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Page 1 technical science GRADE 10 159 c hapter 6 Simple machines In this chapter the simple machines we study are levers. You will calculate the mechanical advantage, load, effort, length of load arm and length of effort arm. unit 6.1 levers are simple machines When early people walked on Earth, their first implement was possibly a heavy stick, used for killing to eat or for defence. The stick might also have been used to dig for roots, or to move a rock. When it moved a rock, that stick was being used as a lever. The lever made the job of moving the rock feel easier – it gave early people what we call a mechanical advantage. Today, we call things that give mechanical advantage machines. So that early stick was a simple machine. Figure 6.1 Early man’s stick was a simple machine. Machines make a physical job easier by changing the magnitude of the input force needed to do the work. Machines multiply our efforts and make it easier for us to do our work. In Technology you worked with each of the three types of levers. For each type of lever you learned to: • describe the positions of the fulcrum, load and effort relative to each other • state if a lever gives mechanical advantage (MA) of >1, or =1, or <1 • give examples of devices that use the different types of levers as single or paired levers TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 159 2015/12/17 10:02 AM Page 2 technical science GRADE 10 159 c hapter 6 Simple machines In this chapter the simple machines we study are levers. You will calculate the mechanical advantage, load, effort, length of load arm and length of effort arm. unit 6.1 levers are simple machines When early people walked on Earth, their first implement was possibly a heavy stick, used for killing to eat or for defence. The stick might also have been used to dig for roots, or to move a rock. When it moved a rock, that stick was being used as a lever. The lever made the job of moving the rock feel easier – it gave early people what we call a mechanical advantage. Today, we call things that give mechanical advantage machines. So that early stick was a simple machine. Figure 6.1 Early man’s stick was a simple machine. Machines make a physical job easier by changing the magnitude of the input force needed to do the work. Machines multiply our efforts and make it easier for us to do our work. In Technology you worked with each of the three types of levers. For each type of lever you learned to: • describe the positions of the fulcrum, load and effort relative to each other • state if a lever gives mechanical advantage (MA) of >1, or =1, or <1 • give examples of devices that use the different types of levers as single or paired levers TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 159 2015/12/17 10:02 AM 160 chapter 6 SIMPLE MACHINES You use a lever whenever you turn the handle of a door, staple two pieces of paper together, or cut a piece of paper. Figure 6.2 Levers we use every day Quick activity: In your workbook, list six of any type of lever that you use every day. All levers have three things in common: • a fulcrum, which is the point around which the lever rotates as it does its job • an effort (input), which is applied to the lever by the person using the lever to do a job • a load (output), which the person using the lever intends to overcome or balance by using the lever types of levers Figure 6.3 Every lever has a fulcrum, a load and an effort. First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever Fulcrum Fulcrum Fulcrum Load Effort Load Effort Effort Load TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 160 2015/12/17 10:02 AM Page 3 technical science GRADE 10 159 c hapter 6 Simple machines In this chapter the simple machines we study are levers. You will calculate the mechanical advantage, load, effort, length of load arm and length of effort arm. unit 6.1 levers are simple machines When early people walked on Earth, their first implement was possibly a heavy stick, used for killing to eat or for defence. The stick might also have been used to dig for roots, or to move a rock. When it moved a rock, that stick was being used as a lever. The lever made the job of moving the rock feel easier – it gave early people what we call a mechanical advantage. Today, we call things that give mechanical advantage machines. So that early stick was a simple machine. Figure 6.1 Early man’s stick was a simple machine. Machines make a physical job easier by changing the magnitude of the input force needed to do the work. Machines multiply our efforts and make it easier for us to do our work. In Technology you worked with each of the three types of levers. For each type of lever you learned to: • describe the positions of the fulcrum, load and effort relative to each other • state if a lever gives mechanical advantage (MA) of >1, or =1, or <1 • give examples of devices that use the different types of levers as single or paired levers TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 159 2015/12/17 10:02 AM 160 chapter 6 SIMPLE MACHINES You use a lever whenever you turn the handle of a door, staple two pieces of paper together, or cut a piece of paper. Figure 6.2 Levers we use every day Quick activity: In your workbook, list six of any type of lever that you use every day. All levers have three things in common: • a fulcrum, which is the point around which the lever rotates as it does its job • an effort (input), which is applied to the lever by the person using the lever to do a job • a load (output), which the person using the lever intends to overcome or balance by using the lever types of levers Figure 6.3 Every lever has a fulcrum, a load and an effort. First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever Fulcrum Fulcrum Fulcrum Load Effort Load Effort Effort Load TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 160 2015/12/17 10:02 AM technical science GRADE 10 161 Have a look at Table 6.1 below. It is a summary of what you have learnt previously. Table 6.1 Characteristics of the three types of levers Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Positions load/fulcrum/effort effort/load/fulcrum load/effort/fulcrum Force diagram Fulcrum Load Effort Fulcrum Load Effort Fulcrum Load Effort MA > 1 Yes Yes No MA = 1 Yes No No MA < 1 Yes No Yes examples Fulcrum Load Effort Hammer Load Effort Fulcrum Bottle opener Fulcrum Effort Hydraulic crane Load Fulcrum Effort Effort Load Tongs Load Effort Effort Fulcrum Nut cracker Staple remover Effort Load Effort Fulcrum Quick activity: Who has a hammer, a bottle opener, a fishing rod, a pair of scissors, a nut cracker or a staple remover at home? Arrange to bring all the objects in the table above, or similar objects, to the next Technical Science lesson. Once you have all handled all the objects, answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between the pairs of objects in the two bottom rows in Table 6.1? 2. If the objects in the first row of examples are called levers, what do we call the objects in the second row of examples? TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 161 2015/12/17 10:02 AM Page 4 technical science GRADE 10 159 c hapter 6 Simple machines In this chapter the simple machines we study are levers. You will calculate the mechanical advantage, load, effort, length of load arm and length of effort arm. unit 6.1 levers are simple machines When early people walked on Earth, their first implement was possibly a heavy stick, used for killing to eat or for defence. The stick might also have been used to dig for roots, or to move a rock. When it moved a rock, that stick was being used as a lever. The lever made the job of moving the rock feel easier – it gave early people what we call a mechanical advantage. Today, we call things that give mechanical advantage machines. So that early stick was a simple machine. Figure 6.1 Early man’s stick was a simple machine. Machines make a physical job easier by changing the magnitude of the input force needed to do the work. Machines multiply our efforts and make it easier for us to do our work. In Technology you worked with each of the three types of levers. For each type of lever you learned to: • describe the positions of the fulcrum, load and effort relative to each other • state if a lever gives mechanical advantage (MA) of >1, or =1, or <1 • give examples of devices that use the different types of levers as single or paired levers TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 159 2015/12/17 10:02 AM 160 chapter 6 SIMPLE MACHINES You use a lever whenever you turn the handle of a door, staple two pieces of paper together, or cut a piece of paper. Figure 6.2 Levers we use every day Quick activity: In your workbook, list six of any type of lever that you use every day. All levers have three things in common: • a fulcrum, which is the point around which the lever rotates as it does its job • an effort (input), which is applied to the lever by the person using the lever to do a job • a load (output), which the person using the lever intends to overcome or balance by using the lever types of levers Figure 6.3 Every lever has a fulcrum, a load and an effort. First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever Fulcrum Fulcrum Fulcrum Load Effort Load Effort Effort Load TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 160 2015/12/17 10:02 AM technical science GRADE 10 161 Have a look at Table 6.1 below. It is a summary of what you have learnt previously. Table 6.1 Characteristics of the three types of levers Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Positions load/fulcrum/effort effort/load/fulcrum load/effort/fulcrum Force diagram Fulcrum Load Effort Fulcrum Load Effort Fulcrum Load Effort MA > 1 Yes Yes No MA = 1 Yes No No MA < 1 Yes No Yes examples Fulcrum Load Effort Hammer Load Effort Fulcrum Bottle opener Fulcrum Effort Hydraulic crane Load Fulcrum Effort Effort Load Tongs Load Effort Effort Fulcrum Nut cracker Staple remover Effort Load Effort Fulcrum Quick activity: Who has a hammer, a bottle opener, a fishing rod, a pair of scissors, a nut cracker or a staple remover at home? Arrange to bring all the objects in the table above, or similar objects, to the next Technical Science lesson. Once you have all handled all the objects, answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between the pairs of objects in the two bottom rows in Table 6.1? 2. If the objects in the first row of examples are called levers, what do we call the objects in the second row of examples? TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 161 2015/12/17 10:02 AM 162 c hapter 6 SIMPLE MACHINES unit 6.2 The law of Moments in levers By tradition, the input force of a lever is called the effort and the output force is called the load. We will continue to use those words, but you must remember that they are forces. In Unit 4.1 in Chapter 4 we learnt that we need to know three things in order to calculate a moment: • the perpendicular distance from the line of the force to the fulcrum in metres • the magnitude/size of the force in newtons • the direction of the rotation: clockwise or anti-clockwise Figure 6.4 The size of the moment (the turning force) depends on the size of F and the distance d. d F In Figure 6.4 above, the size of the moment is given by the formula: moment = force × perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of the force or, in symbols: M = F × d where: • M is the symbol for moment measured in newton metres (N m) • F is the symbol for force measured in newtons (N) • d is the symbol for distance measured in metres (m) The direction of the moment in the diagram is clockwise. In Unit 4.2 in Chapter 4 we learnt how the Law of Moments applies to levers: • When a force is applied to a lever it rotates. • A moment (or turning effect) is created in a lever when an effort is applied to a lever. That moment is resisted by the load that the lever is trying to move. • The two moments oppose one another: one will be clockwise and one will be anti-clockwise. TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 162 2015/12/17 10:02 AM Page 5 technical science GRADE 10 159 c hapter 6 Simple machines In this chapter the simple machines we study are levers. You will calculate the mechanical advantage, load, effort, length of load arm and length of effort arm. unit 6.1 levers are simple machines When early people walked on Earth, their first implement was possibly a heavy stick, used for killing to eat or for defence. The stick might also have been used to dig for roots, or to move a rock. When it moved a rock, that stick was being used as a lever. The lever made the job of moving the rock feel easier – it gave early people what we call a mechanical advantage. Today, we call things that give mechanical advantage machines. So that early stick was a simple machine. Figure 6.1 Early man’s stick was a simple machine. Machines make a physical job easier by changing the magnitude of the input force needed to do the work. Machines multiply our efforts and make it easier for us to do our work. In Technology you worked with each of the three types of levers. For each type of lever you learned to: • describe the positions of the fulcrum, load and effort relative to each other • state if a lever gives mechanical advantage (MA) of >1, or =1, or <1 • give examples of devices that use the different types of levers as single or paired levers TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 159 2015/12/17 10:02 AM 160 chapter 6 SIMPLE MACHINES You use a lever whenever you turn the handle of a door, staple two pieces of paper together, or cut a piece of paper. Figure 6.2 Levers we use every day Quick activity: In your workbook, list six of any type of lever that you use every day. All levers have three things in common: • a fulcrum, which is the point around which the lever rotates as it does its job • an effort (input), which is applied to the lever by the person using the lever to do a job • a load (output), which the person using the lever intends to overcome or balance by using the lever types of levers Figure 6.3 Every lever has a fulcrum, a load and an effort. First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever Fulcrum Fulcrum Fulcrum Load Effort Load Effort Effort Load TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 160 2015/12/17 10:02 AM technical science GRADE 10 161 Have a look at Table 6.1 below. It is a summary of what you have learnt previously. Table 6.1 Characteristics of the three types of levers Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Positions load/fulcrum/effort effort/load/fulcrum load/effort/fulcrum Force diagram Fulcrum Load Effort Fulcrum Load Effort Fulcrum Load Effort MA > 1 Yes Yes No MA = 1 Yes No No MA < 1 Yes No Yes examples Fulcrum Load Effort Hammer Load Effort Fulcrum Bottle opener Fulcrum Effort Hydraulic crane Load Fulcrum Effort Effort Load Tongs Load Effort Effort Fulcrum Nut cracker Staple remover Effort Load Effort Fulcrum Quick activity: Who has a hammer, a bottle opener, a fishing rod, a pair of scissors, a nut cracker or a staple remover at home? Arrange to bring all the objects in the table above, or similar objects, to the next Technical Science lesson. Once you have all handled all the objects, answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between the pairs of objects in the two bottom rows in Table 6.1? 2. If the objects in the first row of examples are called levers, what do we call the objects in the second row of examples? TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 161 2015/12/17 10:02 AM 162 c hapter 6 SIMPLE MACHINES unit 6.2 The law of Moments in levers By tradition, the input force of a lever is called the effort and the output force is called the load. We will continue to use those words, but you must remember that they are forces. In Unit 4.1 in Chapter 4 we learnt that we need to know three things in order to calculate a moment: • the perpendicular distance from the line of the force to the fulcrum in metres • the magnitude/size of the force in newtons • the direction of the rotation: clockwise or anti-clockwise Figure 6.4 The size of the moment (the turning force) depends on the size of F and the distance d. d F In Figure 6.4 above, the size of the moment is given by the formula: moment = force × perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of the force or, in symbols: M = F × d where: • M is the symbol for moment measured in newton metres (N m) • F is the symbol for force measured in newtons (N) • d is the symbol for distance measured in metres (m) The direction of the moment in the diagram is clockwise. In Unit 4.2 in Chapter 4 we learnt how the Law of Moments applies to levers: • When a force is applied to a lever it rotates. • A moment (or turning effect) is created in a lever when an effort is applied to a lever. That moment is resisted by the load that the lever is trying to move. • The two moments oppose one another: one will be clockwise and one will be anti-clockwise. TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 162 2015/12/17 10:02 AM technical science GRADE 10 163 Figure 6.5 Fulcrum Load Effort Clockwise moment Anti-clockwise moment levers in equilibrium When we calculate moments in a lever, we have to freeze the action – the lever must not be rotating when we analyse it. If the rotation has stopped, it means that the input moment is balanced by the output moment. When the moments balance, we say that the lever is “in equilibrium”. Look at the see-saw in Figure 6.6. Figure 6.6 The sum of the clockwise moments equals the sum of the anti-clockwise moments, so this see-saw is in equilibrium. Clockwise moment Anti-clockwise moment Use the Law of Moments to analyse a lever in equilibrium: sum of the clockwise moments = sum of the anti-clockwise moments or, in symbols: M CW = M ACW where: • M is the symbol for moment measured in newton metres (N m) TechSci_G10-LB-Eng-DBE3_9781431522842.indb 163 2015/12/17 10:02 AMRead More
FAQs on Textbook: Simple Machines - Technical Science for Grade 10
| 1. What are simple machines, and why are they important? |  |
Ans.Simple machines are basic mechanical devices that help make work easier by allowing us to apply a smaller force over a greater distance. They play a crucial role in everyday tasks and various industries by increasing efficiency and reducing the effort needed to perform work.
| 2. Can you list the six types of simple machines? | |
Ans.The six types of simple machines are the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. Each type has its unique way of transforming force and motion to help us lift, move, or hold objects.
| 3. How does a lever work, and what are its components? | |
Ans.A lever consists of a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. The input force (effort) is applied at one end, while the output force (load) is at the other. The position of the fulcrum determines the mechanical advantage provided by the lever.
| 4. What is mechanical advantage, and how is it calculated for simple machines? | |
Ans.Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much a machine multiplies force. It can be calculated by dividing the output force by the input force. For levers, it can also be determined by the ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to the effort and load.
| 5. How do pulleys make lifting easier? | |
Ans.Pulleys reduce the amount of force needed to lift an object by changing the direction of the applied force. By using multiple pulleys (a block and tackle), you can distribute the weight of the load over several sections of rope, further decreasing the required effort.
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