to Hegel's method of understanding the progression of ideas and historical events.

'Phenomenology of Spirit':

• Hegel authored the book 'Phenomenology of Spirit' (Phänomenologie des Geistes), which is one of his most important and influential works.
• This book explores the development of consciousness and the journey of the human spirit towards absolute knowledge.

Influence on Karl Marx:

• Karl Marx was highly influenced by Hegel's ideas, particularly the dialectical method.
• While Marx adapted Hegel's dialectics to his own materialist framework, he acknowledged the significant influence of Hegel's philosophy on his work.

Other Related Points

Climate Change Mitigation:

• Hegel did not popularize the idea of climate change mitigation, as his work was primarily focused on philosophy, metaphysics, and the development of human consciousness.
• The concept of climate change mitigation is a modern scientific and political issue that developed long after Hegel's time.

Other Influences:

• Hegel's influence extends beyond Marxism; his ideas have impacted existentialism, phenomenology, and various strands of contemporary philosophy.
• Philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, and Jacques Derrida have engaged with Hegel's work in different ways.

Q21: Identify the correct statements: 

A. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar argued that the revolt of 1857 was India's first war of independence.

B. Jayaprakash Narayan advocated the notion of Sampoorna Kranti or total revolution.

C. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was a protagonist of social justice.

D. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the moderate leader.

E. According to Rabindranath Tagore, the idea of hyper nationalism is inalienable with true freedom.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A. B and C Only

(b) B, C and D Only

(c) C, D and E Only

(d) B, C, D and E Only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B and C Only'

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar:

• Savarkar argued that the revolt of 1857 was India's first war of independence, challenging the British narrative that it was merely a mutiny.
• This perspective was significant in shaping the Indian nationalist movement by framing the 1857 revolt as a foundational struggle for independence.

Jayaprakash Narayan:

• Narayan advocated for 'Sampoorna Kranti' or total revolution, which encompassed social, economic, and political changes to address corruption and inequality in India.
• His call for total revolution in the 1970s became a rallying point for opposition against the then government.

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar:

• Ambedkar was a staunch advocate of social justice, emphasizing the eradication of caste discrimination and the upliftment of the marginalized sections of society.
• He played a pivotal role in drafting the Indian Constitution, ensuring provisions for social justice and equality.

Other Related Points

Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• Tilak was not a moderate leader; he was part of the extremist faction within the Indian National Congress, advocating for Swaraj (self-rule) and adopting more radical approaches to achieve independence.
• His slogan "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" inspired many to join the freedom struggle.

Rabindranath Tagore:

• Tagore was critical of hyper-nationalism and emphasized universal humanism and the dangers of excessive national pride.
• He believed that true freedom could only be achieved through the fostering of a global community based on mutual respect and understanding, not through aggressive nationalism.

Q22: The Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution was borrowed from:

(a) American Constitution

(b) Irish Constitution

(c) Canadian Constitution

(d) Australian Constitution

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'Australian Constitution'

Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution:

• The Concurrent List is one of the three lists in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution that details the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and State legislatures.
• It includes subjects on which both the Union and State governments can make laws, with the Union law prevailing in case of any conflict.
• The concept of the Concurrent List in the Indian Constitution has been borrowed from the Australian Constitution.

Other Related Points

American Constitution:

• The Indian Constitution has borrowed the concept of a written constitution and the idea of judicial review from the American Constitution.
• However, the Concurrent List is not derived from the American Constitution.

Irish Constitution:

• From the Irish Constitution, India adopted the Directive Principles of State Policy.
• These principles guide the state in making policies and laws, but the Concurrent List is not one of them.

Canadian Constitution:

• The idea of a strong central government and the federal system with a unitary bias was borrowed from the Canadian Constitution.
• The Concurrent List, however, was not borrowed from the Canadian system.

Q23: Separate representation to the Muslim community was provided by - 

(a) Government of India Act-1858

(b) Indian Council Act - 1892

(c) Indian Council Act - 1909

(d) Indian Council Act - 1861

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Indian Council Act - 1909'

Indian Council Act - 1909:

• Also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, named after Lord Morley (Secretary of State for India) and Lord Minto (Viceroy of India), the Indian Council Act of 1909 introduced separate electorates for the Muslim community.
• This act allowed Muslims to elect their representatives separately, ensuring their political interests were represented in the legislative councils.
• The introduction of separate electorates was a significant development in the Indian political landscape, as it marked the beginning of communal representation in Indian politics.

Other Related Points

Government of India Act - 1858:

• This act marked the end of the East India Company's rule and the beginning of direct control of India by the British Crown.
• It established the office of the Secretary of State for India and the Council of India but did not address separate representation for any community.

Indian Council Act - 1892:

• This act increased the number of non-official members in the legislative councils and allowed for some indirect election, but it did not introduce separate electorates for Muslims.
• The act aimed to involve more Indians in the administration but fell short of providing separate representation.

Indian Council Act - 1861:

• This act was significant for introducing the portfolio system in the Viceroy's Executive Council, allowing Indians to be nominated to the council.
• However, it did not provide separate representation for any community.

Q24: Which of the following are not matched correctly. 

A. Economic Nationalism: To foster the domestic economy through protectionism.

B. Nativism: Voicing the needs of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.

C. Colonialism: Practice of establishing control over a foreign territory

D. Xenophobia: Demand for self-determination

E. Universalism: Behaviour characterized by insularity and exclusivity.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B Only

(b) B and C Only

(c) A and C Only

(d) D and E Only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'D and E Only'

Xenophobia:

• Xenophobia refers to the fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners, not the demand for self-determination.
• It involves negative attitudes towards individuals from other countries or cultures.
• This is often manifested in discriminatory practices and social exclusion.

Universalism:

• Universalism is the belief in the universal application of concepts, values, or rights, rather than behavior characterized by insularity and exclusivity.
• It promotes inclusivity and the idea that all humans are entitled to certain rights and standards.
• This concept is often linked to human rights, ethics, and global citizenship.

Other Related Points

Economic Nationalism:

• Economic Nationalism is correctly matched with fostering the domestic economy through protectionism.
• It involves policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor, and capital formation.

Nativism:

• Nativism is correctly matched with voicing the needs of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.
• It prioritizes the interests of established inhabitants over those of newcomers.

Colonialism:

• Colonialism is correctly matched with the practice of establishing control over a foreign territory.
• It involves the exploitation of the colonized country for the benefit of the colonizing country.

Q25: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

(b) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(c) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I'

First Visit by an Indian Prime Minister to China (1954):

• The first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to China was made by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1954.
• This visit marked the beginning of diplomatic relations between India and China post-independence.

Soviet-Indian Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation (1971):

• The treaty was signed between India and the Soviet Union in 1971.
• This agreement played a crucial role during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, providing India with strategic support.

Indian Nuclear Test-2 (1998):

• India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, known as Pokhran-II.
• These tests demonstrated India's nuclear capabilities and led to international sanctions.

26/11 Mumbai Terror Attack (2008):

• The 26/11 attacks were a series of terrorist attacks that took place in Mumbai in November 2008.
• The attacks resulted in significant loss of life and highlighted issues related to national security and counter-terrorism.

Q26: Allahabad High Court was established in - 

(a) 1861

(b) 1863

(c) 1869

(d) 1866

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is '1866'.

Establishment of the Allahabad High Court:

• The Allahabad High Court was established on 17th March 1866.
• It was initially set up as the High Court of Judicature for the North-Western Provinces at Agra.
• Later, in 1869, the seat of the court was shifted from Agra to Allahabad.

Other Options:

1861:

• This year is significant for the Indian judiciary as the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted, which led to the establishment of High Courts in Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.
• However, it is not the year when the Allahabad High Court was established.

1863:

• No significant judicial events related to the establishment of the Allahabad High Court occurred in this year.

1869:

• This year is relevant as it marks the relocation of the High Court from Agra to Allahabad.
• However, it is not the year of the establishment of the court.

Q27: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

(c) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(d) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III'

Boxer Rebellion in China (A - IV):

• The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1900 and 1901.
• It was initiated by the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" and targeted foreign nationals and Chinese Christians.

Mexican Revolution (B - I):

• The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920, radically transforming Mexican culture and government.
• It began as a rebellion against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz and developed into a multi-sided civil war.

Japan invaded Manchuria (C - II):

• In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, a region in Northeast China, marking a significant event leading up to the Second World War.
• This invasion was part of Japan’s imperialist expansion and led to the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.

Germany Reoccupied the Rhineland (D - III):

• In 1936, Nazi Germany remilitarized the Rhineland, violating the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties.
• This move was a key step in Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy and a precursor to further expansionist actions.

Historical Context:

• Understanding these events helps in comprehending the global political dynamics and shifts during the early 20th century.
• Each event had significant implications for international relations and the subsequent course of history.

Q28: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

(c) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

(d) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II'

Dr. S Jaishankar:

• Dr. S Jaishankar is an Indian diplomat and politician who has written the book "The India Way."
• The book discusses India’s foreign policy and strategic affairs.

Herbert Simon:

• Herbert Simon was an American economist and political scientist.
• He is best known for his work "Administrative Behaviour," which explores decision-making processes within administrative organizations.

Abraham Maslow:

• Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
• His work "A Theory of Human Motivation" lays out the framework for understanding human psychological growth and needs.

Chris Argyris:

• Chris Argyris was an American business theorist, particularly known for his work on organizational learning.
• His book "On Organizational Learning" examines the processes through which organizations learn and adapt.

Q29: In which year, constructive programme was announced by Indian National Congress? 

(a) 1922

(b) 1924

(c) 1930

(d) 1935

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is '1922'

Constructive Programme:

• The Constructive Programme was a set of initiatives and social reforms proposed by Mahatma Gandhi as part of the Indian independence movement.
• It was aimed at building a strong foundation for a self-reliant and self-sufficient India by addressing various social issues and promoting community development.
• The programme included measures such as the promotion of khadi (hand-spun cloth), village industries, upliftment of the untouchables, women's empowerment, and the promotion of communal harmony.

Other Related Points

1924:

• This year does not have any specific event related to the announcement of the Constructive Programme by the Indian National Congress.

1930:

• In 1930, the Indian National Congress launched the Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, but it was not related to the announcement of the Constructive Programme.

1935:

• The Government of India Act, 1935 was passed in this year, which laid down the constitutional framework for the government of India, but it was not connected to the Constructive Programme.

Q30: Which of the following terms are associated with conservatism? 

A. Tradition

B. Social duty

C. Change in order to conserve

D. Revolution

E. Gender equality

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, D and E Only

(b) B, C and D Only

(c) C, D and E Only

(d) A, B and C Only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, and C Only'

Tradition:

• Conservatism places a high value on maintaining traditions and established practices, believing that they have been tested by time and should be preserved for societal stability.
• This approach favors gradual development over radical change.

Social duty:

• Conservatism emphasizes the importance of social duty and responsibilities, often highlighting the role of established institutions like family, religion, and community in maintaining social order.
• Individuals are seen as part of a larger social structure where they have duties towards others and their community.

Change in order to conserve:

• While conservatism is cautious about change, it acknowledges that some change is necessary to conserve key institutions and values over time.
• This concept involves making pragmatic adjustments to maintain the overall stability and coherence of society.

Other Related Points

Revolution:

• Revolution is generally associated with radical change and upheaval, which contrasts with the conservative preference for stability and gradual reform.
• Conservatives typically view revolutions as disruptive and potentially harmful to the social order.

Gender equality:

• While modern conservatism can support gender equality, historically, it has often upheld traditional gender roles and been cautious about rapid changes in gender relations.
• Gender equality as a movement is more closely associated with progressive ideologies.

Q31: Arrange the following into chronological order: 

A. Charles I is forced to accept Petition of Right

B. Falkland war is fought with Argentina

C. King John I forced to sign Magna Carta

D. Bill of Rights in Britain

E. Act of Union united Kingdoms of England and Scotland

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, D, C, B, E

(b) C, A, E, B, D

(c) A, C, E, D, B

(d) C, A, D, E, B

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'C, A, D, E, B'

Chronological Order:

• Magna Carta (1215): King John I was forced to sign the Magna Carta, which limited the powers of the monarchy and laid the foundation for modern democracy.
• Petition of Right (1628): Charles I was forced to accept the Petition of Right, which further restricted the powers of the king and asserted the rights of Parliament.
• Bill of Rights (1689): The Bill of Rights was enacted in Britain, establishing the constitutional monarchy and laying down limits on the powers of the crown and setting out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament.
• Act of Union (1707): This act united the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into a single kingdom called Great Britain.
• Falklands War (1982): A conflict fought between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands.

Q32: Identify the characteristics of Presidential form of government: 

A. Separation of power

B. Checks and balances

C. Collective responsibility

D. A nominal head

E. Fusion of legislature and executive

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C Only

(b) A, B, C, D Only

(c) A, B Only

(d) A, B, C, E Only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B Only'

Characteristics of Presidential form of government:

• Separation of power: The presidential form of government, exemplified by the U.S. Constitution, features separation of powers and checks and balances to ensure balanced governance.
• Checks and balances: This system ensures that no single branch becomes too powerful. Each branch has the ability to check the actions of the others, thereby maintaining a balance of power.

Other characteristics that are not typical of a Presidential form of government:

• Collective responsibility: This is a characteristic of parliamentary systems where the executive (cabinet) is collectively responsible to the legislature. In a presidential system, the president is independently elected and does not have a collective responsibility with the legislature.
• A nominal head: In a parliamentary system, there is usually a nominal head of state (like a monarch or president) and a separate head of government (prime minister). In a presidential system, the president is both the head of state and head of government.
• Fusion of legislature and executive: This is a characteristic of parliamentary systems where members of the executive branch are also members of the legislature. In a presidential system, there is a clear separation between the two branches.

Q33: Who coined the term 'Possessive Individualism' ? 

(a) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

(b) John Rawls

(c) C. B Macpherson

(d) Edmund Burke

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'C. B Macpherson'.

Possessive Individualism:

• C. B. Macpherson coined ‘possessive individualism’ in his 1962 book The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke, critiquing the philosophies of Hobbes and Locke that underpin liberal capitalism’s emphasis on self-ownership and market relations.
• The concept refers to a form of individualism where individuals are considered to own themselves and have exclusive rights to their own skills, abilities, and labor.
• Macpherson argued that this form of individualism underpins liberal democratic theories and capitalist societies, emphasizing the role of private property and market relations.

Other Related Points

Jean-Jacques Rousseau:

• Rousseau was a French philosopher whose works influenced the Enlightenment and modern political thought, particularly with his concepts of the social contract and general will.
• Rousseau did not coin the term 'possessive individualism'; his focus was more on collective community and direct democracy.

John Rawls:

• Rawls was an American political philosopher best known for his theory of justice as fairness, outlined in his book "A Theory of Justice".
• Rawls did not coin the term 'possessive individualism'; his work centered on principles of justice and fairness in society.

Edmund Burke:

• Burke was an Irish statesman and philosopher known for his support of the American Revolution and opposition to the French Revolution.
• Burke did not coin the term 'possessive individualism'; his work focused more on conservatism and the importance of tradition and social order.

Q34: Consider the following statements regarding Representative Democracy and select the correct options. 

A. It offers a practicable form of democracy for large countries.

B. It establishes a link between the government and the governed.

C. It obliterates the distinction between the government and the people.

D. It advocates a classless society.

E. It's most common modern manifestation is the use of referendum.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B Only

(b) B and D Only

(c) C and D Only

(d) D and E Only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A and B Only'.

Representative Democracy:

• It is a system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
• This form of democracy is practical for large countries as it is not feasible for everyone to participate directly in decision-making.
• It creates a structured link between the government and the governed, allowing citizens to have a voice through their elected representatives.
• Representative democracy relies on elections to select representatives, making it practical for large countries and linking government with the governed.

Other Related Points

Incorrect Options:

• Option C and D: Representative democracy does not obliterate the distinction between the government and the people, nor does it advocate for a classless society. These are characteristics more closely associated with other political ideologies.
• Option D and E: The use of referendums is a form of direct democracy, not representative democracy. Representative democracy relies on elected officials to make decisions rather than direct votes on issues by the entire population.

Additional Context:

• While the principles of democracy emphasize equality and participation, representative democracy specifically balances these principles with practicality in large, complex societies.
• Referendums, while important in some contexts, are not the primary tool of representative democracy.

Q35: Equality of opportunity in employment has been guaranteed through which article of Indian Constitution? 

(a) Article 13

(b) Article 19

(c) Article 16

(d) Article 18

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Article 16'.

Article 16 - Equality of Opportunity in Employment:

• Article 16 provides equal opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
• This article ensures that no citizen is discriminated against on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, or any of them.
• The objective is to ensure that the state treats all its citizens fairly and equally in matters of public employment.
• Article 16(1) guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment, while Article 16(2) prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, descent, or place of birth.

Other Related Points

Article 13 - Laws Inconsistent with or in Derogation of Fundamental Rights:

• Article 13 declares that all laws that are inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights shall be void.
• This article empowers the courts to review and ensure that laws do not violate fundamental rights.

Article 19 - Protection of Certain Rights Regarding Freedom of Speech, etc.:

• Article 19 guarantees six freedoms to the citizens of India, including speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession.
• It does not specifically address equality of opportunity in employment.

Article 18 - Abolition of Titles:

• Article 18 abolishes titles not being military or academic distinctions.
• It prohibits the state from conferring any titles and also prevents citizens from accepting titles from any foreign state.
• This article aims to ensure equality among citizens by discouraging any form of social hierarchy.

Q36: Which one of the following works was not authored by Sri Aurobindo Ghose?

(a) Essays on the Gita

(b) The Ideal of the Karmayogi

(c) A System of National Education

(d) The Discovery of India

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'The Discovery of India'

The Discovery of India:

• Written by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India.
• This book was written during Nehru's imprisonment in 1942-1946 and provides a broad view of Indian history and culture, reflecting Nehru's vision for India's future.
• It is not authored by Sri Aurobindo Ghose.

Other Related Points

Essays on the Gita:

• Authored by Sri Aurobindo, this work consists of his analysis and interpretation of the Bhagavad Gita.
• It elaborates on the concepts and teachings of the Gita and how they relate to the spiritual evolution of humanity.

The Ideal of the Karmayogi:

• This is another work by Sri Aurobindo, focusing on the concept of Karmayoga, or the path of selfless action.
• It integrates spiritual practice with everyday life, emphasizing the importance of duty and action.

A System of National Education:

• Sri Aurobindo's work on education reform in India, proposing a national education system that nurtures the holistic development of individuals.
• It includes his views on the importance of cultural and spiritual education alongside academic learning.

Q37: Russian Marxist thinker and ruler, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin died in 

(a) 1921

(b) 1924

(c) 1919

(d) 1927

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is '1924'

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:

• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.
• He served as the head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.
• Lenin was one of the leading figures in the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government and the establishment of a Bolshevik government.
• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and founder of the Soviet state, died on January 21, 1924, after a series of strokes, leading to a power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky.

Lenin's Death:

• Lenin died on January 21, 1924, due to a series of strokes and health complications.
• His death marked the end of an era in the early Soviet Union and led to a power struggle among his successors, notably Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky.

Other Related Points

Incorrect Options:

• 1921: Lenin was still in power and leading the Soviet government during this year.
• 1919: This was during the Russian Civil War, and Lenin was actively involved in the leadership of the Bolsheviks.
• 1927: This date is after Lenin's death and during the period when Stalin was consolidating his power.

Q38: Arrange the following states in descending order as per their allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha. 

A. Karnataka

B. Assam

C. Tamil Nadu

D. Kerala

E. Bihar

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

a) E, C, A, B, D

(b) E, A, C, D, B

(c) C. E, A, D, B

(d) C, A, E, B, D

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'C. E, A, D, B'

Allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha:

• Rajya Sabha seat allocation is based on population and historical agreements under the Indian Constitution, reflecting states’ representation in the upper house.

• Tamil Nadu: With 18 seats, it has one of the highest representations in the Rajya Sabha.

• Bihar: Allocated 16 seats, reflecting its significant population.

• Karnataka: Holds 12 seats in the Rajya Sabha.

• Kerala: Allotted 9 seats.

• Assam: Has 7 seats in the upper house.

Q39: Who was a trenchant critic of Aryanism, Brahmanism, and Hinduism?

(a) Dayananda Saraswati

(b) Swami Kripatri

(c) E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker'

E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker:

• E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar), through the Dravidian Movement and works like Self-Respect, critiqued Aryanism, Brahmanism, and Hinduism to promote social equality.
• He founded the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam, advocating for the rights of the marginalized communities and against the caste system perpetuated by Brahmanism.
• Periyar's efforts were aimed at creating a society where people were treated equally, irrespective of their caste or religion.

Other Related Points

Dayananda Saraswati:

• Dayananda Saraswati was an Indian philosopher and the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement.
• He advocated for the revival of Vedic ideologies and was critical of idol worship, ritualism, and superstitions within Hinduism.
• Although he was a reformer, his critiques were not primarily focused on Aryanism and Brahmanism in the same way as Periyar's were.

Swami Kripatri:

• Swami Kripatri was a lesser-known figure in Indian history and did not have a significant impact on the critique of Aryanism, Brahmanism, and Hinduism.
• There is limited information available on his contributions in this specific context.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent Indian nationalist leader and freedom fighter.
• While he played a significant role in the Indian independence movement, his efforts were not focused on critiquing Aryanism, Brahmanism, and Hinduism.
• He is better known for his advocacy of Swaraj (self-rule) and his efforts to promote Indian culture and heritage.

Q40: Indian National Congress won how many seats in 2014 Lok Sabha elections? 

(a) 53

(b) 48

(c) 49

(d) 44

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is '44'.

2014 Lok-Sabha Elections:

• In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections (April 7–May 12, 2014), the Indian National Congress won 44 out of 543 seats, marking one of its worst performances.
• The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Narendra Modi, won a sweeping victory.
• The Indian National Congress (INC), which had been a dominant force in Indian politics, faced a major defeat in these elections.

Performance of the Indian National Congress:

• The INC, led by Rahul Gandhi, managed to secure only 44 seats out of 543 in the Lok-Sabha.
• This was one of the worst performances by the party in its history.

Impact of the 2014 Elections:

• The 2014 elections marked a clear mandate for the BJP and Narendra Modi, leading to significant policy changes and reforms.
• The INC's poor performance led to internal introspection and efforts to revitalize the party.

Q41: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

(d) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is Option 2

A - Google launched in 1998:

• Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University.
• The company was officially launched in September 1998.

B - Facebook launched in 2004:

• Facebook was launched by Mark Zuckerberg along with his college roommates.
• The platform was initially launched exclusively for Harvard students on February 4, 2004, before expanding to other universities and eventually to the general public.

C - Microsoft founded in 1975:

• Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975.
• The company was initially created to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.

D - Apple Computers founded in 1976:

• Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976.
• The company was created to develop and sell personal computers, starting with the Apple I.

In Short:

• A-II: Google launched on September 4, 1998.
• B-I: Facebook launched on February 4, 2004.
• C-III: Microsoft founded on April 4, 1975.
• D-IV: Apple founded on April 1, 1976.

Q42: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

(d) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV'.

Antarctic Treaty - 1959:

• The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 and came into force in 1961. It sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent.

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) - 1972:

• The ABM Treaty was signed in 1972 between the United States and the Soviet Union. It limited the use of missile systems that could defend against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons.

Outer Space Treaty - 1967:

• The Outer Space Treaty was signed in 1967. It forms the basis of international space law, prohibiting the placement of nuclear weapons in space and limiting the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes.

Limited Test Ban Treaty - 1963:

• The Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963. It prohibits all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground, aiming to reduce the amount of nuclear fallout in the atmosphere.

Other Related Points

Incorrect Matching Options:

• Some options mix up the years of the treaties which is incorrect. For instance, the Outer Space Treaty is sometimes incorrectly matched with the year 1959 instead of 1967.
• The Antarctic Treaty and the Limited Test Ban Treaty have specific years (1959 and 1963 respectively) which are sometimes incorrectly matched with other treaties' years.

Historical Context:

• These treaties were part of a broader effort during the Cold War to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to promote peaceful scientific exploration.
• Understanding the historical context helps in remembering the significance and the correct years of these agreements.

Q43: Who is the first woman Director-General of WTO? 

(a) Ngozi Okonj-Iweala

(b) Mike Moore Supachai

(c) Peter Sutherland

(d) Paskal Lamy

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala'.

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala:

• Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is the first woman and the first African to serve as the Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
• She took office on March 1, 2021, bringing with her a wealth of experience in international finance and development.
• Prior to her appointment at the WTO, she held several key positions, including twice serving as Nigeria’s Finance Minister and as Managing Director of the World Bank.
• Her leadership is seen as a significant step towards more inclusive and representative global trade policies.

Other Related Points

Mike Moore Supachai:

• Mike Moore was a former Prime Minister of New Zealand who served as the Director-General of the WTO from 1999 to 2002.
• He was succeeded by Supachai Panitchpakdi, a Thai economist and politician, who served as Director-General from 2002 to 2005.

Peter Sutherland:

• Peter Sutherland was an Irish barrister and politician who served as the first Director-General of the WTO, from its inception in 1995 until 1999.
• He played a crucial role in the establishment of the WTO and was a prominent figure in global trade negotiations.

Pascal Lamy:

• Pascal Lamy is a French political consultant and businessman who served as the Director-General of the WTO from 2005 to 2013.
• His tenure was marked by efforts to advance the Doha Development Agenda and address various global trade issues.

Q44: The Book 'Sexual Politics' was written by- 

(a) Judith Butler

(b) Kate Millett

(c) Pandita Ramabai

(d) Sister Nivedita

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'Kate Millett'

Sexual Politics:
Published in 1970, Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics critiques patriarchy in literature and society, drawing on thinkers like Freud and Simone de Beauvoir, and is a cornerstone of second-wave feminism.

• The book is a critical analysis of patriarchy in Western society and literature.
• Millett's work is considered one of the foundational texts of second-wave feminism, highlighting the power dynamics between men and women in various social institutions.
• She examines the works of prominent male authors like D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, and Norman Mailer, to illustrate how literature reinforces societal norms and gender roles.

Other Related Points

Judith Butler:

• Judith Butler is a prominent gender theorist known for her work on gender performativity.
• Her influential book Gender Trouble (1990) challenges traditional notions of gender and sexuality.
• Although she has made significant contributions to feminist theory, she did not write Sexual Politics.

Pandita Ramabai:

• Pandita Ramabai was an Indian social reformer, educator, and advocate for women's rights in India.
• She is known for her work in improving the status of women, particularly widows, in Indian society.
• Her notable works include The High-Caste Hindu Woman, but she did not write Sexual Politics.

Sister Nivedita:

• Sister Nivedita, born Margaret Elizabeth Noble, was an Irish social worker and disciple of Swami Vivekananda.
• She worked for the education and empowerment of women in India and wrote several books on Indian culture and spirituality.
• However, she did not author Sexual Politics.

Q45: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II

(b) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

(c) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II

(d) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV.'

Abul Ahsan:

• Served as the first Secretary General of SAARC from January 16, 1987 to October 15, 1989.

Yadav Kant Silwal:

• Served as the Secretary General of SAARC from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1995.

Nihal Rodrigo:

• Held the position of Secretary General from January 1, 1999 to January 10, 2002.

Sheel Kant Sharma:

• Served as the Secretary General of SAARC from March 1, 2008 to February 2011.

Q46: Who is the proposed Secretary of State in the Donald Trump Administration II? 

(a) Ivanka Trump

(b) Tulsi Gabbad

(c) Mark Esper

(d) Macro Rubio

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'Marco Rubio'

Marco Rubio:

• Marco Rubio is a prominent Republican senator from Florida known for his expertise in foreign policy and national security.
• He has served on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and has been an influential voice on issues related to international relations and U.S. diplomacy.
• Given his background and experience, he is seen as a strong candidate for the position of Secretary of State in a potential Donald Trump administration.

Other Related Points

Ivanka Trump:

• Ivanka Trump is the daughter of Donald Trump and served as a senior advisor during his presidency.
• While she has been involved in various policy areas, she does not have the extensive foreign policy background typically required for the role of Secretary of State.

Tulsi Gabbard:

• Tulsi Gabbard is a former Democratic congresswoman from Hawaii and a military veteran.
• Although she has experience in foreign affairs, her appointment as Secretary of State in a Republican administration is unlikely due to her political affiliation.

Mark Esper:

• Mark Esper served as the Secretary of Defense under Donald Trump.
• His expertise lies more in defense and military matters rather than diplomacy, making him a less likely candidate for Secretary of State.

Q47: Who wrote the book "Poverty and un-British Rule in India"? 

(a) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

(c) Dadabhai Naroji

(d) Jawaharlal Nehru

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Dadabhai Naoroji'.

Poverty and un-British Rule in India:

• This influential book was written by Dadabhai Naoroji, an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar, and writer.
• The book, published in 1901, is a critical analysis of the economic impact of British rule on India.
• Naoroji, also known as the 'Grand Old Man of India,' used statistical data to demonstrate how British policies were impoverishing India and draining its wealth.
• The work is considered a foundational text in Indian economic nationalism and was a significant contribution to the Indian independence movement.
• Published in 1901, Dadabhai Naoroji’s Poverty and un-British Rule in India articulates the Drain Theory, demonstrating how British colonial policies economically exploited India by draining its wealth.

Other Related Points

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan:

• Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, also known as the 'Frontier Gandhi,' was a prominent freedom fighter and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi.
• He did not write "Poverty and un-British Rule in India."

Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and independence activist who was one of the first leaders of the Indian Independence Movement.
• He did not author the book in question, though he wrote extensively on Indian nationalism and self-rule.

Jawaharlal Nehru:

• Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of independent India and a central figure in Indian politics both before and after independence.
• He wrote several books, including "The Discovery of India," but not "Poverty and un-British Rule in India."

Q48: Arrange the following terrorist attacks into chronological order: 

A. Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis

B. Indian Parliament Attack

C. Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack

D. Camp Speicher Massacre

E. Air India Flight-182 Bombing

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) E, C, B, A, D

(b) E, B, C, D, A

(c) B, E, C, A, D

(d) B, C, E, A, D

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 1) E, C, B, A, D

E. Air India Flight-182 Bombing (1985):

• On June 23, 1985, Air India Flight 182, a flight traveling from Toronto to Delhi, was bombed by Sikh militants, killing all 329 people aboard. This terrorist attack remains one of the deadliest in aviation history.

C. Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack (1995):

• On March 20, 1995, members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult released sarin gas in the Tokyo subway system, resulting in 13 deaths and over 1,000 injuries. It was one of the most notorious chemical attacks carried out in Japan.

B. Indian Parliament Attack (2001):

• On December 13, 2001, a group of militants stormed the Indian Parliament building in New Delhi, resulting in the deaths of 9 people, including the attackers. This attack led to heightened security measures and strained India-Pakistan relations.

A. Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis (2002):

• On October 23, 2002, Chechen militants took over 800 hostages in a Moscow theater. The siege ended with a controversial rescue operation by Russian authorities, resulting in over 130 deaths, most of them due to the gas used in the operation.

D. Camp Speicher Massacre (2014):

• On June 12, 2014, ISIS militants executed over 1,700 Iraqi soldiers at Camp Speicher, located near Tikrit. This mass killing was one of the largest atrocities carried out by ISIS during their rise to power in Iraq.

Q49: Who wrote the book 'One-Dimensional Man' ? 

(a) Muchkund Dubey

(b) Fareed Zakaria

(c) Herbert Simon

(d) Herbert Marcuse

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'Herbert Marcuse'.

'One-Dimensional Man' by Herbert Marcuse:

• Herbert Marcuse was a German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory.
• 'One-Dimensional Man' is a critical text that explores the nature of advanced industrial society and its capacity to control individuals through the integration of social, cultural, and economic systems.
• The book critiques both capitalist and communist societies for their tendencies to suppress individual freedom and creativity, leading to a conformist culture.
• Marcuse's work has been influential in the fields of political theory, sociology, and philosophy, contributing significantly to discussions on social and political power structures.
• Published in 1964, Herbert Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man critiques advanced industrial society’s conformism, arguing it suppresses individual freedom through integrated social systems.

Other Related Points

Muchkund Dubey:

• Muchkund Dubey is an Indian economist and academic known for his work in international relations, but he is not associated with 'One-Dimensional Man'.

Fareed Zakaria:

• Fareed Zakaria is an Indian-American journalist, political scientist, and author, known for his work on global politics and international affairs. He did not write 'One-Dimensional Man'.

Herbert Simon:

• Herbert Simon was an American economist and political scientist known for his work on decision-making processes within administrative organizations. He is not the author of 'One-Dimensional Man'.

Q50: Who wrote the book "The Law of Peoples"? 

(a) John Rawls

(b) John Locke

(c) Edward Said

(d) Francis Fukuyama

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is "John Rawls"

John Rawls:

• John Rawls was a prominent American political philosopher known for his work in moral and political theory.
• "The Law of Peoples" is one of his significant works, where he extends his theory of justice to the international arena.
• In this book, Rawls proposes a framework for international justice and offers principles that should govern the conduct of peoples and nations.
• Published in 1999, John Rawls’ The Law of Peoples extends his A Theory of Justice (1971) to international relations, proposing principles for just global interactions.

Other Related Points

John Locke:

• John Locke was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers.
• He is known for his works on liberalism, particularly "Two Treatises of Government," but he did not write "The Law of Peoples."

Edward Said:

• Edward Said was a literary theorist and public intellectual known for his work on post-colonial theory, especially "Orientalism."
• Although he addressed many issues related to culture and imperialism, he did not author "The Law of Peoples."

Francis Fukuyama:

• Francis Fukuyama is an American political scientist, political economist, and author, best known for his book "The End of History and the Last Man."
• While he has contributed significantly to political philosophy and history, he did not write "The Law of Peoples."

Q51: Which of the following are not the variables of input-output analysis of David Easton? 

A. Development

B. Growth

C. Demand

D. Support

E. Feedback

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C and D Only

(b) C and E Only

(c) D and E Only

(d) A and B Only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'A and B Only'

Input-Output Analysis by David Easton:

• David Easton was a political scientist known for his systemic approach to studying political systems.
• His input-output analysis is a framework for understanding how political systems operate by examining the inputs (demands and supports) and outputs (decisions and actions).
• The inputs include demands and supports from the environment, while the outputs are the decisions and actions taken by the political system.
• Feedback loops are also crucial in this analysis as they help to understand how the outputs affect future inputs.

Other Related Points

Development and Growth:

• These are not considered variables in Easton's input-output analysis.
• Development and Growth are broader concepts that may result from the functioning of political systems but are not part of the input-output framework specifically.

Q52: Arrange the following initiatives/establishments by United Nations in chronological order: 

A. UN Roll Back Malaria Initiative

B. Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights

C. Global Polio Eradication Initiative

D. Establishment of University of Peace, Costa Rica

E. Establishment of UN Forum on Forests

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C, B, A, E, D

(b) C, A, B, E, D

(c) D, C, B, A, E

(d) D, B, C, A, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'D, C, B, A, E'

Establishment of University of Peace, Costa Rica:

• The University for Peace was established in Costa Rica in 1980, created by the United Nations to provide education, training, and research for peace and conflict resolution.
• Its mission is to promote among all human beings the spirit of understanding, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence.

Global Polio Eradication Initiative:

• Launched in 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is spearheaded by national governments, the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and UNICEF.
• The initiative aims to eradicate polio worldwide through widespread immunization campaigns and has achieved significant progress in reducing polio cases globally.

Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights:

• Adopted in 1997 by UNESCO, the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights sets out ethical principles related to genetic research and the applications of genetics.
• The declaration emphasizes human dignity and the prohibition of genetic discrimination.

UN Roll Back Malaria Initiative:

• Launched in 1998, the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership aims to reduce malaria deaths through coordinated action and resource mobilization.
• The initiative works with various stakeholders to control and eventually eradicate malaria.

Establishment of UN Forum on Forests:

• Established in 2000, the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) is an intergovernmental policy forum to promote the management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests.
• The forum addresses issues related to forest policy and promotes international cooperation on forest-related matters.

Finally:

• D. University of Peace, Costa Rica (December 5, 1980): Established by UN General Assembly for peace education.
• C. Global Polio Eradication Initiative (1988): Launched by WHO, UNICEF, and partners to eradicate polio.
• B. Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights (November 11, 1997): Adopted by UNESCO to set ethical genetic research standards.
• A. UN Roll Back Malaria Initiative (October 1998): Coordinates global malaria control efforts.
• E. UN Forum on Forests (October 18, 2000): Promotes sustainable forest management.

Q53: Which of the following are not part of the liberal democarcy? 

A. Based on one-party system

B. Based on formal legal rules

C. Guarantee of civil liberties and individual rights

D. A system of checks and balances

E. State monopoly on the means of mass communication

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B and C Only

(b) A and E Only

(c) C and D Only

(d) B, C and D Only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'A and E Only'

Characteristics of Liberal Democracy:

• A liberal democracy is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism, protecting the rights of individuals and ensuring the rule of law.
• It typically includes multiple political parties to ensure a competitive political environment, upholding civil liberties and individual rights, and a system of checks and balances to prevent any single entity from gaining excessive power.

Explanation of Key Options:

• Based on one-party system: This is not a feature of liberal democracy as it limits political competition and choice, essential for a healthy democratic system.
• State monopoly on the means of mass communication: In a liberal democracy, freedom of the press and media is crucial for transparency and accountability. A state monopoly would hinder this freedom and the flow of information.

Other Related Points

Based on formal legal rules:

• This is a key feature of liberal democracy, where governance is based on established laws and regulations, ensuring order and predictability.

Guarantee of civil liberties and individual rights:

• Protecting civil liberties and individual rights is fundamental to liberal democracy, ensuring freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and the right to a fair trial.

A system of checks and balances:

• This system is integral to liberal democracy, preventing any branch of government from becoming too powerful and ensuring accountability and transparency.

Q54: Which among the following was not a part of self respect movement' initiated by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker? 

(a) Dropping description of caste from the names

(b) New interpretation to characters of Hindu mythology

(c) Joining Congress to support national movement

(d) Self respect weddings solemnized without Brahmin Priests

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Joining Congress to support national movement'

Self Respect Movement initiated by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker:

• The Self Respect Movement was founded by E.V. Ramaswami Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, in 1925 in Tamil Nadu, India.
• The movement aimed to promote self-respect, eradicate caste discrimination, and fight against the social evils perpetuated by the caste system.
• It sought to empower the Dravidian community and challenge the dominance of Brahmins in Tamil society.

Dropping description of caste from the names:

• One of the key principles of the Self Respect Movement was to discard caste-based surnames to eliminate caste identities and promote social equality.
• This practice was encouraged to reduce the discrimination and stigma associated with caste distinctions.

New interpretation to characters of Hindu mythology:

• Periyar and his followers offered a rationalist and critical perspective on Hindu mythology, challenging traditional interpretations that reinforced caste hierarchies.
• They aimed to reinterpret mythological stories to highlight social injustices and question the legitimacy of Brahminical dominance.

Self respect weddings solemnized without Brahmin Priests:

• The Self Respect Movement advocated for weddings to be conducted without the involvement of Brahmin priests, who were seen as upholders of the caste system.
• These "self-respect weddings" were performed in a simple manner, emphasizing equality and mutual consent rather than religious rituals.

Other Related Points

Joining Congress to support national movement:

• Periyar initially joined the Indian National Congress but later distanced himself due to differences in ideology, particularly concerning caste and social reforms.
• His focus remained on social justice and anti-caste movements, rather than the broader nationalistic goals of the Congress party.

Q55: Who of the following thinkers are not associated with the Realist school of International Relations? 

A. Stephen Walt

B. John Mearsheimer

C. Kenneth Waltz

D. Wodrow Wilson

E. Immanuel Kant

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B Only

(b) B and C Only

(c) C and A Only

(d) D and E Only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'D and E Only'

Realist school of International Relations:

• The Realist school of thought in International Relations emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international relations.It focuses on the notion that states are the primary actors in international politics and they act in their own self-interest for power and security.
• Key thinkers associated with this school include Stephen Walt, John Mearsheimer, and Kenneth Waltz.

Woodrow Wilson and Immanuel Kant:

• Woodrow Wilson is often associated with the Liberal school of thought in International Relations, which emphasizes cooperation, international institutions, and ethical principles in international politics.
• Immanuel Kant is a philosopher who contributed significantly to the Liberal school with his ideas about perpetual peace and the importance of international cooperation and republican constitutions.
• Neither Woodrow Wilson nor Immanuel Kant are considered Realist thinkers.

Other Related Points

Other Realist Thinkers:

• Stephen Walt is known for his work on alliances and balance of power in international relations.
• John Mearsheimer is known for his theory of offensive realism, which suggests that great powers are always seeking to dominate the international system.
• Kenneth Waltz is the founder of neorealism, which emphasizes the anarchic structure of the international system and the distribution of capabilities among states.

Liberal Thinkers:

• Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and his role in the creation of the League of Nations highlight his liberal perspective on international relations.
• Immanuel Kant's essay "Perpetual Peace" outlines his vision for a world where republics and international cooperation lead to lasting peace.

Q56: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II

(b) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(c) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(d) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III'.

Kosovo War:

• The Kosovo War took place from 1998 to 1999, involving Yugoslav forces and the Kosovo Liberation Army, with NATO intervention in 1999.

Libyan Civil War:

• The Libyan Civil War began in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring, leading to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.

US-led invasion of Afghanistan:

• The US-led invasion of Afghanistan commenced in October 2001, in response to the 9/11 attacks, aiming to dismantle Al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban from power.

Taliban I seized power in Afghanistan:

• The Taliban first seized power in Afghanistan in 1996, establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

In Short:

• A-IV: Kosovo War (February 28, 1998–June 11, 1999): Involved Yugoslav forces, KLA, and NATO intervention.
• B-I: Libyan Civil War (February 15, 2011–October 20, 2011): Overthrew Muammar Gaddafi.
• C-II: US-led invasion of Afghanistan (October 7, 2001): Targeted Al-Qaeda and Taliban post-9/11.
• D-III: Taliban seized power (September 27, 1996): Established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

Q57: The 52^nd Constitution Amendment Act which provided for the disqualification of the members of parliament and the state legislators on the ground of defection from one political party to another was enacted in- 

(a) 1984

(b) 1985

(c) 1987

(d) 1988

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is '1985'

52nd Constitution Amendment Act of 1985:

• This amendment is also known as the Anti-Defection Law.
• It was enacted to address the issue of political defections which were seen as a threat to the stability of the government.
• The law provides for the disqualification of members of parliament and state legislators if they defect from one political party to another after being elected.
• The aim was to bring stability to the legislative bodies by ensuring that members remain loyal to the party on whose ticket they were elected.

Q58: Identify the essential facts about communism. 

A. Common Ownership

B. Absolute Equality

C. Classless Society

D. Vanguard Party

E. Dictatorship of the Priestly class

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, E Only

(b) A, B, C, D Only

(c) A, B, D, E Only

(d) B, C, D, E Only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, C, D Only'

Essential Facts about Communism:

• Common Ownership: One of the core principles of communism is the collective ownership of the means of production. This means that resources and industries are owned and controlled by the community as a whole, rather than by private individuals.
• Absolute Equality: Communism strives for a society where wealth and resources are distributed equally among all members. This principle aims to eliminate economic disparities and ensure that everyone has access to basic needs.
• Classless Society: A primary goal of communism is to create a society without social classes. In a classless society, there are no distinctions between rich and poor, and all people have equal status and opportunities.
• Vanguard Party: In the context of Marxist-Leninist theory, a vanguard party is a political party that leads and directs the proletariat (working class) in the revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and establish a communist state.

Other Related Points

Dictatorship of the Priestly Class:

• This concept is not associated with communism. Communism seeks to eliminate class distinctions, including those based on religion or priesthood.
• The idea of a "dictatorship of the priestly class" contradicts the fundamental principles of communism, which aim to remove all forms of class-based hierarchy.

Non-essential Concepts:

• Other concepts like "Supremacy of a Single Leader" or "State Capitalism" are not essential to the core ideology of communism and often represent deviations or adaptations seen in specific historical implementations rather than the theoretical foundation of communism.

Q59: Which Act provided that the term of the members of Rajya Sabha shall be six years? 

(a) The Representation of the People Act (1951)

(b) Representation of the People Act (1950)

(c) Government of India Act (1935)

(d) Government of India Act (1919)

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'The Representation of the People Act (1951)'

The Representation of the People Act (1951):
The Representation of the People Act (1951) provides the framework for elections, including the six-year term for Rajya Sabha members (one-third retiring every two years), as initially outlined in Article 83 of the Indian Constitution. The 1950 Act addresses electoral rolls, while the 1935 and 1919 Acts predate the Rajya Sabha.

Other Related Points

People Representation Act (1953):

• This act does not exist as a separate legislative measure. The relevant legislation concerning the conduct of elections and related matters is the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

Government of India Act (1935):

• This was a significant statute enacted by the British Parliament, which laid down the structure and functioning of government institutions in British India.
• It laid the foundation for federal governance in India but did not address the specific term of Rajya Sabha members.

Government of India Act (1919):

• Also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, this act aimed to introduce self-governing institutions gradually in India.
• It provided for a dual form of government (dyarchy) in the provinces but did not establish the Rajya Sabha or specify terms for its members.

Q60: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(b) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

(c) A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II

(d) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II'

Asian Drama:

• Written by Gunnar Myrdal, this book is a comprehensive study of the economies of South Asia and Southeast Asia.
• It delves into the socio-economic issues and development challenges faced by these regions.

The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation:

• Authored by Granville Austin, the book provides an in-depth analysis of the making and workings of the Indian Constitution.
• Austin's work is highly regarded for its detailed examination of the constitutional process in India.

The State and Poverty in India: The Politics of Reform:

• Atul Kohli authored this book, which explores the relationship between state policies and poverty in India.
• It provides insights into the political dynamics behind economic reforms and poverty alleviation strategies.

The Indian Political System:

• This book is written by Norman D Palmer, offering a comprehensive overview of the political structure and processes in India.
• It is a key text for understanding the complexities of Indian politics.

Q61: Who wrote the book "The Functions of the Executive"? 

(a) Chester Barnard

(b) Max Weber

(c) Henri Fayol

(d) Sun Tzu

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'Chester Barnard'.

Chester Barnard:

• Chester Barnard was an American business executive, public administrator, and author of pioneering work in management theory.
• He wrote the book "The Functions of the Executive" in 1938, which is considered a seminal work in the field of management and organizational theory.
• In his book, Barnard analyzed the functions and roles of executives, and emphasized the importance of communication, leadership, and decision-making in organizations.
• His theories on the acceptance of authority and the cooperative systems within organizations have had a lasting impact on management practices.

Other Related Points

Max Weber:

• Max Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist known for his theory of bureaucracy and his work on the sociology of religion.
• Weber's most famous works include "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" and "Economy and Society".
• While he made significant contributions to organizational theory, he did not write "The Functions of the Executive".

Henri Fayol:

• Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and management theorist known for his work in developing administrative theory.
• He is best known for his book "General and Industrial Management", where he outlined his 14 principles of management.
• Fayol's work focused on the functions of management, but he did not write "The Functions of the Executive".

Sun Tzu:

• Sun Tzu was an ancient Chinese military strategist and philosopher, known for his work "The Art of War".
• "The Art of War" is a treatise on military strategy and tactics, and has been widely influential in both military and business contexts.
• Sun Tzu's work is unrelated to the field of executive functions in management theory.

Q62: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - IV, B - I, C - III, D - II

(b) A - I, B - IV, C - II, D - III

(c) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

(d) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - I, B - IV, C - II, D - III'

Max Weber - Economy and Society:

• Max Weber was a prominent sociologist known for his works on the sociology of religion, economics, and politics.
• "Economy and Society" is one of his seminal works, discussing various aspects of society, economics, and the relationships between them.

Isaiah Berlin - Four Essays on Liberty:

• Isaiah Berlin was a renowned political theorist and philosopher.
• "Four Essays on Liberty" is a collection of essays where Berlin discusses concepts of liberty and freedom, including his famous distinction between 'negative' and 'positive' liberty.

Rosa Luxemburg - Social Reform or Revolution:

• Rosa Luxemburg was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, and revolutionary socialist.
• "Social Reform or Revolution" is one of her key works, where she argues against the reformist approach and advocates for revolutionary socialism.

Milton Friedman - Capitalism and Freedom:

• Milton Friedman was an influential economist known for his advocacy of free-market capitalism.
• "Capitalism and Freedom" is a significant work where Friedman presents his arguments for economic freedom as a prerequisite for political freedom.

Q63: Identify true facts about Regional Organizations 

A. East Asian Summit founded in 2005

B. Shanghai Cooperation Organization founded in 2001

C. Nordic Council founded in 1952

D. ASEAN Regional Forum founded in 1994

E. SAARC founded in 1987

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, E Only

(b) B, C, E Only

(c) E, A, B Only

(d) A, B, C, D Only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, C, D Only'

East Asian Summit (EAS):

• The East Asian Summit was founded in 2005.
• It is a forum held annually by leaders of, initially, 16 countries in the East Asian region, with membership expanded to 18 countries including the United States and Russia.
• The main focus of the EAS is on regional strategic, political, and economic issues.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO):

• The Shanghai Cooperation Organization was founded in 2001.
• It is a Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance, originally consisting of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
• India and Pakistan joined the organization as full members in 2017.

Nordic Council:

• The Nordic Council was founded in 1952.
• It is a geo-political inter-parliamentary forum for cooperation between the Nordic countries including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
• The council promotes cooperation in various sectors such as culture, environment, and social welfare.

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF):

• The ASEAN Regional Forum was founded in 1994.
• The ARF provides a platform for dialogue and consultation on political and security issues in the Asia-Pacific region.
• It aims to foster constructive dialogue and consultation, and to promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region.

Other Related Points

SAARC:

• The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was actually founded in 1985, not 1987.
• SAARC is an economic and geopolitical organization of eight South Asian nations: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• The primary aim of SAARC is to promote regional integration and cooperation among its member countries.

Q64: What is concept of 'Gangplank' in an organization? 

(a) A training tool

(b) Budgeting software

(c) Level jumping of hierarchy

(d) An accounting agency

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'level jumping of hierarchy'

Concept of 'Gangplank' in an organization:

Introduced by Henri Fayol in his 14 Principles of Management, the Gangplank allows direct communication between employees at the same hierarchical level across departments, bypassing the chain of command (C. Level jumping of hierarchy) to enhance efficiency. It must respect formal authority to avoid confusion. A. Training tool, B. Budgeting software, and D. Accounting agency are unrelated.

Other Related Points

Incorrect options overview:

• A training tool: This is incorrect as 'Gangplank' is not a training method or tool used in an organization. Training tools are typically methodologies or resources used to improve employee skills and knowledge.
• Budgeting software: This option is incorrect because 'Gangplank' does not refer to any software related to budgeting or financial planning. Budgeting software helps in financial forecasting, budget creation, and financial analysis.
• An accounting agency: This is incorrect since 'Gangplank' does not describe any agency involved in accounting services. Accounting agencies are firms providing accounting, auditing, and financial consulting services.

Q65: Who suggested that bourgeois assumptions and values needed to be overthrown by the establishment of a rival 'proletarian hegemony' and 'the manufacture of consent' ? 

(a) Anthony Giddens

(b) John Stuart Mill

(c) Antonio Gramsci

(d) Ram Manohar Lohia

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Antonio Gramsci'

Antonio Gramsci:
Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Marxist, proposed in his Prison Notebooks that bourgeois values be countered by a proletarian hegemony through cultural institutions, creating a new collective will (often termed manufacture of consent, later popularized). Giddens focused on structuration, Mill on liberalism, and Lohia on Indian socialism, not hegemony.

Other Related Points

Anthony Giddens:

• Anthony Giddens is a British sociologist known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies.
• He did not focus on the concept of proletarian hegemony or the overthrow of bourgeois values in the same way as Gramsci.

John Stuart Mill:

• John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher and political economist, famous for his works on liberty, utilitarianism, and representative government.
• Mill's theories are centered on individual liberty and utilitarian ethics rather than Marxist class struggle and hegemony.

Ram Manohar Lohia:

• Ram Manohar Lohia was an Indian freedom fighter and socialist political leader.
• While Lohia advocated for socialism and the upliftment of the lower classes, his ideas were distinct from Gramsci's focus on cultural hegemony and the manufacture of consent.

Q66: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

(b) A - IV, B - I, C - III, D - II

(c) A - I, B - IV, C - II, D - III

(d) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I'

Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944):

• This conference was a series of meetings held at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., in 1944, where representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China formulated proposals for a world organization that would become the basis for the United Nations.
• The meetings were crucial in laying the groundwork for the establishment of the UN.

UN Peacekeeping Mission to Suez Canal (1956):

• The first United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was deployed during the Suez Crisis in 1956 to secure and supervise the cessation of hostilities in the Suez Canal area.
• This mission marked the beginning of large-scale, organized peacekeeping operations by the UN.

Establishment of UN Development Programme (1965):

• The UN Development Programme (UNDP) was established in 1965 to help countries achieve sustainable development by providing expert advice, training, and grant support.
• It focuses on poverty reduction, HIV/AIDS, democratic governance, energy and environment, social development, and crisis prevention and recovery.

Establishment of UN Environment Programme (1972):

• The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) was established in 1972 following the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.
• UNEP coordinates the UN's environmental activities and assists developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.

Other Related Points

Impact of Key Events:

• The Dumbarton Oaks Conference set the foundation for international cooperation and the formation of the UN.
• The Suez Canal crisis highlighted the need for international peacekeeping forces to prevent conflicts.
• The establishment of UNDP and UNEP marked significant steps in addressing global development and environmental issues.

Q67: Arrange the following into chronological order: 

A. Hammurabi established the legal code.

B. Model Parliament of Edward I is convened

C. Treaty of Westphalia enforced notion of sovereignty

D. United Nations approval the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

E. New Zealand became the first country to grant women the right to vote

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, E, C, D

(b) A, B, C, E, D

(c) B, A, C, D, E

(d) B. A, E, C, D

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, C, E, D'

Chronological order of the given events:

• Hammurabi established the legal code (circa 1754 BC): This is one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi.
• Model Parliament of Edward I is convened (1295 AD): This was an early form of the English Parliament that included commoners, setting a precedent for future parliamentary structures.
• Treaty of Westphalia enforced notion of sovereignty (1648 AD): This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe and is considered the beginning of the modern state system, emphasizing the principle of state sovereignty.
• New Zealand became the first country to grant women the right to vote (1893 AD): New Zealand's decision marked the first time in the world that women were granted the right to vote in parliamentary elections.
• United Nations approval of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948 AD): This landmark document was adopted by the UN General Assembly and sets out fundamental human rights to be universally protected.

Historical Importance:

• Understanding the chronological order of these events helps in grasping the evolution of legal, political, and social systems over time.
• Each event marks a significant milestone in the development of modern governance and human rights.

Q68: Arrange the following constitutional amendments/provisions as per their inclusion in the chronological order 

A. Special provisions with respect to Delhi

B. Promotion of co-operative societies

C. Privy purses abolished

D. Representation for women in Legislature

E. Total number of ministers in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed fifteen per cent of the strength of Lok-Sabha/Legislative Assembly

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C, A, E, B, D

(b) C, E, A, B, D

(c) C, A, B, D, E

(d) C, E, A, D, B

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'C, A, E, B, D'.

Privy purses abolished (1971):

• This amendment, known as the 26th Amendment Act, 1971, abolished the privy purses, which were payments made to former rulers of princely states as a form of compensation for their integration into the Indian Union.

Special provisions with respect to Delhi (1991):

• The 69th Amendment Act, 1991, provided special provisions for the National Capital Territory of Delhi, granting it a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor.

Total number of ministers in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed fifteen per cent of the strength of Lok-Sabha/Legislative Assembly (2003):

• The 91st Amendment Act, 2003, introduced this provision to limit the size of the Council of Ministers at both the Union and State levels, aimed at ensuring efficient governance.

Promotion of co-operative societies (2011):

• The 97th Amendment Act, 2011, added a new part IXB to the Constitution, which is dedicated to co-operative societies, emphasizing their promotion and management.

Representation for women in Legislature:

• This is a proposed provision and has not yet been enacted as an amendment to the Constitution. Various bills have been introduced to provide reservation for women in legislatures, but none have been passed into law as of now.

Q69: Which of the following pairs are not matched properly - 

A. First nuclear test/explosion by USA : 1945

B. First nuclear test/explosion by USSR : 1949

C. First nuclear test/explosion by France : 1965

D. First nuclear test/explosion by China : 1974

E. First nuclear test/explosion by India: 1974

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B Only

(b) B and E Only

(c) C and D Only

(d) A and E Only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'C and D Only'

First Nuclear Tests:

• First nuclear test/explosion by USA: The United States conducted its first nuclear test, known as the Trinity test, on July 16, 1945.
• First nuclear test/explosion by USSR: The Soviet Union conducted its first nuclear test on August 29, 1949.
• First nuclear test/explosion by France: France conducted its first nuclear test on February 13, 1960, not 1965.
• First nuclear test/explosion by China: China conducted its first nuclear test on October 16, 1964, not 1974.
• First nuclear test/explosion by India: India conducted its first nuclear test on May 18, 1974.

Q70: Who wrote the book 'The Human Condition'? 

(a) Hannah Arendt

(b) Max Weber

(c) Herbert Simon

(d) Jagdish P. Bhagwati

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'Hannah Arendt'.

The Human Condition:
Hannah Arendt’s The Human Condition (1958) explores human activities through the vita activa framework: labor (sustenance), work (creation), and action (political engagement). Weber focused on bureaucracy, Simon on decision-making, and Bhagwati on trade, not this work.

Other Related Points

Max Weber:

• Max Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist known for his theory on the development of Western capitalism and the bureaucratic state.
• He wrote significant works like 'The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism', but he did not write 'The Human Condition'.

Herbert Simon:

• Herbert Simon was an American economist, political scientist, and cognitive psychologist who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978.
• He is known for his work on decision-making and artificial intelligence, particularly 'Administrative Behavior', but did not write 'The Human Condition'.

Jagdish P. Bhagwati:

• Jagdish P. Bhagwati is an Indian-American economist renowned for his research in international trade and economic development.
• He has written extensively on globalization and trade policy, including books like 'In Defense of Globalization', but he is not the author of 'The Human Condition'.

Q71: Arrange the Directors- General of GATT/WTO as per their tenure in chronological order: 

A. Eric Wyndham White

B. Olivier Long

C. Arthur Dunkel

D. Peter Sutherland.

E. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D, E

(b) B, C, D, E, A

(c) C, D, E, B, A

(d) D, A, B, C, E

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, C, D, E'

Directors-General of GATT/WTO:

• Eric Wyndham White was the first Director-General of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), serving from 1948 to 1968.
• Olivier Long succeeded him and served as Director-General from 1968 to 1980.
• Arthur Dunkel followed, serving from 1980 to 1993.
• Peter Sutherland was the first Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO), taking office from 1993 to 1995.
• Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is the current Director-General of the WTO, having assumed office in March 2021.

Q72: M.C. Rajah of Madras was the first elected president of- 

(a) All India Depressed Classes Association

(b) All Assam Students Union

(c) Indian National Congress

(d) British Indian Association

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'All India Depressed Classes Association'

M.C. Rajah was the first elected president (1927) of the All India Depressed Classes Association, advocating for Scheduled Castes’ rights in education and representation. AASU focuses on Assam issues, INC on national independence, and British Indian Association on elite interests, not Depressed Classes.

Other Related Points

All Assam Students Union:

• The All Assam Students Union (AASU) is a student organization in Assam, India, known for its role in the Assam Movement during the 1970s and 1980s, which sought to address the issues of illegal immigration and the rights of indigenous people of Assam.
• It is not related to the Depressed Classes or their representation at an all-India level.

Indian National Congress:

• The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the two major political parties in India and played a pivotal role in the Indian independence movement.
• It was not specifically focused on the Depressed Classes, although it did include their issues within its broader agenda for social reform and national independence.

British Indian Association:

• The British Indian Association was established in 1851 in Kolkata to promote the interests of Indians within the British colonial framework.
• It was not specifically focused on the Depressed Classes and operated more as a forum for the Indian elite to engage with British authorities.

Q73: In which year was the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 amended to provide for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services?

(a) 2006

(b) 2002

(c) 2005

(d) 2007

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is '2002'.

Amendment to Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987:

• The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002 amended the 1987 Act to establish Permanent Lok Adalats for resolving disputes in public utility services (e.g., transport, postal). Lok Adalats provide fast, cost-effective dispute resolution.
• Lok Adalats are a system of alternative dispute resolution developed in India, with the aim of providing a quicker, cost-effective, and easily accessible means of justice.
• The amendment aimed to institutionalize Lok Adalats, making them a permanent feature for resolving disputes related to public utility services like transport, postal, and telegraph services, among others.

Other Related Points

2006:

• This year does not correspond to any significant amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act concerning the establishment of permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services.

2005:

• Similar to 2006, there were no notable amendments related to permanent Lok Adalats in the Legal Services Authorities Act during this year.

2007:

• While there may have been other legislative changes or updates, the significant amendment for establishing permanent Lok Adalats in public utility services was not made in 2007.

Q74: Arrange the following countries into chronological order as per the year of admission in the United Nations: 

A. Pakistan

B. Myanmar

C. Sri Lanka

D. India

E. Israel

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, D, B, C, E

(b) D, A, C, E, B

(c) D, A, B, E, C

(d) A, D, C, B, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'D, A, B, E, C'.

Chronological Order of Admission:

• India: India became a member of the United Nations on October 30, 1945.
• Pakistan: Pakistan joined the United Nations on September 30, 1947, shortly after gaining independence.
• Myanmar: Myanmar (formerly Burma) was admitted to the United Nations on April 19, 1948.
• Israel: Israel was admitted to the United Nations on May 11, 1949.
• Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) joined the United Nations on December 14, 1955.

Q75: Arrange environmental events in chronological order 

A. Minamata Convention on Mercury

B. Publication of the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21

C. Greenpeace founded

D. Bhopal chemical plant disaster

E. Chernobyl nuclear disaster

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D, E

(b) B, C, D, E, A

(c) C, D, E, B, A

(d) D, C, E, A, B

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'C, D, E, B, A'.

Greenpeace founded (1971):

• Greenpeace is a global environmental organization established in 1971 in Vancouver, Canada.
• It focuses on pressing environmental issues through direct action, lobbying, and research.

Bhopal chemical plant disaster (1984):

• One of the world's worst industrial disasters occurred in Bhopal, India, in December 1984.
• A gas leak from the Union Carbide pesticide plant exposed over 500,000 people to methyl isocyanate, leading to thousands of deaths and long-term health impacts.

Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986):

• The catastrophic nuclear accident happened in April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union).
• It released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, causing widespread contamination and long-term health effects.

Publication of the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 (1992):

• The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
• The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 were adopted to promote sustainable development globally.

Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013):

• The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury.
• It was adopted in October 2013 and entered into force in August 2017.

Q76: Arrange the following world’s largest military spender countries (2023) in ascending order: 

A. South Korea

B. Ukraine

C. USA

D. China

E. Russia

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C, E, D, B, A

(b) E, C, D, A, B

(c) A, B, E, D, C

(d) B, A, D, E, C

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, E, D, C'

World's Largest Military Spenders (2023):

• According to 2023 data, the world's largest military spenders are ranked based on their defense budgets.
• In ascending order, the countries are: South Korea, Ukraine, Russia, China, and USA.
• This ranking indicates that South Korea spends the least among the listed countries, while the USA spends the most.
• Ukraine has increased its military spending significantly due to ongoing conflicts, placing it higher than South Korea but lower than Russia.
• China's military expenditure is substantial, but it is still less than that of the USA.
• The USA remains the top spender globally, with its defense budget far exceeding that of any other country.

Q77: 

 (a) Raj Narain Case

(b) Golaknath Case

(c) Re-berubari Case

(d) Naveen Jindal Case

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'Raj Narain Case'

In State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain (1975), the Supreme Court of India held that the right to information is implicit in Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression), emphasizing an informed citizenry’s role in democracy. This ruling laid the groundwork for the Right to Information Act (2005).

• Golaknath Case (1967): Focused on Parliament’s power to amend Fundamental Rights, not information rights.
• Re Berubari Case (1960): Dealt with territorial transfers, not information.
• Naveen Jindal Case (2004): Concerned the right to fly the national flag, not information.

Other Related Points

Golaknath Case:

• In the Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967) case, the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.
• This case is primarily concerned with the amending power of the Parliament and not with the right to information.

Re-berubari Case:

• The Re Berubari Union case (1960) dealt with the interpretation of the Constitution in relation to the transfer of territory between India and Pakistan.
• The case is significant for its analysis of the constitutional provisions regarding the alteration of boundaries but does not address the right to information.

Navin Jindal Case:

• The Navin Jindal case (2004) involved the right to fly the national flag and was primarily concerned with the interpretation of the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.
• This case does not pertain to the right to information.

Q78: Comprehension: 

James Madison gave eloquent expression to the urgent need for popular information in a democracy. During colonial rule, the administrative culture had been basically inward-looking, people avoiding and secret practicing. The right to information of a product of both institutions and culture. Under popular pressure and contemporary democratization movement throughout the world, openness and transparency in governmental operations have become quite trendy in recent times. Right to information laws are being enacted in many countries. Sweden adopted freedom of the Press Act in 1766. United States passed the Freedom of Information Act, 1966. In France, freedom of information and accountability of public servants are an integral part of constitution rights. The freedom of information law in Japan came into effect in 2001, allowing access to administrative documents held by administrative agencies in electronic or printed form.

In Germany, the federal government passed a freedom of information law in 2005. Six Bundeslander (provincial governments) have also own separate law on the subject. The Supreme Court of India, in the State of Uttar Pradesh vs. Raj Narain case observed that the right to information is implied in the right to freedom of speech. In 1997, India set up a working Group on Right to Information and Promotion of Open and Transparent Government. In 2005, Right to Information Act was passed in India to provide citizen secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability.

 (a) USA

(b) Japan

(c) India

(d) Sweden

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'Sweden'

Sweden adopted the Freedom of the Press Act (1766), the world’s first law ensuring press freedom and public access to government documents, predating others by centuries.

• USA: Enacted the Freedom of Information Act (1966), much later.
• Japan: Passed its FOI law in 2001.
• India: Enacted the Right to Information Act (2005), with press freedom under Article 19(1)(a) since 1950.

Other Related Points

USA:

• The United States has a strong tradition of press freedom, enshrined in the First Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1791.
• While significant, this came later than Sweden's adoption of press freedom provisions.

Japan:

• Japan's modern press freedom laws were established post-World War II, particularly with the new constitution in 1947.
• This is much later compared to both Sweden and the United States.

India:

• India's press freedom is protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, adopted in 1950.
• Like Japan, this was established significantly later than the press freedom provisions in Sweden.

Q79: Comprehension: 

James Madison gave eloquent expression to the urgent need for popular information in a democracy. During colonial rule, the administrative culture had been basically inward-looking, people avoiding and secret practicing. The right to information of a product of both institutions and culture. Under popular pressure and contemporary democratization movement throughout the world, openness and transparency in governmental operations have become quite trendy in recent times. Right to information laws are being enacted in many countries. Sweden adopted freedom of the Press Act in 1766. United States passed the Freedom of Information Act, 1966. In France, freedom of information and accountability of public servants are an integral part of constitution rights. The freedom of information law in Japan came into effect in 2001, allowing access to administrative documents held by administrative agencies in electronic or printed form.

In Germany, the federal government passed a freedom of information law in 2005. Six Bundeslander (provincial governments) have also own separate law on the subject. The Supreme Court of India, in the State of Uttar Pradesh vs. Raj Narain case observed that the right to information is implied in the right to freedom of speech. In 1997, India set up a working Group on Right to Information and Promotion of Open and Transparent Government. In 2005, Right to Information Act was passed in India to provide citizen secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability.

 (a) 2000

(b) 2005

(c) 2010

(d) 2015

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is '2005'

India passed the Right to Information Act (RTI) on June 15, 2005, enabling citizens to access information held by public authorities. It established the Central Information Commission to oversee implementation, promoting transparency and accountability.

• 2000: No RTI Act; preliminary discussions occurred.
• 2010: RTI Act was already in effect.
• 2015: RTI Act was well-established, with amendments proposed later.

Other Options:

2000:

• This year is incorrect as the RTI Act was not introduced at this time. The year 2000 saw other legislative activities but not the passage of the RTI Act.

2010:

• By 2010, the RTI Act had already been in effect for five years, and the information access mechanisms were already in place.

2015:

• This year is also incorrect as it is a decade after the RTI Act was passed. The RTI Act was well-established by this time, and numerous amendments and improvements had been made.

Q80: Comprehension: 

James Madison gave eloquent expression to the urgent need for popular information in a democracy. During colonial rule, the administrative culture had been basically inward-looking, people avoiding and secret practicing. The right to information of a product of both institutions and culture. Under popular pressure and contemporary democratization movement throughout the world, openness and transparency in governmental operations have become quite trendy in recent times. Right to information laws are being enacted in many countries. Sweden adopted freedom of the Press Act in 1766. United States passed the Freedom of Information Act, 1966. In France, freedom of information and accountability of public servants are an integral part of constitution rights. The freedom of information law in Japan came into effect in 2001, allowing access to administrative documents held by administrative agencies in electronic or printed form.

In Germany, the federal government passed a freedom of information law in 2005. Six Bundeslander (provincial governments) have also own separate law on the subject. The Supreme Court of India, in the State of Uttar Pradesh vs. Raj Narain case observed that the right to information is implied in the right to freedom of speech. In 1997, India set up a working Group on Right to Information and Promotion of Open and Transparent Government. In 2005, Right to Information Act was passed in India to provide citizen secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability.

(a) Britain

(b) Australia

(c) France

(d) Germany

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'France'

France embeds freedom of information and public servant accountability in its constitutional framework, notably through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) and the 1978 Access to Administrative Documents Law.

• Britain: Enacted the Freedom of Information Act (2000), not constitutionally enshrined.
• Australia: Passed the Freedom of Information Act (1982), not a constitutional right.
• Germany: Federal FOI law (2005) and Bundesländer laws exist, but not constitutionally mandated.

Other Related Points

Britain:

• While Britain has its own mechanisms for ensuring transparency and accountability, such as the Freedom of Information Act 2000, the emphasis on these principles as integral to constitutional rights is not as pronounced as in France.

Australia:

• Australia also values transparency and accountability, with its Freedom of Information Act 1982 providing public access to government documents. However, these principles are not explicitly enshrined as constitutional rights.

Germany:

• Germany has robust laws for transparency and accountability, including the Federal Freedom of Information Act. Yet, similar to Australia, these principles are not explicitly stated as constitutional rights.

Q81: Comprehension: 

James Madison gave eloquent expression to the urgent need for popular information in a democracy. During colonial rule, the administrative culture had been basically inward-looking, people avoiding and secret practicing. The right to information of a product of both institutions and culture. Under popular pressure and contemporary democratization movement throughout the world, openness and transparency in governmental operations have become quite trendy in recent times. Right to information laws are being enacted in many countries. Sweden adopted freedom of the Press Act in 1766. United States passed the Freedom of Information Act, 1966. In France, freedom of information and accountability of public servants are an integral part of constitution rights. The freedom of information law in Japan came into effect in 2001, allowing access to administrative documents held by administrative agencies in electronic or printed form.

In Germany, the federal government passed a freedom of information law in 2005. Six Bundeslander (provincial governments) have also own separate law on the subject. The Supreme Court of India, in the State of Uttar Pradesh vs. Raj Narain case observed that the right to information is implied in the right to freedom of speech. In 1997, India set up a working Group on Right to Information and Promotion of Open and Transparent Government. In 2005, Right to Information Act was passed in India to provide citizen secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability.

 (a) Civil society

(b) Provincial governments

(c) High Courts

(d) Election Commission

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'Provincial governments'.

Germany’s 16 Bundesländer are federal states (provincial governments) with their own constitutions and legislative powers under the Basic Law (1949), managing areas like education and policing.

• Civil society: Refers to NGOs and citizen groups, not governmental units.
• High Courts: Judicial bodies, separate from Bundesländer.
• Election Commission: Oversees elections, not equivalent to Bundesländer.

Other Related Points

Civil society:

• Civil society refers to organizations and institutions that operate independently from the government and represent the interests and will of citizens.
• Examples include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, and trade unions.
• It is not related to the administrative or governmental divisions within Germany.

High Courts:

• High Courts are judicial bodies that handle significant legal cases and appeals.
• In Germany, the judiciary is separate from the federal states, and High Courts do not represent the administrative division of Bundesländer.

Election Commission:

• The Election Commission is a body responsible for overseeing the conduct of elections and ensuring they are free and fair.
• In Germany, this function is carried out by the Federal Returning Officer and respective state election officials, but it is not synonymous with the term Bundesländer.

Q82: Comprehension: 

The post-independence land-reforms adopted broadly on the basis of the Kumarappa Committee. This Committee took, as its guiding principle, the elimination of exploitation and giving the land to the tiller. Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha (BPKS) was founded in 1929. It established a national presence in 1936 as the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS). Swami Sahajanand Saraswati dominated the provincial organisations, and emerged as the foremost Kisan leader in India, and also headed BPKS in 1935. The formation of Congress Ministry in Bihar in 1937 accelerated the process of showdown between the two organizations Zamindars offered their help and co-operation in passing tenancy laws to improve the condition of the tenants. The post-colonial India including Bihar witnessed the emergence of the Congress as the dominant party in the political system. In 1952 elections, Jharkhand Party was the main opposition party inside the state legislature. The important consequences of the 1952 general elections in Bihar were the emergence of two regional political party, the Jharkhand Party and the Janta Party. The Janta Party was founded in 1950 by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh to built up a traditional opposition to Congress. Its political influence was confined mainly in south-Bihar. Until 1967, Bihar witnessed a one party dominance system i.e. the ‘Congress system’ as conceptualized by Rajni Kothari. Between 1967-69, elections witnessed a highly fractionalized multi-party system. The decline in the Congress electoral strength has benefited socialists and communists on the one hand, and the Jan Sangha on the other hand.

 As per the paragraph given, which party was the main opposition party inside the Bihar legislature? 

(a) All India Kisan Sabha

(b) Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha

(c) Jharkhand Party

(d) Congress

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Jharkhand Party'

The Jharkhand Party, led by Jaipal Singh Munda, was the main opposition in the Bihar legislature after the 1952 elections, advocating for tribal rights and a separate Jharkhand state.

• All India Kisan Sabha: A peasant movement, not a legislative party.
• Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha: Focused on farmers’ rights, not legislative opposition.
• Congress: The dominant ruling party, not opposition.

Other Related Points

All India Kisan Sabha:

• The All India Kisan Sabha is a peasant movement organization in India, but it was not the main opposition party in the Bihar legislature.
• It primarily focuses on agrarian issues and farmers' rights, rather than mainstream legislative opposition.

Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha:

• The Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha is a state-level farmers' organization in Bihar, associated with the broader All India Kisan Sabha movement.
• While influential in agrarian circles, it did not serve as the main opposition party in the Bihar legislature.

Congress:

• The Congress party, also known as the Indian National Congress, is one of the major political parties in India.
• During the period referred to in the paragraph, Congress was not the main opposition party in the Bihar legislature; it was likely the ruling party or another significant political entity.

Q83: Comprehension: 

The post-independence land-reforms adopted broadly on the basis of the Kumarappa Committee. This Committee took, as its guiding principle, the elimination of exploitation and giving the land to the tiller. Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha (BPKS) was founded in 1929. It established a national presence in 1936 as the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS). Swami Sahajanand Saraswati dominated the provincial organisations, and emerged as the foremost Kisan leader in India, and also headed BPKS in 1935. The formation of Congress Ministry in Bihar in 1937 accelerated the process of showdown between the two organizations Zamindars offered their help and co-operation in passing tenancy laws to improve the condition of the tenants. The post-colonial India including Bihar witnessed the emergence of the Congress as the dominant party in the political system. In 1952 elections, Jharkhand Party was the main opposition party inside the state legislature. The important consequences of the 1952 general elections in Bihar were the emergence of two regional political party, the Jharkhand Party and the Janta Party. The Janta Party was founded in 1950 by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh to built up a traditional opposition to Congress. Its political influence was confined mainly in south-Bihar. Until 1967, Bihar witnessed a one party dominance system i.e. the ‘Congress system’ as conceptualized by Rajni Kothari. Between 1967-69, elections witnessed a highly fractionalized multi-party system. The decline in the Congress electoral strength has benefited socialists and communists on the one hand, and the Jan Sangha on the other hand.

 As per the paragraph, the political influence of Janta Party was confined mainly in- 

(a) North Bihar

(b) Eastern Bihar

(c) Western Bihar

(d) South Bihar

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'South Bihar'

The Janata Party, founded by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh in 1950, had its political influence primarily in South Bihar, leveraging feudal networks to oppose Congress.

• North, Eastern, Western Bihar: Janata Party’s influence was limited outside South Bihar due to regional political dynamics.

Other Related Points

North Bihar:

• While North Bihar is a significant region within the state, the Janta Party did not have its main political influence here.
• Other political entities or local dynamics might have overshadowed the Janta Party's presence in this area.

Eastern Bihar:

• Eastern Bihar is another important region, but again, the Janta Party's political dominance was not centered here.
• Different political landscapes or competing parties could have limited the Janta Party's influence in this region.

Western Bihar:

• Western Bihar, though part of the overall political scenario in Bihar, was not the stronghold of the Janta Party.
• Factors such as regional issues, voter base, and local leadership could have influenced the limited impact of the Janta Party in this region.

Q84: Comprehension: 

The post-independence land-reforms adopted broadly on the basis of the Kumarappa Committee. This Committee took, as its guiding principle, the elimination of exploitation and giving the land to the tiller. Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha (BPKS) was founded in 1929. It established a national presence in 1936 as the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS). Swami Sahajanand Saraswati dominated the provincial organisations, and emerged as the foremost Kisan leader in India, and also headed BPKS in 1935. The formation of Congress Ministry in Bihar in 1937 accelerated the process of showdown between the two organizations Zamindars offered their help and co-operation in passing tenancy laws to improve the condition of the tenants. The post-colonial India including Bihar witnessed the emergence of the Congress as the dominant party in the political system. In 1952 elections, Jharkhand Party was the main opposition party inside the state legislature. The important consequences of the 1952 general elections in Bihar were the emergence of two regional political party, the Jharkhand Party and the Janta Party. The Janta Party was founded in 1950 by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh to built up a traditional opposition to Congress. Its political influence was confined mainly in south-Bihar. Until 1967, Bihar witnessed a one party dominance system i.e. the ‘Congress system’ as conceptualized by Rajni Kothari. Between 1967-69, elections witnessed a highly fractionalized multi-party system. The decline in the Congress electoral strength has benefited socialists and communists on the one hand, and the Jan Sangha on the other hand.

 As per the paragraph, who headed Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha in 1935? 

(a) Rajendra Prasad

(b) Swami Sahjanand Saraswati

(c) Daroga Prasad Rai

(d) Ram Jaipal Singh

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is Swami Sahjanand Saraswati

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati headed the Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha (BPKS) in 1935, emerging as a leading peasant activist. He later founded the All India Kisan Sabha (1936)to advocate for farmers’ rights.

• Rajendra Prasad: A Congress leader and India’s first President, not linked to BPKS leadership.
• Daroga Prasad Rai: A later political figure, not BPKS head in 1935.
• Ram Jaipal Singh: Likely refers to Jaipal Singh Munda, Jharkhand Party leader, not associated with BPKS.

Other Options:

Rajendra Prasad:

• Rajendra Prasad was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and the first President of India, but he did not head the Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha in 1935.

Daroga Prasad Rai:

• Daroga Prasad Rai was a politician and served as the Chief Minister of Bihar, but he was not associated with leading the Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha in 1935.

Ram Jaipal Singh:

• Ram Jaipal Singh was also a political figure, but he did not head the Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha in 1935.

Q85: Comprehension: 

The post-independence land-reforms adopted broadly on the basis of the Kumarappa Committee. This Committee took, as its guiding principle, the elimination of exploitation and giving the land to the tiller. Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha (BPKS) was founded in 1929. It established a national presence in 1936 as the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS). Swami Sahajanand Saraswati dominated the provincial organisations, and emerged as the foremost Kisan leader in India, and also headed BPKS in 1935. The formation of Congress Ministry in Bihar in 1937 accelerated the process of showdown between the two organizations Zamindars offered their help and co-operation in passing tenancy laws to improve the condition of the tenants. The post-colonial India including Bihar witnessed the emergence of the Congress as the dominant party in the political system. In 1952 elections, Jharkhand Party was the main opposition party inside the state legislature. The important consequences of the 1952 general elections in Bihar were the emergence of two regional political party, the Jharkhand Party and the Janta Party. The Janta Party was founded in 1950 by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh to built up a traditional opposition to Congress. Its political influence was confined mainly in south-Bihar. Until 1967, Bihar witnessed a one party dominance system i.e. the ‘Congress system’ as conceptualized by Rajni Kothari. Between 1967-69, elections witnessed a highly fractionalized multi-party system. The decline in the Congress electoral strength has benefited socialists and communists on the one hand, and the Jan Sangha on the other hand.

 As per the given passage, who conceptualized the 'Congress system' as one party dominance system? 

(a) Partho Ghosh

(b) Bipin Chandra

(c) Rajni Kothari

(d) Rajendra Prasad

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Rajni Kothari'

Rajni Kothari, in his book Politics in India (1970), conceptualized the Congress system as a one-party dominance model, where Congress integrated diverse interests to maintain political stability until the 1960s.

• Partho Ghosh: Not associated with this concept.
• Bipin Chandra: A historian of India’s independence, not linked to the Congress system theory.
• Rajendra Prasad: A Congress leader, not a political theorist.

Other Related Points

Partho Ghosh:

• Partho Ghosh is not related to the conceptualization of the 'Congress system'. He is known for his work in other fields but not in political science or the analysis of Indian political systems.

Bipin Chandra:

• Bipin Chandra was a renowned Indian historian, known for his extensive work on the history of India's struggle for independence. He did not conceptualize the 'Congress system'.

Rajendra Prasad:

• Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India and a significant figure in the Indian independence movement. While he was a key member of the Congress party, he did not conceptualize the 'Congress system'.

Q86: Comprehension: 

The post-independence land-reforms adopted broadly on the basis of the Kumarappa Committee. This Committee took, as its guiding principle, the elimination of exploitation and giving the land to the tiller. Bihar Pradesh Kisan Sabha (BPKS) was founded in 1929. It established a national presence in 1936 as the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS). Swami Sahajanand Saraswati dominated the provincial organisations, and emerged as the foremost Kisan leader in India, and also headed BPKS in 1935. The formation of Congress Ministry in Bihar in 1937 accelerated the process of showdown between the two organizations Zamindars offered their help and co-operation in passing tenancy laws to improve the condition of the tenants. The post-colonial India including Bihar witnessed the emergence of the Congress as the dominant party in the political system. In 1952 elections, Jharkhand Party was the main opposition party inside the state legislature. The important consequences of the 1952 general elections in Bihar were the emergence of two regional political party, the Jharkhand Party and the Janta Party. The Janta Party was founded in 1950 by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh to built up a traditional opposition to Congress. Its political influence was confined mainly in south-Bihar. Until 1967, Bihar witnessed a one party dominance system i.e. the ‘Congress system’ as conceptualized by Rajni Kothari. Between 1967-69, elections witnessed a highly fractionalized multi-party system. The decline in the Congress electoral strength has benefited socialists and communists on the one hand, and the Jan Sangha on the other hand.

 As per the passage, In which year, Janta Party was formed? 

(a) 1950

(b) 1960

(c) 1970

(d) 1980

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is '1950'
The Janata Party was formed in 1950 by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh in Bihar to oppose Congress, distinct from the national Janata Party (1977).
1960, 1970, 1980: Incorrect, as the Bihar Janata Party was specifically formed in 1950.

Q87: Women's movement in the United States developed strong over the years. Some of its basic facts include- 

A. The Seneca Falls convention, held in 1848, marked the birth of the US women's rights movement.

B. The Nineteenth Amendment of the US Constitution granted the vote to American women in 1920.

C. The National Women's Suffrage Association was set up in 1869.

D. A feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir published the book 'The Second Sex'.

E. The history of black women in the US has been narrated first by Greta Thunberg.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D Only

(b) B, C, D, E Only

(c) C, D, E Only

(d) A, B, E Only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B, C, D Only'

Women’s movement in the United States:

• The women’s movement in the United States has a long history of advocating for equal rights, particularly in the areas of voting rights, employment, and education.
• The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 is widely regarded as the first women's rights convention in the United States, marking the beginning of the organized women’s rights movement.
• The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted American women the right to vote, a significant milestone in the women’s suffrage movement.
• The National Women's Suffrage Association, founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, played a crucial role in advocating for women's voting rights.
• Simone de Beauvoir, a prominent feminist writer, published 'The Second Sex' in 1949, which is considered a foundational text in feminist philosophy and has influenced the women’s movement worldwide.

Other Related Points

Significance of the Women's Movement:

• The women's movement has been instrumental in achieving various legal and social reforms that have improved the status and rights of women in the United States.
• It has brought attention to issues such as reproductive rights, gender pay gap, and violence against women, fostering a more equitable society.

Q88: Who among the following is the first to coin the term 'catch-all-party'? 

(a) C. Wright Mills

(b) William Gladstone

(c) Otto Kirchheimer

(d) Bertrand Russell

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Otto Kirchheimer'

Catch-All-Party:

• The term "catch-all-party" refers to political parties that aim to attract a broad spectrum of voters, rather than focusing on a specific class or interest group.
• Otto Kirchheimer is credited with coining the term "catch-all-party" in the mid-20th century to describe the shift in strategy of many political parties to appeal to a wider electorate.
• This concept highlights the adaptation of political parties to changing societal structures and the need to garner widespread support to achieve electoral success.

Other Related Points

C. Wright Mills:

• C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist known for his works on the structure of power in the U.S., particularly his book "The Power Elite."
• He did not coin the term "catch-all-party," but his contributions to sociology include the study of social structures and power dynamics.

William Gladstone:

• William Gladstone was a British statesman and four-time Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the 19th century.
• He is known for his liberal policies and reforms but did not coin the term "catch-all-party."

Bertrand Russell:

• Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social critic, renowned for his work in analytical philosophy and logic.
• He did not coin the term "catch-all-party," but his contributions to philosophy and social theory are significant.

Q89: Which of the following statements regarding the federal features of the Indian Constitution are correct? 

A. India is a Union of States.

B. The Constitution is the supreme organic law of the land.

C. The legislative powers are distributed between the center and the states.

D. The residuary powers are reserved to the states.

E. All states have equal representation in the Rajya Sabha.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and D Only

(b) A, B and C Only

(c) B, C and D Only

(d) C, D and E Only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B and C Only'
 Federal features of the Indian Constitution:

• Union of States: India is described as a "Union of States" in Article 1 of the Indian Constitution, signifying that its federal structure is not the result of an agreement by the states and the states do not have the right to secede from the union.
• Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and all laws and actions of the government must conform to it. This ensures that both the central and state governments operate within the framework of the Constitution.
• Distribution of Legislative Powers: The legislative powers are clearly divided between the center and the states through three lists in the Seventh Schedule: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. This ensures a federal distribution of powers and responsibilities.

Other Related Points
 Residuary Powers:

• The residuary powers, which are not enumerated in any of the three lists, are vested in the central government (the Union) and not the states. This is a distinct feature of Indian federalism, which differs from the classical federal systems like that of the United States.

Representation in the Rajya Sabha:

• All states do not have equal representation in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Representation is based on the population of the state, leading to larger states having more representatives compared to smaller states.

Q90: Consider the statements regarding NAMAMI GANGE scheme and identify the incorrect options 

A. It is an Integrated Conservation Mission for rejuvenation of River Ganga.

B. The programme was launched in 2006.

C. This programme has budget outlay of Rs.1000 crore.

D. It has provisions for Sewerage Treatment infrastructure.

E. It has provisions for industrial effluent monitoring.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and D Only

(b) A and E Only

(c) B and C Only

(d) D and E Only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'B and C Only'

NAMAMI GANGE scheme:

• NAMAMI GANGE is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as a flagship program by the Government of India in June 2014, with a budget outlay of Rs. 20,000 crore.
• The main aim of this mission is to achieve effective abatement of pollution, conservation, and rejuvenation of the Ganga river.
• The program is implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and its state counterparts, the State Program Management Groups (SPMGs).
• It includes various projects aimed at controlling pollution, improving sewage treatment infrastructure, river surface cleaning, afforestation, biodiversity conservation, and public awareness campaigns.

Other Related Points

Incorrect Statements:

• Statement B: The programme was not launched in 2006; it was actually launched in June 2014.
• Statement C: The budget outlay for this program is not Rs. 1000 crore; it is significantly higher, at Rs. 20,000 crore.

Correct Statements:

• Statement A: Correctly describes the NAMAMI GANGE scheme as an Integrated Conservation Mission for the rejuvenation of the Ganga river.
• Statement D: Correctly mentions that the program includes provisions for sewage treatment infrastructure.
• Statement E: Correctly states that the program includes provisions for industrial effluent monitoring.

Q91: Arrange the position of dignitaries as given in Table of Precedence (Higher to Lower position) 

A. Chief Election Commissioner

B. Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha

C. Attorney General of India

D. Vice Chairperson, NITI Aayog

E. Holders of Bharat Ratna decoration

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, A, D, E, C

(b) C, A, B, D, E

(c) D, E, A, B, C

(d) E, B, A, C, D

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'D, E, A, B, C'

Chief Election Commissioner (A):

• The Chief Election Commissioner is the head of the Election Commission of India, responsible for administering election processes in India at both the national and state levels.
• This position is crucial for ensuring free and fair elections in the country.

Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha (B):

• The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is the second-highest ranking official in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's Parliament.
• The position is significant in maintaining the order and proceedings of the Rajya Sabha.

Attorney General of India (C):

The Attorney General is the chief legal advisor to the Government of India and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India.

• The position holds a high rank in the legal system of India, representing the government in major legal matters.

Vice Chairperson, NITI Aayog (D):

The Vice Chairperson of the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) plays a pivotal role in economic planning and policy-making in India.

• This position is influential in shaping the economic strategies and development plans of the country.

Holders of Bharat Ratna decoration (E):

• The Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award, granted for exceptional service in various fields like arts, literature, science, and public services.
• Recipients of this award are held in the highest esteem in the country.

Q92: Donald Trump has become only the second American President to win non-consecutive terms after wining November 2024 election, who was the first President? 

(a) John Adams

(b) Grover Cleveland

(c) Andrew Jackson

(d) Abraham Lincoln

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'Grover Cleveland'

Grover Cleveland:

• Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, making him the only U.S. president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897).
• His non-consecutive terms make him unique in American presidential history and are a notable exception to the usual consecutive terms served by other presidents.
• Cleveland was known for his honesty, integrity, and commitment to classical liberal principles, making him a prominent figure in American political history.

Other Related Points

John Adams:

• John Adams was the 2nd President of the United States, serving from 1797 to 1801. He was a Founding Father and a key figure in the early development of the nation.
• However, Adams did not serve non-consecutive terms; he was succeeded by Thomas Jefferson after his first term.

Andrew Jackson:

• Andrew Jackson was the 7th President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. Known for his populist approach and strong leadership, Jackson served two consecutive terms.

Abraham Lincoln:

• Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln is renowned for leading the country during the Civil War and for his efforts to end slavery.
• He did not serve non-consecutive terms; his presidency was tragically cut short by his assassination.

Q93: Emergency powers relating to suspension of fundamental rights have been taken from: 

(a) Canadian Constitution

(b) Australian Constitution

(c) Weimar Constitution of Germany

(d) French Constitution

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is 'Weimer Constitution of Germany'

Emergency powers relating to suspension of fundamental rights:

• The Weimer Constitution of Germany, enacted in 1919, included provisions that allowed for the suspension of fundamental rights during emergencies.
• Article 48 of the Weimer Constitution granted the President the power to take emergency measures, including the suspension of civil liberties, to restore public order and security.
• This provision was intended to provide the government with the flexibility to respond swiftly to crises, but it was also criticized for being too broad and open to abuse.
• During the Weimar Republic, these emergency powers were used frequently, which eventually contributed to the rise of authoritarianism in Germany.

Other Related Points

Canadian Constitution:

• The Canadian Constitution does not have a specific provision for the suspension of fundamental rights during emergencies.
• Canada does have the Emergencies Act, which grants the government special powers during national emergencies, but it includes safeguards to protect fundamental rights.

Australian Constitution:

• The Australian Constitution does not explicitly provide for the suspension of fundamental rights during emergencies.
• Australia relies on regular legislative processes to address emergencies, without a constitutional provision for suspending rights.

French Constitution:

• The French Constitution of the Fifth Republic provides for states of emergency, but it does not explicitly allow for the suspension of fundamental rights.
• The state of emergency laws in France allow for increased powers to the executive branch but include judicial oversight to prevent abuse.

Q94: Who wrote the book "The Sociology of Religion"? 

(a) Max Weber

(b) Ana Ballesteros Peiro

(c) John Locke

(d) Herbert Marcuse

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'Max Weber'

The Sociology of Religion:

• The book "The Sociology of Religion" was written by Max Weber, a foundational figure in sociology.
• Weber's work in this book explores the relationship between religion and society, including how religious beliefs and practices influence social structures and vice versa.
• He is known for his analysis of the role of Protestant ethics in the development of capitalism, which is a significant theme in the book.

Other Related Points

Ana Ballesteros Peiro:

• Ana Ballesteros Peiro is a scholar known for her work on contemporary issues in the Muslim world and has written extensively on Islam and politics.
• However, she is not associated with the foundational texts of sociology like "The Sociology of Religion".

John Locke:

• John Locke was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Liberalism".
• His works focus primarily on political philosophy and epistemology, not sociology or the sociology of religion.

Herbert Marcuse:

• Herbert Marcuse was a German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.
• While he made significant contributions to social theory and critique, he did not write "The Sociology of Religion".

Q95: Choose the correct pairs of Indian political thinkers and their views/works/ideas 

A. Kautilya: Dharamshastra

B. Sri Aurobindo: Spiritual Nationalism

C. Veer Savarkar : An Echo from Andamans

D. Swami Vivekananda: Preface to Raja-Yoga

E. Rabindranath Tagore: Tarana-e-Hind

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D Only

(b) B, C, D Only

(c) B, C, D, E Only

(d) A, B, C, E Only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'B, C, D Only'

Sri Aurobindo: Spiritual Nationalism:

• Sri Aurobindo was an Indian philosopher, yogi, guru, poet, and nationalist. He was a key figure in the early stages of the Indian independence movement. His idea of spiritual nationalism emphasized the spiritual and cultural dimensions of Indian nationalism.

Veer Savarkar: An Echo from Andamans:

• Veer Savarkar was an Indian independence activist, lawyer, politician, poet, writer, and playwright. "An Echo from Andamans" refers to his experiences and reflections during his imprisonment in the Andaman Cellular Jail.

Swami Vivekananda: Preface to Raja-Yoga:

• Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. He wrote the preface to "Raja-Yoga," which is his interpretation and explanation of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.

Other Related Points

Kautilya: Dharamshastra:

• Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, was an ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor. He is traditionally identified as the author of the "Arthashastra," a treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy, not "Dharamshastra," which deals with laws and duties.

Rabindranath Tagore: Tarana-e-Hind:

• Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art. "Tarana-e-Hind" is not associated with Tagore; rather, it is a patriotic song written by the renowned poet Muhammad Iqbal. Tagore is more famously known for works like "Jana Gana Mana" and "Gitanjali."

Q96: Identify the correct statements regarding the Ecologism- 

A. The term Ecology was first coined by Ernst Haeckel.

B. It studies the relationship between living organism and their environment.

C. It is a market centric approach.

D. It believes humans are masters of nature.

E. Rachel Carson was an environmental conservationist.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and E Only

(b) B and C Only

(c) B, C and E Only

(d) A and D Only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A, B and E Only'

Ecologism:

• Coined by Ernst Haeckel: The term 'Ecology' was indeed first coined by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866. He used it to describe the study of organisms and their interactions with their environment.
• Relationship study: Ecologism involves the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical surroundings. It is fundamentally concerned with how these relationships sustain the environment.
• Rachel Carson: Rachel Carson was an influential environmental conservationist, known particularly for her book "Silent Spring" which raised awareness about the dangers of pesticides and sparked the modern environmental movement.

Other Related Points

Market-centric approach:

• Ecologism is not market-centric. It often critiques the market-centric approaches for their tendency to exploit natural resources unsustainably and emphasizes sustainable and equitable use of resources.

Humans as masters of nature:

• Ecologism does not support the idea that humans are masters of nature. Instead, it promotes the concept of humans being an integral part of nature and emphasizes the need for harmony between human activities and natural processes.

Q97: Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

(b) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(c) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is 'A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III'

Pendleton Act:

• The Pendleton Act, passed in 1883, established the U.S. Civil Service Commission and marked the beginning of the federal merit system.
• This act aimed to eliminate the patronage system by ensuring that government jobs were awarded based on merit rather than political affiliation.

First Hoover Commission:

• The First Hoover Commission, created in 1947, was tasked with increasing managerial capacity in the executive office of the U.S. President.
• The commission's recommendations led to significant reorganization and improvement in the efficiency of the federal government.

Hawthorne Studies:

• The Hawthorne Studies, conducted in the 1920s and 1930s, investigated the effects of work environment on productivity.
• The studies concluded that social and psychological factors significantly impact worker productivity and job satisfaction.

US Senate Intelligence Committee Report on 2016 Presidential Election:

• This report investigated Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election.
• It provided detailed findings on how Russia attempted to influence the election through various means, including cyber-attacks and social media manipulation.

Q98: Arrange the committees on Panchayati Raj in chronological order- 

A. Balwant Rai Mehta Committee

B. GVK Rao Committee

C. Ashok Mehta Committee

D. L M Singhvi Committee

E. P.K. Thungon Committee

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D, E

(b) A, C, B, D, E

(c) B, C, D, E, A

(d) C, B, D, E, A

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is ‘A, C, B, D, E’

Committees on Panchayati Raj:

• Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957): This was the first committee appointed to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953). It recommended the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system at the village, block, and district levels.
• Ashok Mehta Committee (1978): The committee was appointed to suggest measures to revive and strengthen the declining Panchayati Raj institutions. It recommended a two-tier Panchayati Raj system at the district and mandal levels.
• GVK Rao Committee (1985): The committee was set up to review the existing administrative arrangements for rural development and poverty alleviation programmes. It emphasized the need to decentralize planning and administration to improve the effectiveness of rural development programs.
• L M Singhvi Committee (1986): This committee was appointed to prepare a concept paper on the revitalization of Panchayati Raj institutions. It recommended constitutional recognition for Panchayati Raj institutions to ensure their continuity and effective functioning.
• PK Thungan Committee (1988): The committee was appointed to examine the various aspects of the Panchayati Raj system and recommend measures to strengthen the system. It emphasized the need for financial and administrative autonomy for Panchayati Raj institutions.

Q99: Which of the following pairs are matched properly? 

A. Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present only.

B. Patriarchy: The power relationship between men and women.

C. Holism: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

D. Fascism: Support for freedom of expression

E. Deep Ecology: Rejection of anthropocentricism

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and C Only

(b) B, C and E Only

(c) C, D and E Only

(d) A, D and E Only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 'B, C and E Only'

Patriarchy:

• Patriarchy refers to a social system in which men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.
• The power relationship between men and women in such systems often results in the subordination of women.

Holism:

• Holism is the idea that systems and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts.This perspective emphasizes that the whole is more important than the sum of its individual parts.

Deep Ecology:

• Deep Ecology is an environmental philosophy that promotes the inherent worth of living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs.
• This philosophy strongly rejects anthropocentrism, the belief that human beings are the central or most significant species on the planet.

Other Related Points

Sustainable Development:

• Contrary to the statement given, sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Fascism:

• Fascism is a far-right authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology and movement characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
• It does not support freedom of expression; instead, it often involves censorship and propaganda.

Q100: Identify the incorrect facts about GATT/WTO: 

A. From 1948 to 1994 the GATT provided the rules for much of World Trade

B. GATT was a provisional agreement and organization

C. The WTO was created on 1 January 1995

D. The first ministerial conference of WTO was held in 2009

E. The WTO's 28th Ministerial Conference was held in Delhi in 2024

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B Only

(b) B and C Only

(c) C and A Only

(d) D and E Only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'D and E Only'

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO):

• The GATT was established in 1948 and remained in effect until 1994, providing the rules for much of world trade.
• GATT was indeed a provisional agreement and organization, which laid the groundwork for the establishment of the WTO.
• The WTO was officially created on 1 January 1995, succeeding the GATT.

Incorrect Statements:

• The first ministerial conference of the WTO was not held in 2009; it was held in 1996 in Singapore.
• The WTO's 28th Ministerial Conference has not occurred yet, and no conference was scheduled to be held in Delhi in 2024 as of the latest updates.

Other Related Points

Key Functions of the WTO:

• The WTO deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible.
• The WTO provides a forum for negotiating trade agreements, a place for resolving trade disputes, and a system for reviewing national trade policies.

Historical Ministerial Conferences:

• The first WTO Ministerial Conference was in Singapore in 1996.
• Subsequent ministerial conferences have been held approximately every two years, with significant ones including the Doha Development Round launched in 2001.