VOLTAGE RECULATION
It is defined as the rise in voltage expressed as a fraction f full load rated voltage, when full load (at specified pf) is removed while keeping input voltage constant.
where full load voltage = Rated voltage.
V'2 = aV2
Approximate Voltage Regulation
To find voltage regulation at leading pf replace ø by –ø.
Condition for Maximum Voltage Regulation
• Maximum voltage regulation
Note:
• Here tanø is positive, therefore, maximum voltage regulation occurs at a lagging load
p.f. = req/Zeq
Condition for Zero Voltage Regulation
or
or
or ø = (90°– θeq) leading
• Negative value of tanø indicates a leading pf. Therefore zero voltage regulation occurs when load
Remember:
• For leading pf greater than Xpu/Zpu the voltage regulation will be negative.
TRANSFORMER LOSSES
• There are mainly two kinds of losses in a transformer.
Core Loss
• These consist of hysteresis loss Ph and eddy current loss Pe.
• Hysteresis loss Ph = Kh fBmx
• Eddy current loss Pe = Ke f2Bm2
Where,
Kh = Proportionality constant depend upon the quality of core and volume.
Ke = Proportionality constant whose depends on the volume and resistiviy of the core material, thickness of laminations and the units employed.
Bm = maximum flux density in the core
f = frequency of the alternating flux
x = Steinmetz's constant varies from 1.5 to 2.5. it is also depend upon magnetic material
∴ Pc =
• Losses in terms of applied voltage and frequency
Ohmic loss
• Ohmic losses occurs in both the primary and secondary winding resistance.
Pcu = I2req
Note:
• Generally student get confused related with iron loss and copper loss. Actually iron loss (Pi) is also called core loss (Pc) and copper loss (Pcu) is also called ohmic loss (Poh). So it must be clear iron loss is also called constant loss because it is independent to the load current and ohmic loss (I2req ) is called variable loss because it is totally dependent to the square of load current.
EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
• The efficiency is may be defined as the ratio of output power to input power.
or
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
• Pi = Pcu = I2 req
• Copper loss = Iron loss
• The maximum efficiency for a constant load current occurs at unity power factor.
• Current maximum efficiency
• kVA rating at maximum efficiency
Where
S(know load) = kVA at known load
Pcu(know load) = Copper loss at known load
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• A single-phase auto-transformer is a one-winding transformer in which a part of the winding is common to both high voltage and low voltages sides.
• It is not electrically isolated.
Number of turns of primary winding AC = N1 and number of turns of secondary windings BC = N2
• If applied voltage V1 across AC winding, then the Voltage across winding BC is
• If ideal case, Input power = output power
V1I1 cos θ1 = V2I2 cos θ2
• If cos θ1 = cos θ2
then, V1I1 = V2I2
Where a = turn ratio.
Advantages of Auto trasformer Over Two Winding Transformer
• Auto transformer ha higher efficiency than two winding of same output.
• An autotransformer has lower value of leakage impedance and has superior voltage regulation than two winding transformer of same output.
• An auto transformer is more economic.
Disadvantages of Autotransformer Over Two Winding Transformer
• If turn ratio (a) differs for from unity the economic advantage of autotransformer over two winding transformer decreases.
• The short circuit current in an auto transformer is higher than that in a corresponding two winding transformer.
• The main disadvantage of an auto transformer is due to the direct electric connection between low voltage and high voltage side. If primary is supplied at high voltage, then an open circuit in common winding, would result in the appearance of dangerously high voltage on low voltage side.
Comparison of Characteristic of Autotransformers and Two Winding Transformers
Copper Saving in Autotransformer
• Cu(auto) = Cu(2wdg)
• Percentage copper saving
% Cu saving = 1/a x 100
Ratings
Losses
Voltage Regulation
Short Circuit Current
Note:
• Single phase and 3 phase auto transformer are mainly employed.
• For interconnecting power systems having voltage ration, not differing from unity.
• For obtaining variable output voltages.
PARALLEL OPERATION OF 1-Ø TRANSFORMER
Advantage of Parallel operation
There are following advantages of the parallel operation of single-phase transformer
Condition for Parallel Operation
• Condition for the satisfactory parallel operation of two or more single-phase transformers are as follows.
Necessary Conditions
• The polarities of the transformers must be the same.
• The turn ratios of the transformers should be equal. i.e. with the primaries connected to the same voltage source, the secondary voltages of all transformers should be equal in magnitude.
Desirable Conditions
• The per unit leakage impedance of the transformers based on their own KVA ratings must be equal.
• The ratio of equivalent leakage reactance to equivalent resistance i.e. xeq/req should be equal for all the transformers.
• This condition ensures that both transformers operate at the same power factor, thus sharing active power and reactive volt-amperes according to their ratings.
parallel Operation at Same voltage Ratio
Where EA and EB are no-load secondary voltages.
or
Similarly,
For Proportional Load Sharing
or ZA(pu) = ZB(pu)
Where the pu values are on their respective or own base.
Same Voltage Ratio and Different (x/r) Ratio
Let θA > θB
Equal S for two transformer with
SA = S with θA
SB = S with θB
Then SL =
Unequal Voltage Ratio
• Following steps are followed to calculate load kVA.
Steps:
where
and
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
• When three identical units of single-phase transformers are used, the arrangement is commonly called a bank of three transformers or a three- phase transformer bank.
• Three phase current in three primaries produce three-phase fluxes mutually time-displaced by 120°. These fluxes flow through their respective
yokes and then through the central limbs placed together. The resultant flux in the three central limbs must be zero.
Core Type Transformer
Three-phase core-type transformer from three single-phase units
• The reluctance offered to the flux of central limb II is less than the reluctance offered to the outer two fluxes produced in legs I and III. Consequently, the exciting current for the phase winding on the central limb is less than it is for the outer two phase windings. Shell Type Transformer
• A three- phase shell type transformer is obtained if three single-phase shell type cores are placed side by side.
Three-phase shell type transformer with three windings wound in the same direction
• In the magnetic circuits marked 2 and 3, the resultant flux is seen to be equal to the phasor difference of the component fluxes.
• For the same flux density, the cross-sectional areas at 2 and 3 are 86% of the central core area.
parallel Operation of 3-ø Transformers
• The various conditions that must be fulfilled, for the successful parallel operation of 3-phae transformers, are as follows:
• The line voltage rations of the transformers must be the same.
• The transformers should have equal per unit leakage impedances.
• The ratio of equivalent leakage reactance to equivalent resistance should be same for all the transformers.
• The transformers should have the same polarity.
• In addition to these four conditions, two more essential conditions that must be fulfilled for the parallel operation of three-phase transformers are as follows:
• Relative phase displacement: The relative phase displacement between the secondary line voltage of all the transformers must be zero i.e. the transformers to be connected in parallel, must belong to the same group number.
Note:
• Transformers for group numbers 3 and 4 can be successfully operated in parallel.
• Phase Sequence: An improper phase sequence as shown in figure (b) below, would give zero voltage across switch S1 and line voltages across switch S2 and S3. Consequently the parallel operations is not possible.
23 videos|89 docs|42 tests
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1. What is the basic principle behind the operation of transformers? |
2. How does the turns ratio affect the transformer's voltage and current? |
3. What are the advantages of using transformers in electrical power transmission? |
4. Can transformers be used to convert DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current)? |
5. How can the efficiency of a transformer be improved? |
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