UGC NET Paper 2: History 16th June 2023 Shift 1 | UGC NET Past Year Papers PDF Download

Q1: Which of the following are forms of Megalithic structures? 

A. Menhir

B. Cairn Circle

C. Dolmenoid cist

D. Hood Stone

E. Alignment

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(a) A, B and D only

(b) B and C only

(c) A, C and D only

(d) A, B, C, D and E

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is A, B, C, D and E

Menhir

• A menhir is a type of megalith (large stone) that was erected by prehistoric people. They are usually tall and roughly hewn and are placed vertically in the ground.
• The exact purpose of megalithic menhirs remains unknown as they predate written records.

Cairn Circle is also a form of Megalithic structure

• It is a prehistoric stone row which is a linear arrangement of parallel megalithic standing stones.
• One of India's most significant megalithic sites is in Junapani, in the Nagpur district of Maharashtra. It features more than 300 burial sites marked by cairn circles.

Dolmenoid cists

• were one of the most prominent megalithic structures consisting of at least two or more upright stones supporting a flat horizontal capstone
• India, particularly Southern India, is home to a significant number of these dolmenoid cists.

Hood stone

• It is a prehistoric stone artifact, typically associated with graves, tombs, or burials, and often found in megalithic structures. These stones are often used as a form of protection or ceremonial marking for the burial site.

Alignment

• It is also a form of Megalithic structures. These structures were constructed to align with significant astronomical events, such as solstices or equinoxes

Therefore, A, B, C, D, and E is the right answer.

Q2: Who among the following invited Harshavardhana to accept the crown after the death of his brother? 

(a) Banabhatta

(b) Poni

(c) Dhruva Vardhana

(d) Devagupta

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is Poni.

• After the death of his brother, King Prabhakarvardhana, Poni (or Prahelika) invited Harsha (Harshavardhana) to accept the crown of the Thanesar region.
• Harsha was a prominent ruler in North India during the 7th century CE. He eventually became the ruler and expanded his territory, establishing one of the largest empires of his time in northern India. Harsha's reign is notable for his support of Buddhism and the promotion of cultural and religious activities.

Other Related Points

• Bana, also called Banabhatta, (flourished 7th century), one of the greatest masters of Sanskrit prose, famed principally for his chronicle, Harshacharita
• Devagupta was the king of Malwa. He is known for the alliance formed with Shahsahanka in order to counteract the growing power of Harsha's empire.
• Druva Vardhana was the elder brother of Harshavardhana.
• Harsha’s reign seemed to mark a transition from the ancient to the medieval period, when decentralized regional empires continually struggled for hegemony.
• After the fall of great Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century CE, under whom India saw its own golden age, it was Harshavardhana who unified most of northern India and ruled for four decades from his capital Kanyakubja

Q3: Which of the following statements is/are true? 

A. The Mughals finally lost Quandhar to the Safavids in 1649.

B. The Mughals failed to establish their dominance in Bengal during Jahangir's reign.

C. Shah Jahan took actions against Rana Raj Singh of Mewar for refortifying Chittor.

D. Shah Jahan failed to force the Rajas of Kumaon and of Garhwal to accept the Mughal overlordship.

E. Shah Jahan's attack on Hugli in 1632 was successfully resisted by the Portuguese.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) A only

(b) B, C and D only

(c) C, D and E only

(d) A and C only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is A and C.

• The Mughals eventually lost Quandhar to the Safavids in 1649. This statement is correct
• In 1638, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan successfully recaptured Kandahar from the Safavids, bringing it back under the Mughal rule.
• In 1649, long-running skirmishes for control of Kandahar ended when the Safavid ruler, Shah Abbas II, once again captured the region.
• In 1643, Rana Raj Singh began the reconquest of Chittor, which had previously been captured by Akbar. Shah Jahan saw this as a threat and sent a Mughal army to Chittor in 1657 and took action against Rana Raj Singh of Mewar.
• Ultimately Rana Raj Singh had to surrender in 1659 and Chittor remained under the control of the Mughals for several decades.
• Therefore, the statement, Shahjahan took action against Rana Raj Singh of Mewar to recapture Chittor is also correct

Other Related Points

• During Jahangir's reign Bengal remained an important province within the Mughal Empire and the Mughal influence continue to grow.
• Jahangir's rule didn't significantly alter the Mughal dominance in Bengal. Hence the statement The Mughals failed to establish their dominance in Bengal during Jahangir's reign is incorrect.
• Shah Jahan did indeed succeeded in extending Mughal Authority over the rajas of Kumaon and Garhwal. He used a combination of both military force and diplomacy to bring the rajas under Mughal overlordship. Therefore the statement Shah Jahan failed to force the Rajas of Kumaon and of Garhwal to accept the Mughal overlordship is incorrect.
• The Mughals launched a military campaign against Hugli with the objective of capturing the strategic port city. The Portuguese were unable to withstand the Mughal forces and the city fell to the Mughals. Hence, the statement  Shah Jahan's attack on Hugli in 1632 was successfully resisted by the Portuguese is incorrect.

Therefore only A and C is correct.

Q4: Given below are two statements: 

Statement I: The most important among the eastern Kingdoms which submitted to the mighty Gupta emperor were Samatataand Kamarupa.

Statement II: The tribal states which paid homage to Gupta Empire were Malavas, Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, Madrakas, Abhiras and Kakas.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Ans: a

Sol: Both statement I and Statement II are correct.

• Samantas, were often led by local chieftains or rulers voluntarily submitted to the Gupta Emperor's rule.
• Kamarupa located in the modern day Northeastern part of India and parts of Bangladesh was known for its strategic and economic importance.
• The submission of these Eastern kingdoms helped foster trade, cultural exchange and stability in the region.
• The statement, the most important among the eastern Kingdoms which submitted to the mighty Gupta emperor were Samatata and Kamarupa is correct. 
• The tribal states which paid homage to Gupta Empire were Malavas, Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, Madrakas, Abhiras and Kakas. This statement is also correct.

Other Related Points

• Malavas were a tribal group in the Western part of India, particularly in the region of Malwa
• Arunayanas were located in the regions of Mathura and the adjoining areas.
• Yaudheyas were located in the North Western region of the subcontinent, inhabiting mainly in the hilly and forested areas
• Madrakas were primarily from the modern day Rajasthan and surrounding areas.
• Abhiiras were from the western parts of the subcontinent, particularly in regions that are now part of modern-day Gujarat and Maharashtra.

All these tribal groups acknowledged the authority of Guptas

Hence, both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Q5: Which of the following statements is/are true? 

A. Sher Shah established an empire extending from Afghanistan to Orissa

B. Sher Shah's use of Hindari language in administration was a measure of his practical sense

C. Sher Shah enforced law and order with a heavy hand

D. Sher Shah withdrew the circulation of silver coins.

E. Sher Shah built 3700 sarais

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) B, C, D and E only

(b) D and E only

(c) B, C and D only

(d) B and C only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is B and C only.

• Sher Shah who ruled over North India did indeed use the Hindari language in his administration.
• This can be seen as a practical measure for several reasons like accessibility, effective governance, and inclusivity
• Hindari was a language commonly spoken by the people in North India, making it more accessible for communication between the administration and the general population. By using a language familiar to the local population, Sher Shah's administration could better connect with the people, which helped in building a more inclusive and responsive government
• Hence the statement Sher Shah's use of Hindari language in administration was a measure of his practical sense is correct
• Sher Shah was known for his strong and strict administration, particularly in maintaining law and order.
• He had a well-organized and efficient judicial system.
• He was known to punish criminals, especially highway robbers and dacoits, severely. He even used harsh punishments like amputation and execution. Therefore, the statement Sher Shah enforced law and order with a heavy hand is correct.

Other Related Points

• Sher Shah's Empire included regions such as Delhi, Agra, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, and parts of Central India. It did not stretch as far as Afghanistan or Orissa.
• It was Babur who established the Mughal Empire which covered a broader territory that included Afghanistan and parts of Orissa.
• Hence, the statement Sher Shah established an empire extending from Afghanistan to Orissa is incorrect
• Though Sher Shah introduced significant reforms to the coinage system, he did not withdraw the circulation of silver coins. Hence the statement Sher Shah withdrew the circulation of silver coins is incorrect.
• Sher Shah is known for building Sarais on a large scale to ensure safety on the roads and for extending comfort for travelers.
• The sarais gradually gained in importance and became the centers of trade. He is said to have commissioned as many as 1700 sarais along the major routes.
• Hence, the statement Sher Shah built 3700 sarais is incorrect.

Therefore the correct answer is B and C only

Q6: Who shifted the Bahmani capital from Daulatabad to Gulbarga? 

(a) Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah

(b) Muhammad I

(c) Daud II

(d) Firuz

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah

• The capital of the Bahmani sultanate was shifted from Daulatabad to Gulbarga by its founder, Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah in the year 1347
• It marked the establishment of Gulbarga as the new capital of the Bahmani sultanate in the Deccan region of India.
• The capital change was done primarily for strategic and administrative reasons like access to resources, improved communications, economic boost, etc.

Other Related Points

• The Bahmani Kingdom was a medieval Islamic kingdom founded by Alauddin Hassan Bahman Shah in 1347 when he declared independence from the Delhi Sultanates.
• It was centered in the Deccan region of South India and comprised parts of present-day Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana
• In a later stage, the capital was again shifted from Gulbarga to Bidar.
• Mohammad I was the second ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate. His reign was marked by a series of wars between his kingdom and two neighboring kingdoms, the Vijayanagara and the Warangal
• Daud II was also a Bahmani king known for his military campaigns. His reign marked a period of conflict andpower struggles within the Bahmani Sultanate, as various nobles and governors vied for control
• Firuz Shah Bahmani ascended to the throne in 1397 and is noted for his relatively long and stable reign. One of his notable achievements was the introduction of a standard currency system which improved trade and commerce in his domain.

Q7: Which of the following statements is not correct? 

(a) The most important invention in weaving, i.e. treadles in the horizontal loom is first described in Miftah'l Fuzala compiled in Mandu in 1469.

(b) Babar does not refer to slaves in India

(c) Mahmudis and muzaffaris were light coins of coarse silver minted in Gujarat and Malwa

(d) Bahloli tanka of the Lodis was of copper.

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is Bahloli tanka of the Lodis was of Copper.

• Bahloli Khan Lodhi was the founder of the Lodhi dynasty. The Tanka coins of Bahlol Khan Lodhi were not made of Copper instead were made of Silver. Therefor the statement Bahloli tanka of the Lodis was of copper is wrong.

Other Related Points

• Miftah'l Fuzala is a work by Muhammad Daud Shadiabadi
• The book contains useful sketches that help in understanding the development of technology during the Sultanate Period.
• The most important invention in weaving, i.e. treadles in the horizontal loom is first described in Miftah'l Fuzala compiled in Mandu in 1469. This statement is true
• Babar, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, did not typically refer to the people he encountered or ruled as "slaves" in his writings.
• He did, however, refer to his conquests and the people he defeated as his subjects or adversaries. Babar's memoir, known as the "Baburnama" or "Tuzk-e Babri," is an important historical account of his life and the early Mughal Empire in India.
• While it doesn't use the term "slaves," it does provide valuable insights into his experiences and the events of his time.
• Slavery was a complex and prevalent institution in various parts of India during the Mughal era, but the specific terminology used by historical figures like Babar may vary.
• Hence the statement Babar does not refer to slaves in India is true

• Mahmudis and Muzaffaris were indeed types of coins used in Gujarat and Malwa during different historical periods.

• Mahmudis: Mahmudis were silver coins that were initially issued during the reign of Mahmud I of Gujarat in the 15th century. They were known for their high silver content and fine craftsmanship. Mahmudis were often used as a standard of currency in the region.

• Muzaffaris: The Muzaffarid dynasty ruled parts of Gujarat and Malwa in the 14th and 15th centuries. Coins issued during the Muzaffarid rule were known as Muzaffaris. These coins were typically made of silver and were circulated in the regions under their control. Hence the statement Mahmudis and muzaffaris were light coins of coarse silver minted in Gujarat and Malwa is true.

Q8: Which out of the following is not correct? 

(a) Muslim League was formed on 30th December 1906

(b) The aim of the Muslim League was to promote among Indian Muslims feelings of loyalty towards the British Government.

(c) The aim of Muslim League was to protect the political and other rights of the Indian Muslims

(d) The aim of Muslim League was to place the needs and aspirations of Muslims before the Government in fiery and revengeful language.

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is 'the aim of the Muslim League was to place the needs and aspirations of Muslims before the Government in fiery and revengeful language.'

Key Points 

• Muslim League was formed on 30th December 1906.
• The major aim of the All-India Muslim League was to safeguard the political and socio-economic rights of Muslims in British India and to ensure that they had adequate representation in the political structure.
• Other than this its key objective was to create a separate nation for the Muslims
• It also aimed at promoting a feeling of loyalty towards the British government among the Indian Muslims.
• But the aim of the Muslim League was not to place the needs and aspirations of Indian Muslims before the government in a fiery and revengeful manner. It was a political organization and not a militant or revengeful one
• While there were certainly times when some leaders of the Muslim League used strong language to advocate for Muslim rights, the overall goal was to secure a fair share of political power.

Additional Information 

• Some of the key leaders who played a significant role in the Muslim League were Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah Khan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Aga Khan was the first President of the All India Muslim League
• Nawab Salimullah Khan served as its first General Secretary
• Jinnah became a prominent figure in a later stage and played a great role in the creation of Pakistan.

Q9: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. Nathmuni is the author of the Nyayatattva which gives an elaborate exposition of the philosophy of the Vishishtadvaita school.

B. Praptti is the essential doctrine of this school means absolute surrender to god.

C. The sect founded by Nathmuni was known as the Aghora.

D. Nathmuni was one of the successors of Ramanuja.

E. Nathmuni was inspired by the songs of Nammalvar (Sathakopan).

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, C and D only

(b) A, B and D only

(c) A, B and E only

(d) C, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is A, B and E only

• Nathmuni is the author of the Nyayatattva which gives an elaborate exposition of the philosophy of the Vishishtadvaita school. This statement is correct. 
• Nathamuni (824 AD – 924 AD) was a Vaishnava theologian who collected and collated the 4000 hymns of the Alvar saints, known as the Divya Prabandham, effectively reviving the bhakti tradition within the Sri Vaishnava tradition. He is considered the first Acharya of the Srivaishnavism tradition.
• The doctrine of Prapatti (also known as Saranagati) meaning, "complete surrender" or "taking refuge," is a highly significant principle in the Sri Vaishnavism tradition.
• This tradition is primarily based on the teachings of Ramanuja, a philosopher and theologian from South India, and is considered the major philosophy within the Vishishtadvaita school of Vedanta. Hence the statement that Praptti is the essential doctrine of this school means absolute surrender to god is also correct.
• Nathamuni's work was significantly inspired by the songs of the Alvars, particularly Nammalvar (Sathakopa). Sathakopa's works, including the Thiruvaimozhi, are part of the Nalayira Divya Prabandham of Nathauni.
  Hence the statement Nathmuni was inspired by the songs of Sathakopa is correct.

Other Related Points

• The Aghore sect is a mystical and unconventional sect within Hinduism. It is associated with a branch of Shaivism and is known for its extreme practices and focus on transcendence.
• The founder of the Aghora sect is believed to be Aghoreshwar Bhagwan Ram and not Nathamuni.
• Hence the statement The sect founded by Nathmuni was known as the Aghora is incorrect
• Ramanuja is considered one of the key philosophers and theologians of Sri Vaishnavism who came after Nathamuni. Therefore Nathamuni is considered the predecessor of Ramanuja and the statement that Nathmuni was one of the successors of Ramnuja is incorrect.

Q10: Which of the following statements is/are correct? 

A. The Sikh under Banda Bahadur enjoyed dramatic success in the sarkars of Sarhind, Hisar, and Saharanpur.

B. Banda Bahadur set up a capital in Mukhlispur.

C. Banda Bahadur issued coins in the names of the sikh gurus.

D. Banda Bahadur began to use the seal of the Mughals on his orders.

E. Banda Bahadur had alliance with Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) B and C only

(b) C only

(c) A, B and C only

(d) C, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is ​A, B and C only

• The Sikh under Banda Bahadur enjoyed dramatic success in the sarkars of Sarhind, Hisar, and Saharanpur. This statement is correct
• Under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs achieved significant success in capturing and administering certain regions in northern India during the early 18th century.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was a prominent Sikh military commander and a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh.
• This marked a significant phase in Sikh history as they established their own rule in parts of Punjab and surrounding regions.
• Historian Dr. J. S. Grewal in his book "The Sikhs of the Punjab" writes, that Banda Singh Bahadur adopted Mukhlispur, an imperial fort now given the name of Lohgarh as his capital .
• Therefore the statement Banda Bahadur set up a capital in Mukhlispur. is also correct
• From the new capital, he struck a new coin in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. Hence the statement Banda Bahadur issued coins in the names of the sikh gurus. is correct.

Other Related Points

• It is not widely documented that he used the Mughal seal on his orders. However, he led a series of military campaigns against the Mughals in Punjab and established a short-lived Sikh state. Hence the statement Banda Bahadur began to use the seal of the Mughals on his orders is incorrect.
• There is no historical evidence to suggest that Banda Bahadur had an alliance with Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar (now part of Rajasthan).
• Banda Bahadur was primarily associated with the Sikh community and led a series of campaigns against the Mughal Empire in Punjab during the early 18th century.
• Raja Ajit Singh, on the other hand, was a ruler in Marwar, which is geographically distant from Punjab. Their paths and activities were not known to intersect in any significant way. Therefore the statement Banda Bahadur had alliance with Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar is incorrect.

Q11: Which thinker of the following wrote The New Instrument and said "Knowledge is power". 

(a) Rene Descartes

(b) Blaise Pascal

(c) Francis Bacon

(d) B. Spinoza

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is Francis Bacon

• The thinker who wrote The New Instrument and famously said "Knowledge is power" is Sir Francis Bacon.
• He was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author, and served as both Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England.
• His works are seen as developing the scientific method and remained influential during the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism.

Other Related Points

• René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who lived during the 17th century.
• He is often regarded as the father of modern philosophy for his attempts to establish a foundation of knowledge that is not subject to doubt, most famously encapsulated in his statement "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am)

• Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Catholic theologian, well-known for his work in the fields of mathematics and natural and applied sciences.

• Two of his significant contributions include Pascal's Theorem in projective geometry and the development of the first mechanical calculator, called Pascal's calculator.

• Notably, he explored numerous philosophical and theological issues in his renowned work, "Pensées."

• Baruch Spinoza, often known as Benedict de Spinoza, was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardi/Portuguese origin.

• He is known for laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern critical path of historical understanding.

• He significantly contributed to the development of modern Western philosophy through his notable works, such as the "Theological-Political Treatise" and the posthumous "Ethics.

Therefore the correct answer is Francis Bacon

Q12: Arrange the following in a chronological order: 

A. The First Afghan war

B. Conquest of Sind

C. The First Anglo Sikh War

D. Opening of a Hindu Girls' School in Calcutta by Drinkwater Bethune

E. The Second Anglo-Burmese war

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, A, C, D, E

(b) C, A, B, D, E

(c) A, B, C, D, E

(d) A, C, B, D, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

Key Points  

The First Afghan War (1839–42)

• Fought between the British and Afghan rulers due to British fears of Russian influence in Central Asia.
• It was the first major conflict in the Great Game between the British and Russian empires.

Conquest of Sind (1843)

• British under General Charles Napier defeated the Talpur Amirs and annexed Sind.

The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)

• Fought between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• Resulted in the Treaty of Lahore and partial British control over Sikh territories.

Opening of Hindu Girls’ School (1849)

• Established by Drinkwater Bethune in Calcutta.
• It marked a major step in women’s education in colonial India.

The Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)

• Led to the annexation of lower Burma by the British.
• Triggered by British commercial interests and alleged treaty violations by the Burmese.

Additional Information  

Drinkwater Bethune

• A British educator and reformer known for promoting women’s education in India.
• The school he established later became the Bethune College, one of the first women’s colleges in Asia.

Anglo-Afghan Wars

• Three wars fought between the British and Afghan rulers.
• The First (1839–42), Second (1878–80), and Third (1919) Afghan wars highlight British attempts to control Afghan foreign policy.

Annexation of Sind

• Conducted without the approval of the Governor-General, but later regularized.
• Seen as part of British expansionist policy in India during the 1840s.

First Anglo-Sikh War

• Caused by growing British ambitions and weakening Sikh leadership after Ranjit Singh’s death.
• Laid groundwork for the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the final annexation of Punjab in 1849.

Q13: Which out of the following is NOT correct? 

(a) The Newspaper Nayak edited by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was in Bengali

(b) The newspaper Hindi Kesari was the Hindi version of Tilak's paper of the same name.

(c) The newspaper Abhudaya was sponsored by Madan Mohan Malaviya

(d) The Marathi daily Rashtramat gained great popularity as the organ of the Extremist Party led by Tilak.

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) The Newspaper Nayak edited by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was in Bengali'.

The Newspaper Nayak edited by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was in Bengali

• This statement is incorrect.
• Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi edited the newspaper "Pratap," which was in Hindi, not Bengali.
• "Nayak" is not associated with Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi.

Incorrect Statements

The newspaper Hindi Kesari was the Hindi version of Tilak's paper of the same name.

• This statement is correct.
• "Kesari" was originally started by Lokmanya Tilak in Marathi, and its Hindi version was known as "Hindi Kesari."

The newspaper Abhudaya was sponsored by Madan Mohan Malaviya.

• This statement is correct.
• Madan Mohan Malaviya, a prominent Indian educationist and freedom fighter, sponsored the newspaper "Abhudaya."

The Marathi daily Rashtramat gained great popularity as the organ of the Extremist Party led by Tilak.

• This statement is correct.
• "Rashtramat" was a Marathi daily that gained popularity as the mouthpiece of the Extremist Party, which was led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) The Newspaper Nayak edited by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was in Bengali.

Other Related Points

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi:

• He was a prominent Indian journalist, freedom fighter, and leader of the Indian National Congress.
• He is best known for his role in the Indian independence movement and his association with the Hindi newspaper "Pratap."

Lokmanya Tilak:

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak, also known as Lokmanya Tilak, was a prominent Indian nationalist, teacher, and independence activist.
• He was one of the leaders of the Extremist faction within the Indian National Congress and played a key role in the independence movement.
• Tilak founded the Marathi newspaper "Kesari" and the English newspaper "The Maratha" to propagate his nationalist ideas.

Madan Mohan Malaviya:

• Madan Mohan Malaviya was an Indian educationist, freedom fighter, and politician known for founding the Banaras Hindu University (BHU).
• He was a significant figure in the Indian independence movement and contributed to various social and educational reforms.
• Malaviya was associated with several publications and newspapers, including "Abhudaya."

Q14: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

(b) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(c) A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV

(d) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is:

A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

Nizam-ud-din Ahmad authored Tabaqat-i-Akbari.

• This statement is correct.
• Tabaqat-i-Akbari is a historical work that provides a detailed account of the rulers of India up to the reign of Akbar.
• Nizam-ud-din Ahmad was an important historian during Akbar's reign.

Abdul Qadir Badauni authored Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh.

• This statement is correct.
• Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh is a critical historical work that records events during Akbar's reign but often reflects Badauni's disapproval of Akbar's liberal policies.

Abbas Sarwani authored Tuhfa-i-Akbar Shahi.

• This statement is correct.
• Abbas Sarwani was known for this historical work, which details the Afghan rulers, especially Sher Shah Suri and his successors.

Jauhar Aftabchi authored Tazkirat-ul-Waqiat.

• This statement is correct.
• Tazkirat-ul-Waqiat is a memoir describing Humayun’s reign and the events surrounding his life, written by Jauhar Aftabchi, who was Humayun’s close confidant.

Hence, the correct matches are:

• A - II: Nizam-ud-din Ahmad → Tabaqat-i-Akbari
• B - III: Abdul Qadir Badauni → Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh
• C - IV: Abbas Sarwani → Tuhfa-i-Akbar Shahi
• D - I: Jauhar Aftabchi → Tazkirat-ul-Waqiat

Other Related Points

Akbar’s Era Historiography:

• The reign of Akbar saw a significant contribution to historical writing, with authors like Nizam-ud-din Ahmad, Badauni, and others producing detailed works.
• These works often serve as primary sources for understanding Mughal administration, culture, and policies.

Role of Memoirs:

• Memoirs such as Tazkirat-ul-Waqiat provide personal insights into the lives of emperors, supplementing official histories with human perspectives.

Q15: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

(b) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

(c) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

(d) A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III'.

List I - Minor rock Edict with List II - Location

• This statement matches the minor rock edicts with their respective locations accurately.
• Minor rock edicts are inscriptions found on rocks that were issued by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. These edicts were used to propagate his policies and messages, including the promotion of Buddhism and moral guidelines for his subjects.

A. Panguraria - IV. Sehore, MP (Madhya Pradesh)

• This is correct because the minor rock edict found at Panguraria is located in Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh.

B. Udegolam - I. Bellary, Karnataka

• This is correct because the minor rock edict found at Udegolam is located in Bellary district of Karnataka.

C. Jatinga-Rameshvara - II. Chitradurga, Karnataka

• This is correct because the minor rock edict found at Jatinga-Rameshvara is located in Chitradurga district of Karnataka.

D. Ahraura - III. Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh

• This is correct because the minor rock edict found at Ahraura is located in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh.

Incorrect Statements

Option 2: A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

• This option is incorrect because Udegolam is not located in Chitradurga, Karnataka; it is in Bellary, Karnataka.
• Jatinga-Rameshvara is not located in Bellary, Karnataka; it is in Chitradurga, Karnataka.

Option 3: A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

• This option is incorrect because Panguraria is not located in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh; it is in Sehore, MP.
• Udegolam is not located in Chitradurga, Karnataka; it is in Bellary, Karnataka.
• Jatinga-Rameshvara is not located in Sehore, MP; it is in Chitradurga, Karnataka.
• Ahraura is not located in Bellary, Karnataka; it is in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.

Option 4: A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV

• This option is incorrect because Panguraria is not located in Bellary, Karnataka; it is in Sehore, MP.
• Udegolam is not located in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh; it is in Bellary, Karnataka.
• Ahraura is not located in Sehore, MP; it is in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.

Hence, the correct option is: A) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III.

Other Related Points

Minor Rock Edicts:

• These are inscriptions carved on rocks and were issued by Emperor Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BCE.
• The edicts mainly focus on Ashoka's policies of Dhamma (moral law), promoting ethical living, non-violence, and respect for all life.
• Ashoka used these edicts to spread his message across his vast empire, ensuring that his subjects understood his vision of righteous governance.

Emperor Ashoka:

• Ashoka was the third emperor of the Maurya Dynasty and is often regarded as one of India's greatest rulers.
• His conversion to Buddhism after the Kalinga War led him to propagate the principles of Buddhism throughout his empire and beyond.
• The edicts issued by Ashoka, including the minor rock edicts, form an important part of ancient Indian history and provide valuable insights into his reign and administrative policies.

Q16: Who said "If history teaches any lesson at all, it is that there are no historical lessons" 

(a) Lucien Febvre

(b) Thomas Fuller

(c) R.G. Collingwood

(d) E.H. Carr

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Lucien Febvre'.

If history teaches any lesson at all, it is that there are no historical lessons - Lucien Febvre

• This statement is attributed to Lucien Febvre, a French historian who was a prominent figure in the Annales School of historical writing.
• Febvre emphasized a holistic approach to history, integrating geography, sociology, and psychology into historical analysis.
• The statement reflects Febvre's belief that history does not provide concrete lessons or rules for the future, but rather that historical events are unique and context-specific.
• His approach was a significant shift from the traditional chronological and event-focused histories to a more comprehensive analysis of social structures and mentalities over time.

Incorrect Options

Thomas Fuller

• Thomas Fuller was an English churchman and historian noted for his writings on English history, particularly during the 17th century.
• He is known for his works such as "The History of the Worthies of England" but is not associated with the quoted statement.

R.G. Collingwood

• R.G. Collingwood was a British philosopher and historian known for his work in the philosophy of history.
• He emphasized the role of historical interpretation and the historian's task to understand the past through re-enactment of thought processes.
• While Collingwood had profound insights into historical methodology, the statement in question is not attributed to him.

E.H. Carr

• E.H. Carr was a British historian, diplomat, and journalist known for his work "What Is History?" which is a significant text on historiography.
• He argued that history is a continuous process of interaction between the historian and the facts, and that the interpretation of history is subjective.
• Despite his influential views on the nature of history, the specific statement about historical lessons is not his.

Hence, the correct option is: Lucien Febvre.

Other Related Points

Lucien Febvre and the Annales School:

• The Annales School, co-founded by Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch, revolutionized the study of history in the 20th century.
• They advocated for a "total history" (histoire totale) that includes multiple disciplines to provide a comprehensive understanding of historical phenomena.
• Their approach was interdisciplinary, involving sociology, geography, and economics to analyze the broader social and cultural contexts of historical events.

Historical Context of Febvre's Work:

• Febvre's ideas emerged as a response to the limitations of traditional historiography, which was often narrowly focused on political and military events.
• He emphasized the importance of mentalities (les mentalités) and collective psychology in shaping historical developments.
• His work has had a lasting impact on the field of history, encouraging historians to consider a wider range of sources and perspectives in their analyses.

Q17: Which out of the following is NOT correct? 

(a) Battle of Sitabaldi was fought between the English and the forces of Appa Saheb Bhosle

(b) Peshwa Baji Rao II signed the Treaty of Poona

(c) Daulat Rao Sindhia signed the Treaty of Gwalior with the British

(d) The British army led by General Smith defeated Bapu Gokhale at the Battle of Laswari

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: 'The British army led by General Smith defeated Bapu Gokhale at the Battle of Laswari'.

The British army led by General Smith defeated Bapu Gokhale at the Battle of Laswari

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Battle of Laswari was actually fought between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire on November 1, 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
• The British forces were led by General Gerard Lake and not General Smith.
• Bapu Gokhale was not involved in the Battle of Laswari; instead, he was a key figure in the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

Correct Statements

Battle of Sitabaldi was fought between the English and the forces of Appa Saheb Bhosle

• This statement is correct.
• The Battle of Sitabaldi was fought on November 26-27, 1817, during the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
• The battle was between the British East India Company and the forces of Appa Saheb Bhosle, the ruler of Nagpur.

Peshwa Baji Rao II signed the Treaty of Poona

• This statement is correct.
• Peshwa Baji Rao II signed the Treaty of Poona on June 13, 1817.
• This treaty was signed with the British East India Company, leading to the British gaining significant control over the Peshwa's territories.

Daulat Rao Sindhia signed the Treaty of Gwalior with the British

• This statement is correct.
• Daulat Rao Sindhia signed the Treaty of Gwalior with the British on December 30, 1805.
• The treaty ended hostilities between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire, leading to the cessation of some Maratha territories to the British.

Hence, the correct option is: The British army led by General Smith defeated Bapu Gokhale at the Battle of Laswari.

Other Related Points

Third Anglo-Maratha War:

• The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) was a conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.
• The war resulted in the defeat of the Maratha Empire and the end of their dominance in India, leading to the complete establishment of British control over the Indian subcontinent.

Second Anglo-Maratha War:

• The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) was fought between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire.
• The war ended with the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon and the Treaty of Deogaon, resulting in significant territorial losses for the Marathas.

Key Figures:

• Appa Saheb Bhosle: A ruler of Nagpur who fought against the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
• Peshwa Baji Rao II: The last Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, who signed the Treaty of Poona with the British.
• Daulat Rao Sindhia: A Maratha ruler who signed the Treaty of Gwalior with the British after the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

Q18: Arrange the following in a chronological order: 

A. Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy

B. Announcement of Cabinet Mission Plan

C. Direct Action Day

D. Formation of Interim Government; First Meeting of Constituent Assembly

E. First meeting of Constituent Assembly

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, A, D, C, E

(b) B, A, C, D, E

(c) A, B, C, E, D

(d) A, B, C, D, E

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) A, B, C, D, E'.

Chronological Order of Events:

A) Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy (February 1946)

• This event is also known as the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny or the Bombay Mutiny.
• It was a rebellion by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against the British authorities in India.

B) Announcement of Cabinet Mission Plan (March 1946)

• The Cabinet Mission Plan was announced by the British government to discuss and plan the transfer of power from British rule to Indian leadership, providing India with independence.
• The mission was comprised of three British cabinet members: Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander.

C) Direct Action Day (August 1946)

• Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, this was a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now Kolkata).
• It was announced by the Muslim League to show the strength of Muslim sentiments for a separate Muslim state (Pakistan).

D) Formation of Interim Government (September 1946)

• The Interim Government of India was formed from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India and was responsible for the transition of India to independence.
• It was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru and included representatives from the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.

E) First Meeting of Constituent Assembly (December 1946)

• The Constituent Assembly met for the first time to draft the Constitution of India.
• This assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

Incorrect Statements

Option: B, A, D, C, E

• This option places the formation of the Interim Government before the Direct Action Day, which is incorrect.

Option: B, A, C, D, E

• This option places the events in almost correct order except it places the formation of the Interim Government after Direct Action Day, which is correct.

Option: A, B, C, E, D

• This option places the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly before the formation of the Interim Government, which is incorrect.

Hence, the correct option is: A) A, B, C, D, E.

Other Related Points

Royal Indian Navy Mutiny:

• The mutiny involved nearly 20,000 Indian sailors (ratings) on ships and shore establishments at Bombay and later spread to Karachi and Madras.
• The mutiny lasted for five days and was a major event in the Indian independence movement.

Cabinet Mission Plan:

• The plan proposed a three-tier structure consisting of a weak central government and autonomous provinces grouped into three groups based on religion.
• It aimed to maintain the unity of India while addressing the concerns of the Muslim League.

Direct Action Day:

• The day witnessed unprecedented communal violence between Hindus and Muslims, resulting in thousands of deaths and significant property damage.
• The violence highlighted the deep communal divisions in India and the urgent need for a political solution.

Formation of Interim Government:

• The interim government was a crucial step towards Indian independence and was responsible for overseeing the transfer of power from British to Indian hands.
• It included key leaders from both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.

First Meeting of the Constituent Assembly:

• The assembly's task was to draft the Constitution of India, which would lay down the framework for an independent India.
• The drafting committee was headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who played a pivotal role in shaping the Indian Constitution.

Q19: Arrange the following Vijayanagar kings in correct chronological order of their rule. 

A. Achyutadeva Raya

B. Venkata I

C. Krishnadeva Raya

D. Vira Narasimha

E. Sadashiva

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, D, C and E

(b) D, C, A, B and E

(c) A, C, B, D and E

(d) A, B, C, E and D

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'D) D, C, A, E and B'.

Correct chronological order of Vijayanagar kings: Vira Narasimha, Krishnadeva Raya, Achyutadeva Raya, Sadashiva, and Venkata I

• This statement is correct.
• Vira Narasimha (ruled 1505-1509) was the founder of the Tuluva dynasty and the elder brother of Krishnadeva Raya.
• Krishnadeva Raya (ruled 1509-1529) is considered the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire, known for his military and cultural achievements.
• Achyutadeva Raya (ruled 1529-1542) succeeded Krishnadeva Raya and faced numerous internal and external challenges.
• Sadashiva (ruled 1542-1570) was a nominal ruler during the period when the real power was held by the regent, Aliya Rama Raya.
• Venkata I (ruled 1586-1614) later came to power and his reign marked a period of relative stability and consolidation for the empire.

Incorrect Statements

Option 1: A, B, D, C, and E

• This statement is incorrect.
• This order places Achyutadeva Raya before Krishnadeva Raya, which is historically inaccurate.

Option 3: A, C, B, D, and E

• This statement is incorrect.
• This order places Venkata I out of chronological order, as he ruled after the other mentioned kings.

Option 4: A, B, C, E, and D

• This statement is incorrect.
• This order mixes up the sequence of rule, not following the correct historical timeline.

Hence, the correct option is: D) D, C, A, E and B.

Other Related Points

Vira Narasimha (1505-1509):

• Established the Tuluva dynasty.
• Faced internal consolidation and external threats during his brief rule.

Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1529):

• Strengthened the empire through military conquests and administrative reforms.
• Patronized art and literature, making the empire a hub of culture and learning.

Achyutadeva Raya (1529-1542):

• Struggled with political instability and external threats from the Bahmani Sultanate and other regional powers.

Sadashiva (1542-1570):

• Served as a nominal ruler with actual power wielded by regent Aliya Rama Raya.
• Period marked by the decisive Battle of Talikota in 1565, which led to the empire's decline.

Venkata I (1586-1614):

• His reign marked a period of recovery and stability for the Vijayanagar Empire.
• Focused on internal consolidation and maintaining peace with neighboring states.

Q20: Which out of these are correct about the following films? 

A. The film Balayogini was about the sufferings of a widow and the daughter.

B. The film Thyagabhoomi was about the plight of Untouchables.

C. The film Seva Sadan was a patriotic film.

D. The film Vande Mataram was in Telugu.

E. The film Vande Mataram was made by B.N. Reddi.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D and E only

(b) A, B, C and D only

(c) A, B and C only

(d) A and B only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) A, B, C, D and E only'.

The film Balayogini was about the sufferings of a widow and the daughter

• This statement is correct.
• The film "Balayogini" depicted the challenges and societal issues faced by widows and their daughters in the traditional Indian society.

The film Thyagabhoomi was about the plight of Untouchables

• This statement is correct.
• "Thyagabhoomi," directed by K. Subramanyam, addressed social issues including the discrimination faced by Untouchables in India.

The film Seva Sadan was a patriotic film

• This statement is correct.
• "Seva Sadan," based on a novel by Premchand, incorporated themes of social reform and patriotism, focusing on the upliftment of women and the fight against societal injustices.

The film Vande Mataram was in Telugu

• This statement is correct.
• "Vande Mataram" was indeed produced in the Telugu language, contributing to the regional film industry and reflecting nationalist sentiments.

The film Vande Mataram was made by B.N. Reddi

• This statement is correct.
• Renowned filmmaker B.N. Reddi directed "Vande Mataram," which aligned with the patriotic fervor of the period.

Incorrect Statements

Excluding any options

• Excluding any of the options A, B, C, D, or E would lead to an incomplete or incorrect representation of the films discussed.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) A, B, C, D and E only.

Other Related Points

Films and Social Reform:

• Many films during the early 20th century in India were instrumental in addressing social issues and contributing to the nationalistic movement. They were not just a source of entertainment but also a medium for social reform and political awakening.
• Directors like B.N. Reddi and K. Subramanyam played pivotal roles in creating films that were rich in social content and resonated deeply with the audience's sentiments.

Role of Regional Cinema:

• Films made in regional languages like Telugu, Tamil, and Hindi helped in spreading the message of nationalism and social reform to a diverse audience. They were crucial in unifying people across different linguistic and cultural backgrounds under the common cause of freedom and social justice.

Q21: Which of the following statements is/are true? 

A. Like Europe, the nobility in Mughal India was a legal category.

B. The Mughal nobles were not involved in the task of administration at the higher level.

C. Between 1595 and 1656-57, the composition of the Mughal nobility also changed.

D. The social distinctions between the Iranis, Turanis, and the Shaikhzadas nobles disappeared.

E. The nobles whose ancestors had been in the Mughal imperial services for more than a generation were called Khanazadas.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) C only

(b) C and E only

(c) A and B only

(d) C, D and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) C and E only'.

Between 1595 and 1656-57, the composition of the Mughal nobility also changed

• This statement is correct.
• The Mughal nobility saw significant changes during this period, with new groups and individuals entering the ranks of the nobility due to the expansion and consolidation of the empire.
• The integration of different ethnic and religious groups, including Iranis, Turanis, and Indian Muslims, led to a more diverse and inclusive nobility.

The nobles whose ancestors had been in the Mughal imperial services for more than a generation were called Khanazadas

• This statement is correct.
• "Khanazadas" referred to nobles who were born into families with a long history of service to the Mughal Empire.
• These nobles often held significant influence and were trusted by the emperors due to their hereditary loyalty.

Incorrect Statements

Like Europe, the nobility in Mughal India was a legal category

• This statement is incorrect.
• In Mughal India, the nobility was not a strictly legal category like in Europe. Nobles were primarily appointed based on their loyalty, service, and merit, rather than a legal status.
• While there were hereditary nobles, the Mughal system was more flexible, allowing for the inclusion of talented individuals from diverse backgrounds.

The Mughal nobles were not involved in the task of administration at the higher level

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Mughal nobles played a crucial role in the administration of the empire.
• They held important positions such as governors, military commanders, and administrators, and were integral to the functioning of the state.

The social distinctions between the Iranis, Turanis, and the Shaikhzadas nobles disappeared

• This statement is incorrect.
• While the Mughal Empire promoted a degree of inclusivity, social distinctions between different groups of nobles persisted.
• These distinctions were based on ethnic and regional identities, and they continued to influence the dynamics within the nobility.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) C and E only.

Other Related Points

Mughal Nobility:

• The Mughal nobility was a diverse group composed of individuals from various ethnic and religious backgrounds, including Persians, Central Asians, and Indian Muslims.
• They were essential to the administration and military of the empire, holding key positions and contributing to the stability and expansion of Mughal rule.

Changes in Composition:

• The period between 1595 and 1656-57 saw significant changes in the composition of the nobility, with the inclusion of new groups and the rise of talented individuals based on merit.

Khanazads:

• Khanazadas were nobles whose families had a long history of service to the Mughal Empire, often enjoying a hereditary status and holding influential positions.
• Their loyalty and service were highly valued by the Mughal emperors.

Q22: Which of the following is/are correct? 

A. In their buildings, the Turk Sultans used the arch and dome on a wide scale.

B. Neither the arch nor the dome was a Turkish or Muslim innovation.

C. The Turks used fine quality lime mortar in their buildings.

D. The Turkish rulers never used slab and beam methods in their buildings.

E. First true arch was used in the tomb of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) D and E only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) B and C only

(d) A only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A, B, and C only'.

A. In their buildings, the Turk Sultans used the arch and dome on a wide scale.

• This statement is correct.
• The Turk Sultans, who ruled over parts of India during the medieval period, are known for their extensive use of arches and domes in architectural structures.
• These elements became prominent features in the buildings of the Delhi Sultanate, including mosques, tombs, and palaces.

B. Neither the arch nor the dome was a Turkish or Muslim innovation.

• This statement is correct.
• While the Turks and Muslims popularized the use of arches and domes in their architecture, these features were not their inventions.
• The arch and dome were used in ancient Roman and Byzantine architecture long before they appeared in Islamic buildings.

C. The Turks used fine quality lime mortar in their buildings.

• This statement is correct.
• The Turks are known for using fine quality lime mortar in their constructions, which gave their buildings durability and strength.
• Lime mortar was a crucial material in the construction of their grand architectural structures.

Incorrect Statements

D. The Turkish rulers never used slab and beam methods in their buildings.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Turkish rulers did use the slab and beam method in their buildings, especially in the construction of pillars and ceilings.
• While arches and domes were prominent features, traditional construction techniques like slab and beam were also employed.

E. The first true arch was used in the tomb of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The use of true arches predates the tomb of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud. True arches were used in earlier structures both in India and outside of it.
• The tomb of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud is one of many examples where arches were used, but it was not the first instance.

Hence, the correct option is: A, B, and C only.

Other Related Points

Turkish Architecture in India:

• The advent of the Turkish rulers in India brought significant changes to architectural styles, merging Islamic elements with local traditions.
• Notable examples include the Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, and the tomb of Iltutmish, which showcase the integration of arches and domes.

Materials and Techniques:

• The use of fine quality lime mortar was crucial in the durability of the structures built during the Sultanate period.
• Techniques such as true arches and corbelled domes were perfected and widely used during this era, influencing subsequent architectural developments in the region.

Architectural Influence:

• The architectural innovations and styles introduced by the Turks had a lasting impact on Indian architecture, influencing the design of later Mughal structures and even modern Indian buildings.

Q23: Who among the following were Saka rulers ? 

A. Rudradaman

B. Chashtana

C. Maues

D. Gondophares

E. Mithridates

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) B, C and D only

(d) A, B, C, D and E

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) A, B and C only'.

Rudradaman, Chashtana, and Maues were Saka rulers

• Rudradaman I: He was one of the most significant Saka rulers of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty. He is known for his achievements in warfare and administration. His reign is noted for the famous Junagadh inscription, which provides valuable historical information.
• Chashtana: He was an earlier Saka ruler and is considered the founder of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty. He established his rule in the region of Malwa and Gujarat.
• Maues: He was a prominent Saka ruler who established his authority in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. He is known for his conquests and the establishment of Saka power in the region.

Other Related Points

Gondophares:

• Gondophares was not a Saka ruler. He was the founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. His rule extended over present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan. He is associated with the legend of St. Thomas the Apostle, who is said to have visited his court.

Mithridates:

• Mithiradates (Mithridates) was not a Saka ruler either. He was a prominent king of the Parthian Empire. Mithridates I is known for expanding the Parthian Empire and consolidating its power in the region.

Q24: Arrange the following in a chronological order during the reign of Akbar. 

A. Annexation of Kashmir

B. Conquest of Gujarat

C. Revival of the Nauroz festival

D. Battle of Haldighati

E. Conquest of Malwa

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) D, E, C, B and A

(b) E, B, D, C and A

(c) E, D, B, C and A

(d) B, E, C, D and A

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'E, B, D, C, and A'.

Chronological Order of Events during Akbar's Reign:

Conquest of Malwa (1561)

• This event marked Akbar's expansion into central India.
• It was a significant early conquest that established Mughal dominance in the region.

Conquest of Gujarat (1572-1573)

• Gujarat was a prosperous region and its annexation was crucial for Akbar to control the trade routes and enhance the empire's wealth.
• This conquest allowed Akbar to secure the western frontiers of his empire.

Battle of Haldighati (1576)

• This battle was fought between Akbar's forces and Rana Pratap of Mewar.
• Although it was inconclusive, it was significant as it demonstrated Akbar’s military prowess and determination to subdue the Rajput states.

Revival of the Nauroz Festival (1580)

• Akbar revived the Persian New Year festival, Nauroz, as part of his policy to promote cultural integration and religious tolerance.
• This cultural policy aimed to amalgamate different traditions within his empire.

Annexation of Kashmir (1586)

• The annexation of Kashmir extended Akbar's empire into the northern frontiers.
• Kashmir's incorporation into the Mughal Empire helped in consolidating control over the region and securing the northern borders.

Incorrect Statements

• Option 1: D, E, C, B, and A
  • This option incorrectly places the events, mixing the order of the Battle of Haldighati and the Conquest of Malwa.
• Option 3: E, D, B, C, and A
  • This option incorrectly places the Battle of Haldighati before the Conquest of Gujarat.
• Option 4: B, E, C, D, and A
  • This option incorrectly places the Conquest of Gujarat before the Conquest of Malwa and the Revival of Nauroz festival before the Battle of Haldighati.

Hence, the correct option is: E, B, D, C, and A.

Other Related Points

Akbar's Policy of Integration:

• Akbar's conquests were driven by his ambition to create a vast and unified empire.
• He implemented policies of cultural integration and religious tolerance, which were instrumental in maintaining the stability of his empire.

Significance of Akbar's Military Campaigns:

• Akbar's military campaigns expanded the Mughal Empire significantly and brought various regions under a centralized administration.
• These conquests helped in establishing Akbar’s dominance and securing the borders of the empire.

Q25: The Smritisamgraha by an anonymous author is a work on which of the following subjects? 

(a) Religion and Philosophy

(b) Espionage system

(c) Law and Legal Institutions

(d) Military and warfare

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) Law and Legal Institutions'.

The Smritisamgraha by an anonymous author is a work on the subject of Law and Legal Institutions.

• This statement is correct.
• The Smritisamgraha is a compilation of Smriti texts, which are part of the Dharmashastra tradition in Hindu law.
• Smritis are texts containing traditional teachings on law, ethics, and social norms.
• The Smritisamgraha serves as a significant source for understanding ancient Indian legal and ethical principles.

Incorrect Options

Religion and Philosophy

• This option is incorrect.
• The Smritisamgraha is not primarily concerned with religion and philosophy, although it may touch on these subjects in the context of law and ethics.

Espionage system

• This option is incorrect.
• The Smritisamgraha does not deal with the espionage system or related matters.

Military and warfare

• This option is incorrect.
• The Smritisamgraha is not focused on military and warfare topics.

Hence, the correct option is: 3) Law and Legal Institutions.

Other Related Points

Dharmashastra:

• Dharmashastra is a genre of Sanskrit texts that cover religious and legal duties, ethics, and laws.
• It includes texts like Manusmriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, and Narada Smriti, which are part of the Smritisamgraha.

Smritis:

• Smritis are considered secondary to the Vedas but are highly authoritative in the context of Hindu law and ethics.
• They guide various aspects of personal and social conduct, including marriage, inheritance, and criminal justice.

Importance of Smritis:

• Smritis provide insights into the ancient legal system and societal norms of India.
• They have influenced the development of modern Hindu law and are studied for their historical and cultural significance.

Q26: Which out of the following statements are correct? 

A. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya played an important role in the establishment of Banaras Hindu University.

B. Chittaranjan Das was a counsel for defence in the trial of Aurobindo Ghose.

C. Chittaranjan Das was lovingly called Deenbandhu.

D. Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian to be elected to the House of commons.

E. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was called as the father of Indian Unrest.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D and E only

(b) A, B, D and E only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B and C only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) A, B, D, and E only'.

Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya played an important role in the establishment of Benaras Hindu University

• This statement is correct.
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya was instrumental in founding Benaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916, which is one of the largest residential universities in Asia.

Chittaranjan Das was a counsel for defence in the trial of Aurobindo Ghose

• This statement is correct.
• Chittaranjan Das, a prominent lawyer and nationalist leader, defended Aurobindo Ghose in the Alipore Bomb Case of 1908.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian to be elected to the House of Commons

• This statement is correct.
• Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the "Grand Old Man of India," was the first Indian to be elected to the British House of Commons in 1892.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was called as the father of Indian Unrest

• This statement is correct.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a fiery nationalist leader, was referred to as the "father of Indian unrest" by the British due to his radical and assertive approach towards the independence movement.

Incorrect Statement

• Chittaranjan Das was lovingly called Deenbandhu
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • Chittaranjan Das was not known by the name "Deenbandhu." The title "Deenbandhu" was actually conferred upon Charles Freer Andrews, an Anglican priest and friend of Mahatma Gandhi, known for his work in supporting the rights of the oppressed.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) A, B, D, and E only.

Other Related Points

Banaras Hindu University (BHU):

• Founded in 1916 by Madan Mohan Malviya, BHU is one of India's most prestigious universities, known for its sprawling campus and comprehensive range of courses.

Chittaranjan Das:

• Also known as Deshbandhu, meaning "Friend of the Nation," he played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was a key figure in the Indian National Congress.
• He was a mentor to Subhas Chandra Bose and a proponent of non-cooperation with the British government.

Dadabhai Naoroji:

• Known for his work in the Indian National Congress and his theory of the economic drain of India during British rule, Naoroji was a pioneering figure in the Indian independence movement.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• Tilak was a nationalist leader who believed in self-rule and was one of the first to demand complete independence from British rule.
• He popularized the slogan "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it."

Q27: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

(b) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(d) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II'.

Varuna - Regular of Rita

• This statement is correct.
• Varuna, in Vedic tradition, is associated with Rita, the cosmic order or natural law.
• He is seen as a regulator of universal laws, ensuring harmony and balance in the cosmos.

Manyu - Anger

• This statement is correct.
• Manyu is personified as the deity of wrath or anger in the Rigveda.
• He represents the fierce energy and resolve needed in battles and challenges.

Usas - Dawn

• This statement is correct.
• Usas is the goddess of dawn in Vedic literature, symbolizing renewal, light, and new beginnings.
• She is often praised for dispelling darkness and awakening the world.

Sraddha - Faith

• This statement is correct.
• Sraddha is associated with faith and devotion in the Vedic context.
• It denotes a deep inner conviction and trust in the rituals, deities, and the cosmic order.

Hence, A - III, B - IV, C - I, and D - II are correct.

Other Related Points

Key Concepts from Vedic Literature:

• Rita: Represents the cosmic law and order, upheld by deities like Varuna and Mitra.
• Manyu: Embodies the spirit of determination, often invoked in the context of war or challenges.
• Usas: Symbolizes hope, renewal, and the beginning of new opportunities with the arrival of dawn.
• Sraddha: Denotes faith and trust, essential for performing rituals and fostering spiritual growth.

Connection to Vedic Rituals:

• Each deity or concept in the Vedic texts is integral to specific rituals and their symbolism.
• The invocation of these deities reflects the values and principles of early Vedic society, such as discipline, devotion, and the pursuit of cosmic harmony.

Q28: Who presided the special session of Hindu Mahasabha in 1923? 

(a) Rajendra Prasad

(b) Lajpat Rai

(c) Veer Savarkar

(d) Sardar Patel

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Lajpat Rai'.

Lajpat Rai presided over the special session of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1923

• This statement is correct.
• Lala Lajpat Rai was a prominent Indian freedom fighter and leader known for his role in the struggle for independence from British rule.
• He was associated with the Indian National Congress and was also one of the key leaders of the Hindu Mahasabha, an organization aimed at promoting the interests of Hindus in India.
• Lajpat Rai presided over the special session of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1923, showing his active involvement in the socio-political sphere of the time.

Incorrect Options

Rajendra Prasad

• Rajendra Prasad was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and the first President of India.
• He was associated with the Indian National Congress and played a significant role in various movements for independence, but he did not preside over the special session of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1923.

Veer Savarkar

• Veer Savarkar was a freedom fighter, poet, and one of the key ideologues of Hindutva.
• He was associated with the Hindu Mahasabha but did not preside over the special session in 1923.

Sardar Patel

• Sardar Patel, also known as the "Iron Man of India," was a key leader in the Indian National Congress and played a crucial role in the unification of India.
• He was not involved with the Hindu Mahasabha and did not preside over its special session in 1923.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Lajpat Rai.

Other Related Points

Hindu Mahasabha:

• The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915 to safeguard the rights of Hindus in India and to promote Hindu cultural and religious values.
• It played a significant role in the political landscape of India during the struggle for independence, often positioning itself as a counterforce to the Indian National Congress and its secular ideology.

Lala Lajpat Rai:

• Lala Lajpat Rai was a part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal) that advocated for aggressive opposition to British rule.
• He was known for his contributions to the Indian independence movement, including his work with the Indian National Congress and his leadership in the Punjab region.
• His death in 1928, following injuries sustained during a protest against the Simon Commission, became a rallying point for further resistance against British rule.

Q29: "The imperial civilization may well have absorbed numerous contributions from various conquered people....to understand and adopt new culture". Who wrote the above passage? 

(a) Francis Fukuyama

(b) A.K. Coomaraswamy

(c) Joseph S. Nye

(d) Yuval Noah Harari

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) Yuval Noah Harari'.

The imperial civilization may well have absorbed numerous contributions from various conquered people....to understand and adopt new culture

• This statement is correct.
• Yuval Noah Harari is a renowned historian and author known for his works on the history and future of humankind.
• In his book "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind," Harari discusses the evolution of human societies and civilizations, including how empires absorb and integrate contributions from various cultures they conquer.
• This perspective aligns with the provided passage, highlighting the assimilation and adaptation of new cultures by an imperial civilization.

Incorrect Statements

Francis Fukuyama

• Francis Fukuyama is a political scientist and economist known for his book "The End of History and the Last Man."
• His work focuses on political and economic development, but the passage in question does not align with his typical themes.

A.K. Coomaraswamy

• Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was a Sri Lankan philosopher and historian who specialized in Indian art and culture.
• While his work covers cultural integration, the specific passage provided does not match his writing style or typical subject matter.

Joseph S. Nye

• Joseph S. Nye is a political scientist known for his work on international relations and the concept of "soft power."
• His focus is on power dynamics and global politics, which differs from the cultural integration theme of the passage.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) Yuval Noah Harari.

Other Related Points

Yuval Noah Harari's Contributions:

• Harari has written several influential books, including "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind," "Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow," and "21 Lessons for the 21st Century."
• His work often explores the broad patterns of history, the future of technology and humanity, and the impact of societal changes.

Concept of Cultural Assimilation:

• Cultural assimilation refers to the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
• This concept is often discussed in the context of empires and civilizations, where conquered peoples contribute to and influence the dominant culture.

Imperial Civilizations:

• Throughout history, many empires, such as the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire, have integrated and adapted elements from the cultures they conquered.
• This process can lead to significant cultural, technological, and social advancements.

Q30: Which of these statements are correct? 

A. In Hindi literature the era of nationalism and social reform was inaugurated by Bharatendu Harishchandra (1850-85).

B. His 'Bharat Durdasha' discusses India's decline into misfortune.

C. Subramania Bharti who wrote in Tamil like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee used the imagery of gods and goddesses of the Hindu Pantheon.

D. Subramania Bharti composed a poem in praise of Jesus in which he says of the symbolism of the death on the cross.

E. Subramania Bharti also wrote poems in Malayalam.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and E only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, D and E only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) A, B, D and E only'.

A. In Hindi literature the era of nationalism and social reform was inaugurated by Bharartendu Harishchandra (1850-85)

• This statement is correct.
• Bharatendu Harishchandra is often regarded as the father of modern Hindi literature and Hindi theatre. His works reflected social reform and nationalism.
• His contributions significantly impacted the literary and cultural renaissance in Northern India during the late 19th century.

B. His 'Bharat Durdasha' discusses India's decline into misfortune.

• This statement is correct.
• "Bharat Durdasha" is one of Bharatendu Harishchandra's notable plays, highlighting the adverse conditions of India under colonial rule and advocating for social reform and national awakening.

D. Subramania Bharti composed a poem in praise of Jesus in which he says of the symbolism of the death on the cross.

• This statement is correct.
• Subramania Bharti, a renowned Tamil poet, wrote about various themes, including religious harmony. His poem in praise of Jesus reflects his inclusive worldview and respect for all religions.

E. Subramania Bharti also wrote poems in Malayalam.

• This statement is correct.
• Subramania Bharti's literary work extended beyond Tamil, and he contributed to Malayalam literature as well, showcasing his versatility and proficiency in multiple languages.

Incorrect Statements

C. Subramania Bharti who wrote in Tamil like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee used the imagery of gods and goddesses of the Hindu Pantheon.

• This statement is not necessarily incorrect, but it is not included in the correct option set (4).
• Subramania Bharti did use the imagery of Hindu gods and goddesses in his works to evoke a sense of cultural pride and nationalism. However, the question seems to focus on other aspects of his contributions.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) A, B, D and E only.

Other Related Points

Bharatendu Harishchandra:

• Bharatendu Harishchandra was a prominent poet, writer, and playwright who played a crucial role in modernizing Hindi literature. His works often addressed social issues and promoted national consciousness.
• He is credited with laying the foundation for the modern Hindi literary movement, emphasizing realism and the use of everyday language in literature.

Subramania Bharti:

• Also known as Mahakavi Bharati, he was a Tamil writer, poet, journalist, Indian independence activist, and social reformer. His works are characterized by their intense patriotism and advocacy for social justice.
• Bharti's poetry and prose often addressed themes of freedom, equality, and the upliftment of the downtrodden, making him a key figure in the Indian literary and cultural renaissance.

Q31: Mandasa and Santa - Bommali grants were issued by which of the following dynasties? 

(a) The Ganga

(b) The Kadamba

(c) The Chalukya

(d) The Rashtrakuta

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 2) The Kadamba

Mandasa and Santa - Bommali grants issued by the Kadamba dynasty

• This statement is correct.
• The Kadamba dynasty ruled parts of present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
• They were known for their administrative prowess and issued several grants and inscriptions.
• The Mandasa and Santa-Bommali grants are examples of such land grants provided to temples or individuals.
• These grants reflect the socio-economic conditions and administrative practices of the Kadamba dynasty.

Incorrect Statements

The Ganga dynasty

• The Ganga dynasty ruled over parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• They are known for their contributions to art and architecture, including the construction of the famous Gomateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola.

The Chalukya dynasty

• The Chalukyas ruled over large parts of southern and central India.
• They are famous for their rock-cut temples and contributions to Indian architecture and culture.

The Rashtrakuta dynasty

• The Rashtrakutas ruled over a vast region including parts of present-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.
• They are known for their patronage of art and architecture, including the creation of the Ellora Caves.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) The Kadamba

Other Related Points

Kadamba Dynasty Overview:

• The Kadamba dynasty was one of the earliest ruling dynasties in Karnataka.
• Founded by Mayurasharma in the 4th century CE, the dynasty is known for its contributions to literature, art, and architecture.
• The Kadambas are credited with the introduction of Kannada as the administrative language, which was a significant step in the promotion of local culture.

Significance of Land Grants:

• Land grants were a common practice among Indian dynasties, used to reward loyalty, support religious institutions, and ensure the economic stability of regions.
• These grants often came with specific conditions and were recorded in inscriptions, providing valuable historical insights.

Q32: Which out of these statements are correct? 

A. Narendra nath Chakravarty was known as Swami Vivekananda.

B. Swami Vivekananda attended Parliament of Religions at New York.

C. Ramakrishna Mission was instituted in 1897.

D. Swami Vivekananda visited california and sowed seeds of future Vedanta centres in Los Angeles and San Francisco.

E. Swami Vivekakanda was invited to the congress of the History of Religions at Paris and spoke there in the defence of Hinduism.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C, D and E only

(b) A, C, D and E only

(c) A, B, C, D and E only

(d) B, C, D and E only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) C, D and E only'.

Ramakrishna Mission was instituted in 1897

• This statement is correct.
• The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekanand on May 1, 1897, in Kolkata, India. It is a philanthropic, volunteer organization which carries out extensive educational and medical work. It also promotes Indian culture and spirituality.

Swami Vivekanand visited California and sowed seeds of future Vedanta centres in Los Angeles and San Francisco

• This statement is correct.
• Swami Vivekanand visited California in the late 19th century and his lectures and teachings led to the establishment of Vedanta centres in Los Angeles and San Francisco. These centres aim to teach Vedanta philosophy and propagate the teachings of Hinduism.

Swami Vivekanand was invited to the Congress of the History of Religions at Paris and spoke there in the defence of Hinduism

• This statement is correct.
• Swami Vivekanand was indeed invited to the Congress of the History of Religions in Paris in 1900, where he defended Hinduism and presented its philosophy to the Western audience.

Incorrect Statements

Narendra Nath Chakravarty was known as Swami Vivekanand

• This statement is incorrect.
• Swami Vivekanand's real name was Narendra Nath Datta, not Narendra Nath Chakravarty. He was born on January 12, 1863, and became a key figure in introducing Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world.

Swami Vivekanand attended Parliament of Religions at New York

• This statement is incorrect.
• Swami Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893, not New York. His speech at this event marked a significant moment in the history of interfaith dialogue and brought him international fame.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) C, D and E only.

Additional Information

Swami Vivekanand's Contributions:

• Swami Vivekanand played a crucial role in the revival of Hinduism and the introduction of Indian philosophies to the Western world.
• He was a key disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.

Parliament of Religions, 1893:

• The Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893 was an important event for Swami Vivekanand. His speech, which began with "Sisters and Brothers of America," received a standing ovation and made a significant impact on the audience.

Ramakrishna Mission:

• The Ramakrishna Mission is known for its extensive humanitarian and social service activities. It operates schools, colleges, hospitals, and other institutions serving people irrespective of caste, creed, or religion.

Q33: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

(b) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

(c) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

(d) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III'.

A. Idrar - II. Tax free lands

• Idrar refers to lands that are exempted from taxation. These lands were granted as a favor or reward, often to religious or charitable institutions.

B. Kharaj - I. Land revenue

• Kharaj is a term that denotes land revenue. It was a tax imposed on agricultural land, collected by the state.

C. Khalisa - IV. Crown lands

• Khalisa refers to lands directly controlled by the state or the crown. Revenue from these lands went directly to the royal treasury.

D. Usar - III. Saline Land

• Usar is a term used for barren or saline lands, which are typically unfit for cultivation due to high salt content in the soil.

Incorrect Statements

A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

• This option incorrectly matches Idrar (A) with saline land (III) and Khalisa (C) with tax free lands (II).

A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

• This option incorrectly matches Idrar (A) with crown lands (IV), Kharaj (B) with tax free lands (II), and Khalisa (C) with land revenue (I).

A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

• This option incorrectly matches Idrar (A) with crown lands (IV) and Khalisa (C) with tax free lands (II).

Hence, the correct option is: '2) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III'.

Other Related Points

Idrar:

• These were lands granted tax-free to individuals or institutions, often for religious or charitable purposes.

Kharaj:

• Kharaj was a form of tax levied on agricultural land, forming a significant part of the revenue for many medieval and early modern states.

Khalisa:

• These were crown lands directly managed by the state, and the revenues generated from these lands were used for the royal treasury.

Usar:

• Usar lands were barren or saline lands that were typically unsuitable for agriculture due to high salinity levels.

Q34: Which of the following statement is correct regarding marriage according to Grihyasutra? 

A. The time for the marriage should be fixed during the southern movement of Sun.

B. The groom takes the bride around the fire (Agniparinayana).

C. The marriage rite starts with Kanyadana (giving away the daughter).

D. According to most texts, the marriage rite ends with the Saptapadi.

E. The dhruvarundhatidarshana was a marriage rite practice at the groom's house.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C and D only

(b) A, C and E only

(c) B, D and E only

(d) B, C, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) B, D and E only'.

The groom takes the bride around the fire (Agniparinayana)

• This statement is correct.
• Agniparinayana is a significant rite in the marriage ceremony where the bride and groom take seven steps around the sacred fire, symbolizing their commitment and vows to each other.

According to most texts, the marriage rite ends with the Saptapadi

• This statement is correct.
• Saptapadi involves the couple taking seven steps together, each step representing a vow of their marital duties and obligations. This marks the completion of the marriage ceremony.

The dhruvarundhatidarshana was a marriage rite practice at the groom's house

• This statement is correct.
• Dhruvarundhatidarshana is a ritual where the couple is shown the stars Dhruva (the pole star) and Arundhati, symbolizing steadfastness and devotion in their married life.

Incorrect Statements

The time for the marriage should be fixed during the southern movement of Sun

• This statement is incorrect.
• According to Grihyasutra, the marriage should ideally be fixed during the northern movement of the Sun (Uttarayana), which is considered more auspicious than the southern movement (Dakshinayana).

The marriage rite starts with Kanyadana (giving away the daughter)

• This statement is incorrect.
• While Kanyadana is an important part of the marriage ceremony, it does not mark the beginning of the rite. The ceremony typically starts with a series of preliminary rituals and prayers before Kanyadana.

Hence, the correct option is: 3) B, D and E only.

Other Related Points

Grihyasutra:

• The Grihyasutra are ancient Hindu scriptures that prescribe domestic rituals, including those related to marriage, household ceremonies, and rites of passage.
• They form part of the Kalpa Sutras, which are texts dealing with Vedic rituals and are associated with the Vedas.

Marriage Rituals in Hindu Tradition:

• Marriage is considered a sacred and significant event in Hindu culture, involving numerous rituals and ceremonies to ensure the sanctity and prosperity of the union.
• Key rituals include Kanyadana (giving away the bride), Agniparinayana (circling the fire), Saptapadi (taking seven steps), and Dhruvarundhatidarshana (viewing the stars).

Q35: Which of the following is NOT a dating technique of archaeological remains? 

(a) Sonar Sensing technique

(b) Thermo luminescence method

(c) Accelerated Mass Spectrometry

(d) Electron Spin Resonance method

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Sonar Sensing technique'.

Sonar Sensing technique is NOT a dating technique of archaeological remains

• This statement is correct.
• Sonar sensing, or Sound Navigation and Ranging, is a method that uses sound waves to detect objects underwater. It is primarily used in marine archaeology to locate shipwrecks and submerged sites rather than dating artifacts.
• Therefore, it is not used to determine the age of archaeological remains.

Incorrect Options

Thermo luminescence method

• This is a correct dating technique.
• Thermoluminescence dating measures the light emitted from mineral grains in ceramics or other heated materials to determine when they were last heated to a high temperature.

Accelerated Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

• This is a correct dating technique.
• AMS is a form of radiocarbon dating that measures the amount of carbon-14 in a sample. It allows for the dating of very small samples and provides precise age estimates for organic materials.

Electron Spin Resonance method

• This is a correct dating technique.
• Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating measures trapped electrons within bone, shell, and other materials to date when they were last exposed to sunlight or heat.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) Sonar Sensing technique.

Other Related Points

Thermoluminescence Dating:

• Useful for dating ceramics, burnt flint, and sediments.
• Relies on the principle that certain crystals trap electrons when exposed to radiation. When heated, these crystals release stored energy as light, which can be measured to determine the time elapsed since the last heating event.

Accelerated Mass Spectrometry (AMS):

• Highly sensitive and accurate form of radiocarbon dating.
• Capable of dating minute samples, such as tiny seeds or small fragments of bone.
• Measures the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 isotopes to determine the age of the sample.

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating:

• Applies to materials such as tooth enamel, shell, and some types of rock.
• Based on the accumulation of trapped electrons within the crystal lattice of minerals, which can be measured to determine the time since their last exposure to sunlight or heat.

Sonar Sensing:

• Used in underwater archaeology to locate and map submerged objects and features.
• Helps archaeologists identify shipwrecks and submerged settlements but does not provide chronological information about the artifacts.

Q36: Ukkattha and Kitagiri were important towns located in which of the following Mahajanapada? 

(a) Kosala

(b) Kashi

(c) Matsya

(d) Avanti

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Kosala'.

Ukkattha and Kitagiri were important towns located in Kosala

• This statement is correct.
• Kosala was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas in ancient India. It was a significant kingdom during the time of the Buddha and was known for its prosperous cities and cultural development.
• Ukkattha (also known as Ukkaṭṭhā) and Kitagiri were among the prominent towns in this region.
• The region of Kosala was located in what is now modern-day Uttar Pradesh and parts of Nepal.

Incorrect Statements

Kashi

• Kashi, also known as Varanasi, was another important Mahajanapada. It was famous for its religious and cultural significance, especially in Hinduism, but Ukkattha and Kitagiri were not located here.

Matsya

• Matsya was a Mahajanapada located in the region of modern-day Rajasthan. It was known for its capital, Viratanagara, but Ukkattha and Kitagiri were not part of this Mahajanapada.

Avanti

• Avanti was one of the prominent Mahajanapadas, located in the present-day Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Its capital cities were Ujjayini and Mahishmati, but again, Ukkattha and Kitagiri were not located here.

Hence, the correct option is: Kosala.

Other Related Points

Kosala:

• Kosala was a major kingdom in ancient India, with its capital at Ayodhya. It played a crucial role during the time of the Buddha and in the epics of Hinduism.
• King Prasenjit was one of the notable rulers of Kosala during the Buddha's time.
• It was known for its prosperous cities, trade, and cultural activities. The region is frequently mentioned in Buddhist texts.

Mahajanapadas:

• The term Mahajanapada refers to the great realms or kingdoms that existed in ancient India. There were sixteen major Mahajanapadas, each with its own unique culture and significance.
• These Mahajanapadas were the political and economic centers of their time and played a crucial role in the development of early Indian civilization.

Q37: Which of the following statements is/are correct? 

A. The use of rupiya as a coin declined in Mughal India during the 17th century.

B. Shahjahan's father-in-law, Asaf Khan, took an active part in the seaborne trade.

C. The Mughal ruler who was most interested in Maritime trade, was Jahangir.

D. From the year 1630, the Mughals made a concerted move to gain control of the maritime trade of Bengal.

E. The Mughals ousted the Portuguese traders from Orissa.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) A only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) B and D only

(d) C and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 'B and D only'.

Shahjahan's father-in-law, Asaf Khan, took an active part in the seaborne trade.

• This statement is correct.
• Asaf Khan, a prominent figure during Shahjahan's reign, was known to engage in commercial activities, including maritime trade.
• This reflects the active involvement of Mughal nobility in economic ventures during the empire.

From the year 1630, the Mughals made a concerted move to gain control of the maritime trade of Bengal.

• This statement is correct.
• During the 1630s, the Mughals strengthened their control over Bengal’s maritime trade to curb the influence of European powers like the Portuguese.
• This move was significant for securing revenue and political dominance in the region.

Incorrect Statements

The use of rupiya as a coin declined in Mughal India during the 17th century.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The rupiya remained in widespread use throughout the Mughal era, including the 17th century.
• It served as a standardized currency for trade and administrative purposes.

The Mughal ruler who was most interested in maritime trade was Jahangir.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Although Jahangir encouraged trade, Shah Jahan showed more active interest in maritime policies, especially concerning European traders.
• Shah Jahan implemented strategies to regulate and benefit from maritime trade more effectively.

The Mughals ousted the Portuguese traders from Orissa.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Although the Mughals defeated the Portuguese in Hooghly (Bengal) in 1632, there is no substantial record of their ousting the Portuguese from Orissa.
• The Portuguese influence in Orissa diminished mainly due to competition from other European powers and internal conflicts.

Hence, Statements B and D are correct, and Statements A, C, and E are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Mughal Control of Bengal:

• Bengal was a vital economic region, contributing significantly to Mughal revenue through agriculture, textiles, and trade.
• The Mughal administration strengthened their control over maritime trade in Bengal to counter European powers like the Portuguese and Dutch.

Seaborne Trade in Mughal India:

• Mughal India saw active participation in maritime trade, with ports like Surat, Masulipatnam, and Hooghly playing key roles.
• Both nobles and the state were involved in trading activities, showcasing the economic integration of the Mughal empire with global commerce.

Q38: Arrange the following dynasties in the correct chronological order of their establishment: 

A. Karakotas.

B. Sailodbhavas

C. Maukharis

D. Gahadavalas

E. Ayudhas

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C, B, A, E and D

(b) A, B, C, E and D

(c) E, A, B, D and C

(d) C, B, E, A and D

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) C, B, E, A and D'.

The correct chronological order of the dynasties is:

• C. Maukharis
• B. Sailodbhavas
• E. Ayudhas
• A. Karakotas
• D. Gahadavalas
• Explanation:

Maukharis (C):

• The Maukhari dynasty ruled in northern India, particularly in the region of Kannauj, around the 6th to 7th centuries CE.
• Their timeline places them earlier in the chronological order compared to the other dynasties listed.

Sailodbhavas (B):

• The Sailodbhava dynasty ruled in the eastern part of India, especially in the region of modern-day Odisha, during the 6th to 8th centuries CE.
• This places them after the Maukharis but before the Ayudhas.

Ayudhas (E):

• The Ayudha dynasty was a ruling dynasty in northern India during the 8th to 10th centuries CE.
• Their period of rule comes after the Sailodbhavas but before the Karakotas.

Karakotas (A):

• The Karakota dynasty ruled in the region of Kashmir during the 8th to 9th centuries CE.
• Their rule is chronologically after the Ayudhas but before the Gahadavalas.

Gahadavalas (D):

• The Gahadavala dynasty ruled in northern India, particularly in the region of Kannauj and Varanasi, during the 11th to 12th centuries CE.
• They are the last in the chronological order among the listed dynasties.

Incorrect Statements

• Incorrect options:
  • Option 1: C, B, A, E, and D - Incorrect as it places Karakotas before Ayudhas.
  • Option 2: A, B, C, E, and D - Incorrect as it places Karakotas before Maukharis.
  • Option 3: E, A, B, D, and C - Incorrect as it places Ayudhas before Sailodbhavas and Karakotas.

Other Related Points

Dynasty Overview:

Maukharis:

• The Maukhari dynasty had significant influence in northern India, especially around Kannauj, and played a crucial role in the early medieval period.

Sailodbhavas:

• The Sailodbhavas contributed to the cultural and political landscape of Odisha, and their rule marked a significant period in the region's history.

Ayudhas:

• The Ayudha dynasty was known for its control over certain regions in northern India and had interactions with other contemporary dynasties.

Karakotas:

• The Karakota dynasty is known for its rule in Kashmir and played a significant role in the region's historical developments.

Gahadavalas:

• The Gahadavala dynasty is notable for its rule in Kannauj and Varanasi during the 11th to 12th centuries and faced invasions from the Ghurid Empire.

Q39: Which of the following statements are correct regarding Painted Grey Ware (PGW)? 

A. PGW was first identified at Ahichchhatra ( in Bareilly district) in the 1940s.

B. It also been found at sites of Thapli and Purola in the coastal region of Orissa.

C. Makkhan Lal's study of Kanpur district (Uttar Pradesh) in 1980's brought to light the PGW sites and their settlement patterns.

D. Nagda represents a fairly evolved proto-urban or semi-urban stage of the PGW.

E. Alamgirpur, Kampil, Noh, Bhagwanpur and Hastinapur have the evidence of the PGW Material culture.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, C and E only

(b) A, B, C and D only

(c) A, C and D only

(d) B, C, D and E only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) A, C and E only'.

A. PGW was first identified at Ahichchhatra (in Bareilly district) in the 1940s

• This statement is correct.
• The Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture was identified in the 1940s during excavations at Ahichchhatra in Bareilly district.
• PGW is an important archaeological culture of the Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent.

C. Makkhan Lal's study of Kanpur district (Uttar Pradesh) in the 1980s brought to light the PGW sites and their settlement patterns

• This statement is correct.
• Makkhan Lal conducted extensive studies in the Kanpur district which helped in understanding the distribution and settlement patterns of PGW sites.
• His research highlighted the importance of PGW in understanding early settlement and urbanization processes.

E. Alamgirpur, Kampil, Noh, Bhagwanpur, and Hastinapur have the evidence of the PGW Material culture

• This statement is correct.
• These sites are significant archaeological locations where PGW artifacts have been discovered.
• Findings from these sites provide evidence of the widespread distribution and cultural aspects of PGW.

Incorrect Statements

B. It also been found at sites of Thapli and Purola in the coastal region of Orissa

• This statement is incorrect.
• PGW culture has not been found in the coastal regions of Orissa; it is primarily associated with the Ganga-Yamuna Doab and other regions in northern India.

D. Nagda represents a fairly evolved proto-urban or semi-urban stage of the PGW

• This statement is incorrect.
• While Nagda is an important archaeological site, it is not particularly noted for representing a proto-urban or semi-urban stage of PGW.
• The term 'proto-urban' more accurately applies to sites such as Hastinapur.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) A, C and E only.

Other Related Points

Painted Grey Ware (PGW):

• PGW is a type of fine, grey pottery painted with black designs, significant in the context of Iron Age archaeology in the Indian subcontinent.
• It is associated with the later Vedic period and early historical phase in northern India, dating roughly from 1200 BCE to 600 BCE.

Key PGW Sites:

• Hastinapur: One of the most important PGW sites, associated with the Mahabharata epic.
• Ahichchhatra: The site where PGW was first identified.
• Alamgirpur: A significant site with PGW artifacts located near the Yamuna River.

Archaeological Significance:

• PGW sites provide valuable insights into the settlement patterns, lifestyle, and cultural practices during the later Vedic period in India.
• Studies and excavations of these sites help in understanding the transition from rural to urban societies in ancient India.

Q40: Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R) 

Assertion A: Tirumlar, the author of work called Tirumandiram on Saiva Siddhanta, believed that the spirit no less than matter must be accepted as real, for it is impossible to conceive of one quite independently of the other.

Reason R: Love and Sivam are not different categories of experience. Love culminates into Sivam and rests in that beatific condition.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.'

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

• This option is correct.
• Assertion (A) states that Tirumlar, the author of Tirumandiram, believed that both spirit and matter must be considered real as they are interdependent.
• Reason (R) explains that in Tirumlar's view, love and Sivam (a concept in Saiva Siddhanta representing the divine) are interconnected experiences. Love leads to the realization of Sivam and remains in that divine state.
• The reason correctly elaborates on Tirumlar's philosophical stance, showing how spiritual love culminates in the realization of the divine, which aligns with the assertion that spirit and matter are interdependent.

Incorrect Statements

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

• This option is incorrect.
• While both statements are true, Reason (R) does provide a direct explanation for Assertion (A). Therefore, it cannot be said that R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true but R is false

• This option is incorrect.
• Both the assertion and the reason are true, making this option invalid.

A is false but R is true

• This option is incorrect.
• The assertion is true, as Tirumlar did consider both spirit and matter to be interdependent. Hence, the statement that A is false is incorrect.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Other Related Points

Tirumandiram:

• The Tirumandiram is a Tamil poetic work written by the sage Tirumular. It is one of the key texts of Saiva Siddhanta, a school of Hindu philosophy.
• The work contains teachings on yoga, spirituality, and ethics, emphasizing the inseparability of the soul and the divine (Sivam).

Saiva Siddhanta:

• Saiva Siddhanta is a philosophical and theological system that emphasizes the worship of Shiva as the supreme being.
• It teaches that the soul (Pasu) is bound by three impurities (Malas) and that liberation (Moksha) is achieved through the grace of Shiva.

Concept of Sivam:

• In Saiva Siddhanta, Sivam represents the ultimate reality, the divine essence that permeates all existence.
• Love (Bhakti) towards Sivam is seen as a means to attain spiritual enlightenment and unity with the divine.

Q41: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. An image of Krishna was installed in a cave in the Barabar hills by the Maukhari Chief Anantavarman in the 5th century.

B. Vishnu is mentioned in the Junagarh inscription of Skandagupta as the consort of Lakshmi.

C. The Pallavas had the Boar as their family emblem.

D. The god Changu-Narayana i.e. Narayana on Changu or Garuda is situated on Dolaparvata in Nepal.

E. The Varaha, Narasimha and Vamana avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu are also found in the sculptures of the rock cut caves at Udayagiri at Mamallapuram.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C and D only

(b) B, C, D and E only

(c) A, C and E only

(d) A. B. D and E only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A. B. D and E only'.

Key Points

An image of Krishna was installed in a cave in the Barabar hills by the Maukhari Chief Anantavarman in the 5th century

• This statement is correct.
• The Barabar Caves are among the earliest examples of rock-cut architecture in India, with some inscriptions dating back to the Mauryan period, but the installation by Anantavarman in the 5th century is also significant.
• Anantavarman, a Maukhari chief, installed an image of Krishna in one of these caves, indicating the religious significance of these caves during that period.

Vishnu is mentioned in the Junagarh inscription of Skandagupta as the consort of Lakshmi

• This statement is correct.
• The Junagarh inscription of Skandagupta, which dates back to the 5th century, mentions Vishnu as the consort of Lakshmi.
• This inscription is significant as it highlights the worship of Vishnu and Lakshmi during the Gupta period.

The god Changu-Narayana i.e. Narayana on Changu or Garuda is situated on Dolaparvata in Nepal

• This statement is correct.
• The Changu Narayan Temple, located on Dolaparvata hill in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, is one of the oldest Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as Narayana.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an important pilgrimage site for Hindus.

The Varaha, Narasimha and Vamana avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu are also found in the sculptures of the rock cut caves at Udayagiri at Mamallapuram

• This statement is correct.
• Udayagiri Caves, located in Madhya Pradesh, and the rock-cut caves at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) in Tamil Nadu, feature sculptures of various avatars of Vishnu, including Varaha, Narasimha, and Vamana.
• These sculptures are significant examples of early Indian rock-cut architecture and artistic representation of Hindu mythology.

Incorrect Statements

The Pallavas had the Boar as their family emblem

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Pallavas, who ruled parts of South India, are known to have used the lion as their family emblem, not the boar.
• The lion emblem is prominently featured in various Pallava architectural and sculptural works, such as the temples at Kanchipuram and Mamallapuram.

Hence, the correct option is: A. B. D and E only.

Additional Information

Barabar Caves:

• The Barabar Caves are located in the Jehanabad district of Bihar, India, and are some of the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, dating back to the Mauryan period.
• They were initially associated with the Ajivika sect but later became important for Hindu and Buddhist religious practices.

Junagarh Inscription of Skandagupta:

• The Junagarh inscription, also known as the Junagarh rock inscription, is an important historical record from the Gupta period.
• It provides valuable information about the reign of Skandagupta and the religious practices and deities worshipped during his time.

Changu Narayan Temple:

• The Changu Narayan Temple is renowned for its intricate wood and stone carvings and is considered one of the finest examples of Nepalese architecture.
• The temple complex includes various sculptures and inscriptions that provide insights into the religious and cultural history of Nepal.

Udayagiri Caves:

• The Udayagiri Caves, located near Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh, are a group of 20 rock-cut caves that date back to the Gupta period.
• These caves are famous for their exquisite sculptures and carvings, including representations of various avatars of Vishnu, such as Varaha, Narasimha, and Vamana.

Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram):

• Mamallapuram, also known as Mahabalipuram, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Tamil Nadu, India.
• It is famous for its rock-cut temples, cave sanctuaries, and sculptures that depict various Hindu deities and mythological scenes, including the avatars of Vishnu.

Q42: With whose speech the film Brandichi Batli / Brandy ki Botal (1939) begins ? 

(a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

(b) Mahatma Gandhi

(c) Lala Lajpat Rai

(d) Sardar Patel

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) Sardar Patel'.

The film Brandichi Batli / Brandy ki Botal (1939) begins with a speech by Sardar Patel.

• This statement is correct.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, also known as the "Iron Man of India," was a prominent Indian politician and a key figure in the Indian independence movement.
• He played a crucial role in the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union and served as the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India.
• The inclusion of his speech in the film highlights his significant influence and leadership during that era.

Incorrect Options

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

• Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was a social reformer, jurist, and the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.
• He was a leading advocate for the rights and upliftment of the Dalits (formerly known as Untouchables) and played a pivotal role in the Indian independence movement, especially in the context of social justice and equality.

Mahatma Gandhi

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule.
• He is renowned for his philosophy of non-violent resistance (Satyagraha) and his role in mobilizing mass support for the cause of Indian independence.

Lala Lajpat Rai

• Lala Lajpat Rai was a prominent Indian freedom fighter and nationalist leader.
• He was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio (along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal) that advocated for the Swadeshi movement and self-reliance in India.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) Sardar Patel.

Other Related Points

Sardar Patel's Role in Indian Independence:

• Sardar Patel was instrumental in uniting the 562 princely states to form a united India just before independence.
• He used diplomacy and, when necessary, force to ensure that these states acceded to India, thus preventing the balkanization of the country.

Integration of Princely States:

• Patel's efforts were crucial in persuading the rulers of princely states to join the Indian Union, which was a significant challenge at the time of partition.
• His decisive actions and firm leadership earned him the title "Iron Man of India."

Legacy and Recognition:

• Sardar Patel's legacy is commemorated in India through various institutions and landmarks named after him.
• The Statue of Unity, the world's tallest statue, was inaugurated in his honor in Gujarat in 2018.

Q43: The rock paintings in India were first discovered by 

(a) A. C. L. Carlleyle

(b) F. R. Allchin

(c) M. C. Burkitt

(d) L. A. Cammiade

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) A. C. L. Carlleyle'.

The rock paintings in India were first discovered by A. C. L. Carlleyle

• This statement is correct.
• A. C. L. Carlleyle, an archaeologist, was the first to discover the rock paintings in India in 1867-68.
• He found these paintings in the rock shelters of Sohagighat, which is in the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh.
• These paintings are an important part of India's prehistoric art heritage and provide valuable insights into the lives and culture of early humans.

Incorrect Statements

F. R. Allchin

• F. R. Allchin was a prominent archaeologist known for his work on the archaeology of South Asia, but he did not discover the first rock paintings in India.

M. C. Burkitt

• M. C. Burkitt was an English archaeologist known for his work in prehistoric studies, but he was not involved in the discovery of the first rock paintings in India.

L. A. Cammiade

• L. A. Cammiade was an archaeologist who contributed to the study of prehistoric India, but he did not discover the first rock paintings in India.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) A. C. L. Carlleyle.

Other Related Points

Significance of Rock Paintings:

• Rock paintings are one of the earliest forms of human expression and provide important clues about the prehistoric culture, beliefs, and daily activities of early humans.
• The paintings often depict scenes of hunting, rituals, dances, and animals, reflecting the life and environment of the people who created them.

Other Notable Discoveries:

• In addition to Sohagighat, other significant rock painting sites in India include Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh, which was discovered by V. S. Wakankar in 1957.
• Bhimbetka is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and contains some of the oldest known rock art in the world, dating back to the Paleolithic era.

Study and Preservation:

• Continued study and preservation of rock paintings are crucial for understanding human history and preserving cultural heritage.
• Efforts are made to protect these sites from natural and human-induced damages to ensure that they remain accessible for future generations to study and appreciate.

Q44: Which of these statements are correct? 

A. In 1639, the Britishers constructed a trading post in Madraspatnam.

B. This settlement was locally known as Chenapattanam.

C. The British East India Company had purchased the right of settlement from the local Telugu lords, the Nayak of Kalahasti.

D. Fort St. George became the nucleus of the white town where most of the Europeans lived.

E. Colour and religion did not determined who was allowed to live within the Fort St. George.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) A, B, C and D only'.

In 1639, the Britishers constructed a trading post in Madraspatnam

• This statement is correct.
• The British East India Company established a trading post in the region known as Madraspatnam (modern-day Chennai) in 1639.
• This marked the beginning of the British presence in Southern India.

This settlement was locally known as Chenapattanam

• This statement is correct.
• Madraspatnam was locally referred to as Chenapattanam, derived from the Telugu word "Chennappa," which was the name of a local ruler.
• The name evolved into what is now known as Chennai.

The British East India Company had purchased the right of settlement from the local Telugu lords, the Nayak of Kalahasti

• This statement is correct.
• The British East India Company negotiated with the local Telugu lords, specifically the Nayak of Kalahasti, to acquire the land for their trading post.
• These negotiations were crucial for the British to establish their foothold in the region.

Fort St. George became the nucleus of the white town where most of the Europeans lived

• This statement is correct.
• Fort St. George, constructed by the British, served as the administrative and military center of the settlement.
• The area around the fort, known as the "White Town," was primarily inhabited by Europeans, symbolizing British authority and control.

Incorrect Statement

Colour and religion did not determine who was allowed to live within the Fort St. George

• This statement is incorrect.
• During the colonial period, the British enforced strict racial and religious segregation within their settlements.
• The "White Town" around Fort St. George was exclusively for Europeans, while the "Black Town" was designated for the local Indian population.
• Thus, color and religion played a significant role in determining residency within the fort area.

Hence, the correct option is: 3) A, B, C and D only.

Other Related Points

Fort St. George:

• Fort St. George is one of the first British forts in India, built in 1644 in the coastal city of Madras (now Chennai).
• The fort became an important trading center and a symbol of British power in the region.
• It served as the administrative headquarters of the British East India Company and later the British Indian Army.

White Town and Black Town:

• The settlement around Fort St. George was divided into two distinct areas: White Town for Europeans and Black Town for Indians.
• This segregation was typical of colonial settlements, reflecting the racial hierarchies imposed by the British.
• White Town featured European-style buildings, churches, and administrative offices, while Black Town had markets, temples, and residences for the local population.

Q45: Whose assertion is that Shivaji's swaraj was nothing but the replica of watan? 

(a) V.A. Smith

(b) Jadunath Sarkar

(c) A.R. Kulkarni

(d) Andre Wink

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) Andre Wink'.

Assertion that Shivaji's Swaraj was nothing but the replica of Watan

• This statement is correct.
• Andre Wink, a noted historian, made this assertion.
• He suggested that Shivaji’s Swaraj (self-rule) was modeled on the traditional structure of Watan, which was a hereditary landholding system prevalent in Maharashtra and other parts of India.
• Watan involved local chieftains or landlords who enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy and hereditary rights over their lands.
• Shivaji’s Swaraj was seen as a continuation of this system, but with enhanced military and administrative capabilities to resist Mughal and other external powers.

Incorrect Statements

V.A. Smith

• V.A. Smith was a British historian known for his works on Indian history, particularly the Mughal Empire.
• He did not make the assertion that Shivaji's Swaraj was a replica of Watan.
• His focus was more on the Mughal period and British colonial rule.

Jadunath Sarkar

• Jadunath Sarkar was a prominent Indian historian who specialized in the Mughal Empire and Maratha history.
• While he wrote extensively on Shivaji and the Marathas, he did not specifically assert that Shivaji's Swaraj was a replica of Watan.
• His analyses were more focused on the military and administrative aspects of Shivaji's rule.

A.R. Kulkarni

• A.R. Kulkarni was an Indian historian who wrote about Maratha history and Maharashtra's regional history.
• Although he provided insights into the social and economic aspects of Maratha rule, he did not specifically claim that Shivaji's Swaraj was a replica of Watan.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) Andre Wink.

Other Related Points

Shivaji’s Swaraj:

• Shivaji established the Maratha Empire in the 17th century with a vision of Swaraj, or self-rule, free from Mughal domination.
• His administration was marked by effective military organization, a well-structured revenue system, and the promotion of Marathi culture and language.

Watan System:

• Watan was a hereditary landholding system in Maharashtra, where local chieftains or landlords held significant autonomy over their territories.
• These Watandars, or hereditary landholders, had certain obligations to the central authority but also enjoyed privileges and powers within their regions.

Comparison between Swaraj and Watan:

• Shivaji’s Swaraj incorporated elements of the Watan system, with local governance and autonomy being key features.
• However, Shivaji's rule also centralized military and administrative power to effectively challenge Mughal and other external authorities.

Q46: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. Except in the Minor Rock Edicts of Maski and Gujarra, Ashoka is throughout referred to as Devanampiya and Piyadasi.

B. In the Rock Edict XIII. Ashoka expresses genuine remorse for the sufferings caused by the Kalinga War.

C. Ashokan inscription in Aramaic was discovered at Taxila and Jalalabad.

D. Ashoka was converted to Buddhism by a monk named Purugupta.

E. A bilingual inscription of Ashoka written in Greek and Aramaic have been discovered at Gavimath and Palhkigunda in the Kopbal Taluk in Mysore.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D and E

(b) B, C, D and E

(c) A, B and C

(d) A, B, C and D

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) A, B, and C'.

Except in the Minor Rock Edicts of Maski and Gujarra, Ashoka is throughout referred to as Devanampiya and Piyadasi

• This statement is correct.
• Ashoka is commonly referred to as "Devanampiya" (the beloved of the gods) and "Piyadasi" (the one of gracious mien) in his inscriptions, except in the Minor Rock Edicts at Maski and Gujarra.

In the Rock Edict XIII. Ashoka expresses genuine remorse for the sufferings caused by the Kalinga War

• This statement is correct.
• In the Rock Edict XIII, Ashoka expresses his deep remorse and sorrow for the suffering caused by the Kalinga War and emphasizes his commitment to Dharma (moral law) and non-violence.

Ashokan inscription in Aramaic was discovered at Taxila and Jalalabad

• This statement is correct.
• Inscriptions in Aramaic, which was the lingua franca of the Achaemenid Empire, were indeed discovered at Taxila and Jalalabad, reflecting Ashoka's efforts to communicate his messages to different linguistic groups.

Incorrect Statements

Ashoka was converted to Buddhism by a monk named Purugupta

• This statement is incorrect.
• Historical records suggest that Ashoka was converted to Buddhism by a monk named Upagupta, not Purugupta.

A bilingual inscription of Ashoka written in Greek and Aramaic have been discovered at Gavimath and Palhkigunda in the Kopbal Taluk in Mysore

• This statement is incorrect.
• Bilingual inscriptions in Greek and Aramaic have been discovered in Kandahar, Afghanistan, not at Gavimath and Palhkigunda in Mysore.

Hence, the correct option is: 3) A, B, and C.

Other Related Points

Ashoka's Conversion to Buddhism:

• Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism was a significant event that led to the spread of Buddhism across India and other parts of Asia.
• He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass suffering following the Kalinga War.

Kalinga War:

• The Kalinga War was a major conflict fought between the Maurya Empire under Ashoka and the state of Kalinga, which resulted in significant casualties and suffering.
• The aftermath of the war had a profound impact on Ashoka and led to his adoption of a policy of non-violence and moral governance.

Ashokan Edicts:

• Ashoka's edicts are a collection of inscriptions on pillars, rocks, and caves that convey his policies and proclamations.
• They provide valuable insights into his administration, religious beliefs, and efforts to promote Dharma and social welfare.

Q47: Which of these statements are correct about the Jajmani system? 

A. Jajmani system based on the village artisans supplying traditionally fixed quantities of their products to peasant families in return for shares in the harvest.

B. A novel, 'Ganadevta' by Tarashankar Bandopadhyay described village life in an interior district of West Bengal in the 1920s and 1930s.

C. 'Ganadevta' portrayed the decline of the Jajmani system.

D. Jajmani system was only limited to religious services given by brahmins to their Jajmans.

E. Jajmani system was part of the urban life during the British colonial period.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, C and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 2) A, B and C only

Jajmani system based on the village artisans supplying traditionally fixed quantities of their products to peasant families in return for shares in the harvest.

• This statement is correct.
• The Jajmani system was a socio-economic system prevalent in Indian villages where different castes provided services to each other in exchange for goods, usually agricultural produce.
• It was an interdependent relationship, ensuring that each family received what it needed to survive.

A novel, 'Ganadevta' by Tarashankar Bandopadhyay described village life in an interior district of West Bengal in the 1920s and 1930s.

• This statement is correct.
• 'Ganadevta' is a famous Bengali novel that portrays the social, economic, and cultural life of a village.
• The novel provides a vivid depiction of rural life during the early 20th century, including the functioning and decline of traditional systems like Jajmani.

'Ganadevta' portrayed the decline of the Jajmani system.

• This statement is correct.
• The novel illustrates the changes in village life and the gradual erosion of the Jajmani system due to various factors like economic pressures and modernization.
• It provides insights into how traditional systems were affected by the socio-economic transformations of that era.

Incorrect Statements

Jajmani system was only limited to religious services given by brahmins to their Jajmans.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Jajmani system was not limited to religious services. It included various services provided by different castes, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and other artisans, in exchange for agricultural products and other goods.
• Religious services were just one aspect of the broader Jajmani system.

Jajmani system was part of the urban life during the British colonial period.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Jajmani system was primarily a rural phenomenon and was not prevalent in urban areas during the British colonial period.
• Urban areas had different economic and social structures that did not rely on the Jajmani system.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) A, B and C only

Other Related Points

Jajmani System:

• The Jajmani system was a traditional socio-economic system in Indian villages where families of different castes provided specialized services to each other.
• The system was based on hereditary occupational roles and ensured that every family had access to essential services and goods.
• Artisans, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and weavers, would provide their products and services to farming families (Jajmans) in exchange for a portion of the agricultural produce.
• This system created a network of interdependence among village families, promoting social cohesion and economic stability.

Ganadevta by Tarashankar Bandopadhyay:

• Published in 1942, 'Ganadevta' is a celebrated Bengali novel that captures the essence of rural life in West Bengal during the 1920s and 1930s.
• The novel is known for its detailed portrayal of the socio-economic changes affecting traditional village life, including the decline of systems like Jajmani.
• Through its characters and narrative, 'Ganadevta' highlights the impact of modernization and economic pressures on age-old rural traditions.

Decline of the Jajmani System:

• The decline of the Jajmani system was influenced by several factors, including economic changes, modernization, and the impact of British colonial policies.
• As villages became more integrated into the wider economy, traditional systems of mutual dependence started to erode.
• Market forces, cash economy, and new employment opportunities led to a reduction in the reliance on hereditary services, contributing to the system's gradual decline.

Q48: The country is for the most part well cultivated, very fertile. The troops amount in number to eleven lakhs. Who made the above observation in the context of Vijaynagar state? 

(a) Nuniz

(b) Abdur Razzak

(c) Nicolo Conti

(d) D. Barbosa

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Abdur Razzak'.

Abdur Razzak made the observation in the context of Vijayanagar state.

• This statement is correct.
• Abdur Razzak was a Persian envoy who visited the Vijayanagar Empire in the 15th century.
• He provided detailed descriptions of the empire's wealth, military strength, and the well-cultivated and fertile lands.

Incorrect Statements

Nuniz

• This statement is incorrect.
• Nuniz was a Portuguese chronicler who visited Vijayanagar in the 16th century. While he provided valuable information about the empire, the specific observation about the well-cultivated and fertile lands and the number of troops was made by Abdur Razzak.

Nicolo Conti

• This statement is incorrect.
• Nicolo Conti was an Italian traveler who visited Vijayanagar in the early 15th century. He described the city and its splendor but did not make the specific observation mentioned in the question.

D. Barbosa

• This statement is incorrect.
• Duarte Barbosa was a Portuguese writer and officer who provided accounts of South India, including Vijayanagar. However, the particular observation about the fertility of the land and the number of troops was made by Abdur Razzak.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Abdur Razzak.

Other Related Points

Vijayanagar Empire:

• The Vijayanagar Empire was established in the 14th century and became one of the most powerful South Indian kingdoms.
• It was known for its prosperity, military strength, and cultural achievements, including advancements in art, architecture, and literature.

Abdur Razzak's Accounts:

• Abdur Razzak's accounts are valuable historical sources for understanding the Vijayanagar Empire.
• His descriptions highlight the empire's administrative efficiency, agricultural productivity, and military organization.

Importance of Foreign Accounts:

• Foreign travelers and envoys like Abdur Razzak, Nuniz, Nicolo Conti, and Duarte Barbosa provided crucial insights into Indian history during their respective periods.
• Their observations help historians reconstruct the socio-economic, cultural, and political conditions of historical India.

Q49: What is the meaning of the term 'monopsony'? 

(a) It is a form of market with many sellers but only one buyer, who is in a position to dictate terms to the sellers

(b) It is a form of market with one seller, but many buyers and buyer have no choice.

(c) It is a form of market where there are many sellers and many buyers and both have multiple choices.

(d) It is a market in which there are two sellers and many buyers having limited choices

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) It is a form of market with many sellers but only one buyer, who is in a position to dictate terms to the sellers'.

Monopsony

• This statement is correct.
• A monopsony is a market structure where there is only one buyer and multiple sellers.The single buyer has significant power over the sellers, allowing them to dictate prices and terms of purchase.
• This market condition often leads to lower prices for the sellers' goods or services, as the single buyer can leverage their purchasing power.
• Examples of monopsony can be seen in labor markets where a single large employer dominates, such as a mining town where the mining company is the only significant employer.

Incorrect Statements

It is a form of market with one seller, but many buyers and buyers have no choice

• This statement is incorrect.
• A market with one seller and many buyers describes a monopoly, not a monopsony.
• In a monopoly, the single seller has significant control over the market and can influence prices and terms.

It is a form of market where there are many sellers and many buyers and both have multiple choices

• This statement is incorrect.
• This describes a perfectly competitive market, where no single buyer or seller can influence the market price.
• In such markets, prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand.

It is a market in which there are two sellers and many buyers having limited choices

• This statement is incorrect.
• A market with two sellers is typically referred to as a duopoly.
• In a duopoly, the two sellers may compete on price and other terms, but buyers still have limited options compared to a more competitive market.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) It is a form of market with many sellers but only one buyer, who is in a position to dictate terms to the sellers.

Other Related Points

Market Structures:

• Monopoly: A market with a single seller and many buyers, where the seller has significant control over prices and supply.
• Oligopoly: A market with a few sellers and many buyers, where the sellers may collude or compete, impacting market dynamics.
• Perfect Competition: A market with many sellers and buyers, where no single entity can influence the market price, leading to efficient allocation of resources.

Implications of Monopsony:

• Suppliers may receive lower prices for their goods or services due to the buyer's bargaining power.
• The monopsony buyer can set terms that are less favorable to sellers, impacting their profitability and sustainability.
• In labor markets, a monopsony employer may offer lower wages and fewer benefits, affecting workers' welfare and job satisfaction.

Q50: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. Krisiparashara and Krishisukti are the texts on agriculture.

B. The brhadhala or big plough is mentioned in a tenth century inscription from Jodhpur.

C. The Paryayamuktavali is a text dealing with agriculture techniques of tilling the land.

D. The construction of Vapi became popular in Rajasthan and Gujarat in the Early Medieval India.

E. The detailed instructions regarding agriculture appear in the Agni Purana, and the Vishnudharmottara Purana.

Choose the correct answer from the options

(a) A, C, D and E only

(b) B, C and D only

(c) A, B and D only

(d) A, D and E only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) A, D and E only'.

Krisiparashara and Krishisukti are the texts on agriculture

• This statement is correct.
• Krisiparashara and Krishisukti are ancient Indian texts that deal with agricultural practices. These texts provide valuable insights into the agricultural knowledge and techniques used in ancient India.

The construction of Vapi became popular in Rajasthan and Gujarat in the Early Medieval India

• This statement is correct.
• Vapi refers to stepwells, which are traditional water storage systems. The construction of Vapi (stepwells) became widespread and popular in the arid regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat during the Early Medieval period. These structures were significant for water conservation and community gathering.

The detailed instructions regarding agriculture appear in the Agni Purana, and the Vishnudharmottara Purana

• This statement is correct.
• Both Agni Purana and Vishnudharmottara Purana are ancient Indian texts that contain detailed instructions and guidelines related to agriculture. These texts provide extensive information on agricultural techniques, crop management, and rituals associated with farming.

Incorrect Statements

The brhadhala or big plough is mentioned in a tenth century inscription from Jodhpur

• This statement is incorrect.
• There is no specific evidence to confirm that the brhadhala or big plough is mentioned in a tenth-century inscription from Jodhpur. This information might be found in different contexts or regions.

The Paryayamuktavali is a text dealing with agriculture techniques of tilling the land

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Paryayamuktavali is not known to be a text dealing with agricultural techniques. The information provided does not align with the known historical texts on agriculture.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) A, D and E only.

Other Related Points

Agricultural Texts:

• Ancient India had a rich tradition of agricultural texts and manuals that provided detailed information on farming practices, crop management, and soil fertility.
• These texts were often composed by scholars and practitioners who had extensive knowledge of agriculture and its various aspects.

Stepwells (Vapi):

• Stepwells, also known as Vapi, were an essential feature of water management in arid regions, particularly in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• These structures were not only functional but also architectural marvels, often adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.
• Stepwells played a crucial role in ensuring a reliable water supply for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes, especially during dry seasons.

Agni Purana and Vishnudharmottara Purana:

• These Puranas are part of the larger corpus of Hindu religious texts, which encompass a wide range of topics, including cosmology, mythology, rituals, and daily life practices.
• The agricultural instructions found in these texts reflect the integration of practical knowledge with religious and cultural traditions, highlighting the importance of agriculture in sustaining communities and maintaining harmony with nature.

Q51: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II

(b) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(c) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(d) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I'.

Yuval N. Harari - Homo Deus

• This statement is correct.
• Yuval Noah Harari is an Israeli historian and author, well-known for his book "Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow".
• The book explores the future trajectories of humanity, focusing on the possibilities of our evolution and advancements in technology, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology.

V. Gordon Childe - Piecing Together the Past

• This statement is correct.
• V. Gordon Childe was a renowned archaeologist known for his works on prehistoric Europe and the Near East.
• "Piecing Together the Past" is one of his key works, which delves into the methods of archaeology and the interpretation of historical data.

A.L. Basham - A Cultural History of India

• This statement is correct.
• A.L. Basham was a prominent historian who specialized in Indian history.
• His book "A Cultural History of India" is a comprehensive work that covers various aspects of Indian culture and history from ancient to modern times.

Brian M. Fagan - People of the Earth

• This statement is correct.
• Brian M. Fagan is an archaeologist and author who has written extensively on the history of humanity.
• "People of the Earth" is one of his well-known books that provides an overview of human prehistory and the development of civilizations across the world.

Incorrect Statements

A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II

• This option incorrectly matches the authors with their works.
• Yuval N. Harari did not write "People of the Earth"; it was written by Brian M. Fagan.
• Similarly, V. Gordon Childe did not write "A Cultural History of India"; that was written by A.L. Basham.

A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

• This option also incorrectly matches the authors with their works.
• Yuval N. Harari did not write "Piecing Together the Past"; that was written by V. Gordon Childe.
• V. Gordon Childe did not write "Homo Deus"; that was written by Yuval N. Harari.

A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

• This option is incorrect as well.
• Yuval N. Harari did not write "A Cultural History of India"; that was written by A.L. Basham.
• V. Gordon Childe did not write "People of the Earth"; that was written by Brian M. Fagan.

Hence, the correct option is: A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I.

Other Related Points

Yuval N. Harari:

• Harari is best known for his books "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" and "21 Lessons for the 21st Century".
• His works primarily focus on the history and future of humankind, exploring themes such as technology, religion, and human evolution.

V. Gordon Childe:

• He is known for his Marxist approach to archaeology and his theories on the Neolithic and Urban revolutions.
• His other notable works include "Man Makes Himself" and "What Happened in History".

A.L. Basham:

• Basham was a distinguished historian of ancient India, and his other notable work includes "The Wonder That Was India".
• He has made significant contributions to the understanding of Indian culture, history, and religion.

Brian M. Fagan:

• Fagan has written numerous books on archaeology and ancient civilizations, including "The Long Summer" and "The Little Ice Age".
• His works often focus on how climate and environmental changes have influenced human history.

Q52: "A woman cannot acquit herself well as a ruler for she is essentially deficient in intellect." The above comment is made by: 

(a) Ziauddin Barani

(b) Ibn Battuta

(c) Isami

(d) Minhaj-us-Siraj

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) Isami'.

The statement "A woman cannot acquit herself well as a ruler for she is essentially deficient in intellect" is attributed to Isami.

• This statement reflects the medieval perspective on gender roles and the capabilities of women in leadership.
• Isami, a 14th-century Persian historian, expressed this viewpoint in his writings.

Incorrect Statements

Ziauddin Barani

• Ziauddin Barani was a 14th-century historian from Delhi who wrote the "Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi".
• He did discuss the role and capabilities of women but is not specifically known for the statement in question.

Ibn Battuta

• Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan explorer and traveler who documented his journeys in the "Rihla".
• While he traveled through India and commented on various aspects of society, he is not associated with the statement provided.

Minhaj-us-Siraj

• Minhaj-us-Siraj was a Persian historian of the 13th century who wrote the "Tabaqat-i Nasiri".
• His work includes historical accounts but does not specifically address the statement in question.

Hence, the correct option is: 3) Isami.

Other Related Points

Isami:

• Isami was a Persian historian who served in the court of the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan region of India.
• His work, "Futuh-us-Salatin," is a significant source of information about the history of the early Bahmani dynasty and the political landscape of medieval India.

Medieval Perspectives on Gender:

• The medieval period saw a general skepticism about women's abilities to rule, influenced by prevailing social and cultural norms.
• Such views were commonly held by historians and scholars of the time, reflecting broader societal attitudes.

Historical Context:

• The statement must be understood within the context of medieval historiography, where gender bias was prevalent.
• It is important to consider these perspectives critically and recognize the contributions of women leaders who defied such stereotypes.

Q53: Which out of the following are correct? 

A. The Government of India pressurized the Government of Bombay to set up a Commission of enquiry to investigate into the causes of the Deccan riots.

B. During the revolt of 1857. British suffered defeat in the Battle of Chinhat.

C. Dalhousie described the kingdom of Awadh as "a Strawberry that will drop into our mouth one day".

D. In 1896, the first screening of a film at Watson's Hotel Bombay took place.

E. During revolt of 1857 Shah Mal mobilized the villagers of Pargama Barout in Uttar Pradesh.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, D and E only

(b) A, B, C, D and E only

(c) A, B and C only

(d) A, B and D only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) A, B, D and E only'.

A. The Government of India pressurized the Government of Bombay to set up a Commission of enquiry to investigate into the causes of the Deccan riots.

• This statement is correct.
• The Deccan Riots of 1875 were a series of peasant uprisings in the Deccan region of India, primarily against moneylenders. The Government of India indeed pressurized the Government of Bombay to establish a commission to investigate these riots and their causes.

B. During the revolt of 1857. British suffered defeat in the Battle of Chinhat.

• This statement is correct.
• The Battle of Chinhat took place on June 30, 1857, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The British forces, led by Henry Lawrence, faced a significant defeat at the hands of the rebel forces.

D. In 1896, the first screening of a film at Watson's Hotel Bombay took place.

• This statement is correct.
• The first public screening of a film in India took place on July 7, 1896, at Watson's Hotel in Bombay (now Mumbai). This marked the beginning of the film industry in India.

E. During revolt of 1857 Shah Mal mobilized the villagers of Pargama Barout in Uttar Pradesh.

• This statement is correct.
• Shah Mal was a prominent leader during the 1857 revolt who mobilized the villagers of Pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh to fight against British rule.

Incorrect Statement

C. Dalhousie described the kingdom of Awadh as "a Strawberry that will drop into our mouth one day".

• This statement is incorrect.
• It was Lord Canning, not Lord Dalhousie, who described the kingdom of Awadh as "a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day."

Hence, the correct option is: 1) A, B, D and E only.

Other Related Points

Deccan Riots (1875):

• The Deccan Riots were primarily driven by the resentment of peasants against the exploitative practices of moneylenders. The commission set up to investigate these riots led to the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879, which sought to provide some relief to indebted farmers.

Revolt of 1857:

• The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India against the rule of the British East India Company. It is also known as the First War of Indian Independence.
• The Battle of Chinhat was a significant early defeat for the British in the revolt, underscoring the intensity and spread of the uprising.

Watson's Hotel Screening (1896):

• The screening at Watson's Hotel introduced the Indian public to the marvel of motion pictures. The films shown were short silent films presented by the Lumière brothers, marking the beginning of Indian cinema.

Shah Mal and the 1857 Revolt:

• Shah Mal was one of the many local leaders who played a crucial role in the 1857 revolt. He rallied the villagers of Pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh, contributing to the widespread nature of the rebellion.

Q54: Which out of the following is NOT correct? 

(a) Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and not more than twenty eight judges.

(b) Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdiction

(c) The Vice President of India is elected by the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote

(d) The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) has enumerated ten Fundamental Duties for its citizens.

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and not more than twenty eight judges.'

• Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and not more than twenty eight judges
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • The sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court of India is actually 34 judges, including the Chief Justice of India, as per the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 2019.
  • The increase in the number of judges was aimed at reducing the backlog of cases and enhancing the court's capacity to handle complex legal issues.

Incorrect Statements

Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdiction

• This statement is correct.
• The Supreme Court of India exercises both original and appellate jurisdiction. It has the authority to hear cases directly (original jurisdiction) and to review decisions of lower courts (appellate jurisdiction).

The Vice President of India is elected by the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote

• This statement is correct.
• The Vice President of India is indeed elected by the members of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha through a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.

The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) has enumerated ten Fundamental Duties for its citizens

• This statement is correct.
• The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added a new part to the Indian Constitution, Part IVA, which lists ten Fundamental Duties for the citizens of India.

Hence, the correct option is: '1) Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and not more than twenty eight judges.'

Other Related Points

Jurisdiction of Supreme Court:

• The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court includes disputes between the Government of India and one or more states, or between two or more states.
• Its appellate jurisdiction allows it to hear appeals against judgments of lower courts in civil, criminal, and constitutional matters.

Election of Vice President:

• The Vice President serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and plays a key role in the parliamentary system of India.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976:

• Besides adding Fundamental Duties, this amendment is also known for making significant changes to the Constitution, including the incorporation of words "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity" in the Preamble.

Q55: Given below are two statements: 

Statement I: When Mangal Pandey opened fire at Barrackpore on his officers, one of the fellow sepoys Sheikh Paltu tried to stop him.

Statement II: During Mangal Pandey's trial, Mangal Pandey had only one answer that he had acted on his own.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are fals

(c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false

(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true'.

Both Statement I and Statement II are true

• This answer is correct as both the statements provided are factual and accurate.

Statement I: When Mangal Pandey opened fire at Barrackpore on his officers, one of the fellow sepoys Sheikh Paltu tried to stop him.

• This statement is true. On March 29, 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry, attacked British officers in Barrackpore. During the incident, Sheikh Paltu, another sepoy, attempted to restrain Pandey.

Statement II: During Mangal Pandey's trial, Mangal Pandey had only one answer that he had acted on his own.

• This statement is also true. During his trial, Mangal Pandey claimed that he acted alone and did not implicate others in his actions, demonstrating his sense of personal responsibility and possibly to protect his fellow soldiers.

Incorrect Statements

Both Statement I and Statement II are false

• This is incorrect. Both statements accurately describe historical events related to Mangal Pandey and the incident at Barrackpore.

Statement I is true but Statement II is false

• This is incorrect. Statement II is also true as Mangal Pandey did claim during his trial that he acted on his own.

Statement I is false but Statement II is true

• This is incorrect. Statement I is true as Sheikh Paltu indeed tried to stop Mangal Pandey during the Barrackpore incident.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Other Related Points

Mangal Pandey (1827-1857):

• Mangal Pandey was a soldier in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) regiment of the British East India Company.
• He is widely known for his role in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Barrackpore Incident (March 29, 1857):

• Mangal Pandey attacked British officers at the Barrackpore parade ground near Kolkata (then Calcutta), which was one of the key events that led to the First War of Indian Independence in 1857.
• Sheikh Paltu, a fellow sepoy, tried to intervene and stop Pandey, showing that not all sepoys were ready to rebel at that moment.

Trial and Execution:

• Mangal Pandey was court-martialed on April 6, 1857, and was hanged on April 8, 1857.
• During his trial, Pandey stated that he acted on his own, which historians believe was an attempt to shield his comrades from punishment.

Q56: Which of the following statements pertaining to Vijaynagar state is correct? 

(a) Administrative division called Rajya was under a superior government officer called Pradhani

(b) The headquarter of each rajya was called seema

(c) The rajyas were important administrative revenue units throughout the 16th century

(d) Rajyas were created by the rulers of Tuluva dynasty.

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Administrative division called Rajya was under a superior government officer called Pradhani.'

Administrative division called Rajya was under a superior government officer called Pradhani

• This statement is correct.
• In the Vijayanagara Empire, the administrative structure was well-organized, and the empire was divided into various administrative units for efficient governance.
• One of the main administrative divisions was called 'Rajya,' which was under the control of a superior government officer known as 'Pradhani' or sometimes referred to as 'Pradhan' or 'Dalavayi.'
• These officers were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing the administration within their jurisdictions.

Incorrect Statements

The headquarter of each rajya was called seema

• This statement is incorrect.
• The term 'Seema' typically referred to a boundary or frontier and not the headquarters of a Rajya. The headquarters were often referred to as 'Rajadhani' or simply the main town or city of the administrative unit.

The rajyas were important administrative revenue units throughout the 16th century

• This statement is incorrect.
• While Rajyas did play a role in administration, the revenue system was more complex and involved various other units such as 'Nadus' and 'Sime.'

Rajyas were created by the rulers of Tuluva dynasty

• This statement is incorrect.
• The administrative divisions like Rajyas existed even before the Tuluva dynasty. They were part of the broader administrative system of the Vijayanagara Empire, which was established by the Sangama dynasty and continued through the Saluva, Tuluva, and Aravidu dynasties.

Hence, the correct option is: Administrative division called Rajya was under a superior government officer called Pradhani.

Other Related Points

Vijayanagara Empire Administration:

• The Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646) was known for its efficient administrative system, which facilitated its long rule over South India.
• The empire was divided into several provinces called 'Rajyas,' each governed by a Nayaka or Pradhani appointed by the central authority.
• The central administration was highly structured, with a king at the top, followed by various ministers and officials responsible for different aspects of governance.

Role of Pradhani:

• The Pradhani or Pradhan was an important administrative officer who oversaw the governance of a Rajya.
• They were responsible for tax collection, maintaining law and order, and implementing the king's orders within their jurisdiction.
• They played a crucial role in ensuring the smooth functioning of the empire's administration and were often key figures in maintaining the loyalty of local chieftains and nobility.

Other Administrative Units:

• In addition to Rajyas, the empire was divided into smaller units such as Nadus (districts) and Gramas (villages).
• Each unit had its own set of officials who reported to the higher authorities, creating a well-knit administrative network.
• This hierarchical structure helped in effective governance and revenue collection, contributing to the prosperity and stability of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Q57: Which one of the following officers was not associated with the administration of cities in Mughal India? 

(a) Nazim

(b) Qazi

(c) Mir-i-adl

(d) Kotwal

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Nazim'.

Nazim was not associated with the administration of cities in Mughal India.

• The term 'Nazim' refers to a governor or administrator of a province or region. They were responsible for the overall administration, revenue collection, and law enforcement in their respective provinces.
• While Nazims played a significant role in the provincial administration, they were not directly involved in the administration of individual cities.

Other Options

Qazi

• The Qazi was a judicial officer responsible for administering justice and overseeing legal matters within the city. They handled civil and criminal cases based on Islamic law.

Mir-i-adl

• Mir-i-adl was another judicial officer who assisted the Qazi in the administration of justice. They ensured that the Qazi's judgments were carried out effectively.

Kotwal

• The Kotwal was the chief police officer of the city, responsible for maintaining law and order, enforcing regulations, and overseeing the city's security. They played a vital role in urban administration.

Other Related Points

Mughal Administration:

• The Mughal administrative system was highly organized and hierarchical, with a well-defined structure for managing both the provinces and cities.
• Different officers were appointed for specific roles, ensuring a balance of power and efficient governance.

Judicial System:

• The judicial system in Mughal India was based on Islamic principles, with the Qazi and Mir-i-adl playing central roles in ensuring justice.
• The system was designed to be fair and impartial, with significant importance placed on legal precedents and Sharia law.

Urban Administration:

• The administration of cities was crucial for maintaining the economic and social stability of the Mughal Empire.
• Officers like the Kotwal ensured that cities were well-managed, secure, and conducive to trade and commerce.

Q58: Which of the following is/are correct? 

A. Guru Nanak was thoroughly familiar with the politico administrative arrangements made by the Afghan rulers particularly in the Punjab.

B. Babur's invading army in the eyes of Guru Nanak was a 'marriage party of sin'.

C. Guru Nanak was not interested in the contemporary religious beliefs and practice whether Hindu or Muslim.

D. It was Guru Nanak's conviction that God has no caste.

E. Guru Nanak considered ritual reading of scriptures as waste of time.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) D and E only

(b) A, B, D and E only

(c) B and C only

(d) A, C and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) A, B, D, and E only'.

Guru Nanak was thoroughly familiar with the politico-administrative arrangements made by the Afghan rulers, particularly in the Punjab (Statement A)

• This statement is correct.
• Guru Nanak lived during a time when the Afghan rulers had significant control over Punjab, and he was well aware of the political and administrative systems in place.

Babur's invading army in the eyes of Guru Nanak was a 'marriage party of sin' (Statement B)

• This statement is correct.
• Guru Nanak condemned Babur's invasion and referred to his army using strong metaphors, highlighting the moral and ethical decay he perceived in their actions.

It was Guru Nanak's conviction that God has no caste (Statement D)

• This statement is correct.
• Guru Nanak strongly believed in the equality of all humans and rejected the caste system, emphasizing that God transcends all social divisions.

Guru Nanak considered ritual reading of scriptures as a waste of time (Statement E)

• This statement is correct.
• Guru Nanak emphasized the importance of sincere devotion and ethical living over mere ritualistic practices, which he often criticized as superficial.

Incorrect Statements

Guru Nanak was not interested in the contemporary religious beliefs and practices, whether Hindu or Muslim (Statement C)

• This statement is incorrect.
• Guru Nanak was deeply interested in contemporary religious practices and beliefs. He engaged with both Hindu and Muslim traditions and sought to reform and harmonize them, advocating for a more spiritual and ethical approach to religion.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) A, B, D, and E only.

Other Related Points

Guru Nanak's Teachings:

• Guru Nanak's teachings laid the foundation of Sikhism. He emphasized the oneness of God, the brotherhood of humanity, and the importance of honest living and selfless service.
• He rejected the caste system and ritualistic practices, advocating for a direct, personal connection with God.

Babur's Invasion:

• Babur's invasion marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire in India. Guru Nanak's critique of the invasion reflects his concern for the suffering and moral degradation it caused.

Rejection of Rituals:

• Guru Nanak's rejection of ritual reading of scriptures highlights his emphasis on understanding and practicing the teachings rather than mere recitation.

Q59: Who established the 'Indian Association for the 'Cultivation of Science' in 1876 to promote scientific education as key to national improvement ? 

(a) Mahendra Lal Sircar

(b) Henry Vivian Derozio

(c) Radhakant Deb

(d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Mahendra Lal Sircar'.

Mahendra Lal Sircar established the 'Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science' in 1876 to promote scientific education as key to national improvement

• This statement is correct.
• Mahendra Lal Sircar was an eminent Indian scientist and doctor who strongly believed in the power of scientific education and research as a means to progress the nation.
• He founded the 'Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science' (IACS) in 1876, which was the first national institution devoted to scientific research and education in India.
• The IACS aimed to provide a platform for Indian scientists to conduct research independently of British institutions and to inspire a new generation of Indian students to pursue scientific studies.
• Over the years, the IACS has played a significant role in nurturing scientific talent in India, with many renowned scientists, including C.V. Raman, being associated with it.

Incorrect Statements

Henry Vivian Derozio

• Henry Vivian Derozio was an influential teacher and poet who is best known for his role in the Bengal Renaissance and for being a radical thinker and reformer in the early 19th century.
• Although he was a significant figure in promoting progressive ideas and education, he was not involved in the establishment of the IACS.
• Derozio's contributions were more literary and educational in nature, and he is primarily remembered for his work in promoting free thought and rationalism among his students.

Radhakant Deb

• Radhakant Deb was a prominent social leader and a key figure in the conservative Hindu society in Bengal during the 19th century.
• He was known for his efforts to preserve traditional Indian culture and education, and he founded the Dharma Sabha, a conservative Hindu organization.
• His focus was more on social and religious reforms rather than scientific education.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a renowned social reformer, educator, and writer, who played a pivotal role in the Bengal Renaissance.
• He is best known for his efforts in promoting education, especially for women, and for his campaign to reform Hindu society, including the introduction of widow remarriage.
• While Vidyasagar made significant contributions to education, his work was more focused on social reforms rather than the establishment of scientific institutions.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) Mahendra Lal Sirear.

Other Related Points

Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS):

• The IACS was the first institution in India to focus on scientific research and education.It provided a platform for Indian scientists to conduct research independently and was crucial in the development of science in India.
• Many notable scientists, including Nobel laureate C.V. Raman, conducted their research at the IACS.

Role of Mahendra Lal Sircar:

• Mahendra Lal Sircar was instrumental in promoting the idea that scientific education and research were essential for the progress and development of India.
• He believed that scientific advancements could help solve many of the problems facing the country and improve the quality of life for its people.
• His vision and efforts led to the establishment of the IACS, which became a cornerstone of scientific research in India.

Q60: Which of the following coastal port in ancient India was famous for pearl-fishing? 

(a) Arikamedu

(b) Kaveripattinam

(c) Keeladi

(d) Korkai

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) Korkai'.

Korkai was famous for pearl-fishing in ancient India

• This statement is correct.
• Korkai, situated on the banks of the Tamiraparani River in present-day Tamil Nadu, was an ancient port city known for its pearl fisheries.
• The Pandyas, one of the three ancient Tamil dynasties, controlled Korkai and exploited its rich pearl fisheries, which were famous throughout the ancient world.
• Historical records, including those by Greek and Roman writers, mention Korkai as a significant source of pearls in ancient times.

Overview of Other Options

Arikamedu

• Arikamedu, located near Pondicherry, was an ancient Chola port known for its trade with the Roman Empire.
• Archaeological findings include Roman pottery, beads, and other artifacts, suggesting it was a major trading hub but not specifically famous for pearl-fishing.

Kaveripattinam

• Kaveripattinam, also known as Puhar, was the port city of the Cholas situated at the mouth of the Kaveri River.
• It was renowned for its extensive maritime trade and is frequently mentioned in ancient Tamil literature.
• However, it was not specifically known for pearl-fishing.

Keeladi

• Keeladi is an archaeological site in Tamil Nadu, where excavations have revealed evidence of an ancient urban settlement of the Sangam era.
• The site provides significant insights into the life and culture of the early Tamils but has no specific connection to pearl-fishing.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) Korkai.

Other Related Points

Korkai and Pearl-Fishing:

• Korkai's pearl fisheries were managed by the Pandyas, who exported pearls to other regions, including Rome and Greece.
• The pearls from Korkai were highly valued and played a significant role in the economy of the Pandya kingdom.
• Literary references, such as those in the Sangam literature, highlight the importance of pearl-fishing in Korkai, describing the thriving pearl trade and the wealth it brought to the region.

Importance of Coastal Ports in Ancient India:

• Coastal ports like Korkai, Arikamedu, and Kaveripattinam played crucial roles in trade and cultural exchanges in ancient India.
• They facilitated maritime trade with distant regions such as Rome, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
• These ports contributed to the prosperity of their respective kingdoms and the spread of Indian culture and goods across the ancient world.

Q61: In the account of Minhaj Siraj which place is mentioned as Shahr-I-Nau? 

(a) Lashkargah

(b) Kilokhri

(c) Mehrauli

(d) Tughlaqabad

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Kilokhri'.

Minhaj Siraj mentioned Shahr-I-Nau as Kilokhri

• This statement is correct.
• In his historical accounts, Minhaj Siraj, a 13th-century Persian historian, referred to Kilokhri as Shahr-I-Nau. This was a significant settlement during the reign of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Kilokhri served as a notable place during the early Delhi Sultanate period and is often mentioned in historical texts from that era.

Incorrect Options

Lashkargah

• Lashkargah is a city in southern Afghanistan and was not referred to as Shahr-I-Nau in Minhaj Siraj's accounts.

Mehrauli

• Mehrauli is an ancient city in Delhi, India, known for its historical significance, but it was not referred to as Shahr-I-Nau by Minhaj Siraj.

Tughlaqabad

• Tughlaqabad is a fortified city in Delhi, built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, but it was not identified as Shahr-I-Nau in Minhaj Siraj's records.

Hence, the correct option is: Kilokhri.

Other Related Points

Minhaj Siraj:

• Minhaj Siraj was a Persian historian who served in the courts of several rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.
• His works provide valuable insights into the history and administration of the early Delhi Sultanate.

Shahr-I-Nau:

• The term "Shahr-I-Nau" translates to "New City" in Persian and was used to describe significant urban settlements during the period of the Delhi Sultanate.

Delhi Sultanate:

• The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based in Delhi that ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries.
• It played a crucial role in the spread of Islam in India and in the establishment of Indo-Islamic architecture and culture.

Q62: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

(b) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

(c) A - I, B - IV, C - II, D - III

(d) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I'.

Matching List-I with List-II: 

Amir Khusrau - Tughlaq Nama

• This statement is correct.
• Amir Khusrau, a renowned Persian poet and scholar, authored the "Tughlaq Nama," which provides a detailed account of the reign of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Zia-ud-din Barani - Sana-i-Muhammadi

• This statement is correct.
• Zia-ud-din Barani was a notable historian during the Delhi Sultanate, and he wrote the "Sana-i-Muhammadi," a work dedicated to the virtues and achievements of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Rafi-ud-din - Tazkirat-ul Muluk

• This statement is correct.
• Rafi-ud-din was an author known for his work "Tazkirat-ul Muluk," which is a historical account highlighting the rulers and significant events of his time.

Isami - Futuhus Salatin

• This statement is correct.
• Isami was a historian who wrote "Futuhus Salatin," a historical text that documents the conquests and achievements of various Muslim rulers in India.

Incorrect Statements

Option 1: A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

• This option is the correct match.

Option 2: A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

• This option is incorrect because it mismatches the authors and their works.

Option 3: A - I, B - IV, C - II, D - III

• This option is incorrect because it mismatches the authors and their works.

Option 4: A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

• This option is incorrect because it mismatches the authors and their works.

Hence, the correct option is: A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I.

Other Related Points

Amir Khusrau:

• Amir Khusrau was an iconic figure in medieval Indian history, known for his contributions to Persian literature, music, and Indian classical music.
• His works include a variety of genres such as poetry, prose, and historical chronicles.

Zia-ud-din Barani:

• Barani was a historian and political thinker during the Delhi Sultanate, and his works provide valuable insights into the political and social dynamics of his time.
• One of his well-known works is "Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi," which chronicles the history of the Delhi Sultanate.

Rafi-ud-din:

• Rafi-ud-din was a lesser-known historian, but his work "Tazkirat-ul Muluk" is significant for its detailed historical accounts.

Isami:

• Isami was a historian whose "Futuhus Salatin" is an important source for understanding the history of Muslim rule in India.

Q63: Who in a letter addressed to the emperor Muhammad Shah pleaded for the abolition of the practice of ijara from the khalisa lands? 

(a) Shah Waliullah

(b) Ratan Chand

(c) Khwaja Mirdard

(d) Sawai Jai Singh

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Shah Wali-allah'.

Shah Wali-allah

• Shah Wali-allah was an 18th-century Islamic scholar and reformer from India.
• He is known for his efforts to reform the social, political, and religious aspects of Muslim society.
• In a letter addressed to Emperor Muhammad Shah, he pleaded for the abolition of the practice of ijara (revenue farming) from the khalisa (crown) lands.
• Ijara was a system where the rights to collect revenue were auctioned to the highest bidder, often leading to exploitation and high taxation of the peasants.
• Shah Wali-allah's plea was aimed at reducing the oppression and financial burden on the agricultural community.

Incorrect Options

Ratan Chand

• Ratan Chand was not involved in writing a letter to Emperor Muhammad Shah regarding the abolition of ijara.
• He was a prominent figure in the Mughal court but not directly related to the reforms proposed by Shah Wali-allah.

Khwaja Mirdard

• Khwaja Mirdard was a Sufi saint and scholar but did not address any letter to Emperor Muhammad Shah concerning the abolition of the ijara system.

Sawai Jai Singh

• Sawai Jai Singh was a Rajput ruler of Amber (Jaipur) and a notable astronomer, but he was not associated with the plea to abolish ijara in the khalisa lands.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) Shah Wali-allah.

Other Related Points

Practice of Ijara:

• Ijara was a system where the government leased out the right to collect land revenue to the highest bidder.
• This often led to exploitation, as the ijara holders (revenue farmers) would impose heavy taxes to maximize their profits.
• The system was detrimental to peasants and led to widespread economic hardship.

Khalisa Lands:

• Khalisa lands were crown lands, directly administered by the state for revenue purposes.
• Revenue from these lands was used for the maintenance of the emperor's household and administrative expenses.

Shah Wali-allah's Reform Efforts:

• Shah Wali-allah emphasized social justice and economic reforms in his works.
• He advocated for reducing the tax burden on peasants and addressing their grievances.
• His efforts were part of a broader movement to reform and revitalize Muslim society in the Indian subcontinent.

Q64: Who conquered Kashmir from the Afghans in 1819? 

(a) Hari singh

(b) Ranjit singh

(c) Gulab Singh

(d) Shamsher Singh

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Ranjit Singh'.

Ranjit Singh conquered Kashmir from the Afghans in 1819.

• This statement is correct.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder and leader of the Sikh Empire, which was centered in the Punjab region.
• In 1819, he successfully led his forces to capture Kashmir from the Afghan Durrani Empire, extending his territory significantly.
• This conquest was a significant achievement in his efforts to consolidate and expand his empire.

Incorrect Statements

Hari Singh

• This statement is incorrect.
• Hari Singh was the last ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, who ascended the throne in 1925, well after the conquest of Kashmir by Ranjit Singh.
• He played a significant role during the time of India's independence and the subsequent accession of Kashmir to India.

Gulab Singh

• This statement is incorrect.
• Gulab Singh was a prominent Dogra ruler who later became the first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846.
• He purchased Kashmir from the British after the First Anglo-Sikh War, but he did not conquer it from the Afghans.

Shamsher Singh

• This statement is incorrect.
• There is no significant historical record of a figure named Shamsher Singh conquering Kashmir from the Afghans in 1819.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Ranjit Singh.

Other Related Points

Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• Ranjit Singh, also known as the "Lion of Punjab," was born on November 13, 1780, and became the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire.
• His empire, which he established in 1799, extended from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej River in the east, and from Kashmir in the north to Sindh in the south.
• Ranjit Singh is remembered for his military prowess, his ability to unite the Sikh factions, and his secular administration that included people of various religions.

Conquest of Kashmir:

• The conquest of Kashmir was a strategic victory for Ranjit Singh, as the region was rich in natural resources and strategically located.
• Ranjit Singh's forces defeated the Afghan governor Jabbar Khan, marking the end of Afghan rule in the region.

Sikh Empire:

• The Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh was known for its military innovations, including the modernization of the army with European officers and artillery.
• Ranjit Singh’s rule was marked by economic prosperity and cultural renaissance, with significant contributions to architecture, art, and public works.

Q65: Arrange the following in a chronological order: 

A. Kerala Verma's translation of Sakuntalam into Malayalam

B. Death of Bhartendu Harish Chandra

C. Indian Association sends Dwarkanath Ganguly to inquire into conditions of garden-labourers of Assam

D. Deva Samaj founded by Siva narayan Agnihotri

E. C.V. Raman Pillai writes the Malayalam novel Martanda varma

Choos the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) E, A, B, C, D

(b) C, A, B, D, E

(c) A, B, C, D, E

(d) B. A, C, D, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 3) A, B, C, D, E

A. Kerala Varma's translation of Sakuntalam into Malayalam

• This event occurred in 1882.
• Kerala Varma was a prominent literary figure and his translation of Kalidasa's Sakuntalam into Malayalam marked a significant contribution to Malayalam literature.

B. Death of Bhartendu Harish Chandra

• This event occurred in 1885.
• Bhartendu Harish Chandra, often considered the father of modern Hindi literature, was a prominent playwright and poet.

C. Indian Association sends Dwarkanath Ganguly to inquire into conditions of garden-labourers of Assam

• This event took place in 1889.
• The Indian Association was one of the early political organizations in India and was involved in social and political issues, including labor conditions.

D. Deva Samaj founded by Siva Narayan Agnihotri

• This event happened in 1887.
• Deva Samaj was a religious and social reform movement that aimed to promote moral and spiritual upliftment.

E. C.V. Raman Pillai writes the Malayalam novel Martanda Varma

• This occurred in 1891.
• C.V. Raman Pillai is known for his historical novels in Malayalam, with Martanda Varma being one of his significant works.

Incorrect Statements

1) E, A, B, C, D

• This order is incorrect because C.V. Raman Pillai's novel Martanda Varma (1891) comes after all the listed events except for D.

2) C, A, B, D, E

• This order is incorrect because Indian Association's inquiry by Dwarkanath Ganguly (1889) comes after Kerala Varma's translation (1882) and Bhartendu Harish Chandra's death (1885).

4) B, A, C, D, E

• This order is incorrect because Deva Samaj's foundation (1887) comes after Bhartendu Harish Chandra's death (1885) but before Indian Association's inquiry (1889).

Hence, the correct option is: 3) A, B, C, D, E

Other Related Points

Kerala Varma's translation of Sakuntalam:

• Kerala Varma Valiya Koyil Thampuran was a renowned poet and scholar who played a key role in the Malayalam literary renaissance.
• His translation of Kalidasa’s Sakuntalam into Malayalam is considered a milestone in Malayalam literature.

Bhartendu Harish Chandra:

• Known as the father of modern Hindi literature, Bhartendu Harish Chandra made significant contributions to Hindi prose and drama.
• His works often focused on social reform and the upliftment of the Indian society.

Indian Association and Dwarkanath Ganguly:

• Dwarkanath Ganguly was a prominent social reformer and was sent by the Indian Association to investigate the plight of laborers in Assam.
• His findings highlighted the harsh conditions faced by the garden laborers and contributed to social reform efforts.

Deva Samaj:

• Founded by Siva Narayan Agnihotri, Deva Samaj aimed at moral and spiritual reform and had a significant impact on the social and cultural life of India.

C.V. Raman Pillai and Martanda Varma:

• C.V. Raman Pillai was a pioneering figure in Malayalam historical novels, and Martanda Varma is considered one of his most important works.
• The novel is set in the 18th century and provides a vivid depiction of the political and social life of the time.

Q66: Which out of the following are correct about the views regarding the revolt of 1857? 

A. T.R. Holmes popularized the view that the revolt of 1857 was a conflict between civilization and barbarism.

B. Benjamin Disraeli described it 'as a national rising'.

C. V.D. Savarkar referred to the revolt as the planned war of national independence.

D. The main thrust of R.C. Majumdar's argument is that the uprising of 1857 was not a war of independence.

E. John Seeley describes the revolt of 1857 as patriotic in nature.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(a) A, B, D and E only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, C, D and E only

Ans: c

• A is correct: T.R. Holmes, a British historian, described the 1857 revolt as a clash between "civilization" (British) and "barbarism" (Indian rebels).
• B is correct: Disraeli, a British politician, referred to the revolt as a "national rising," highlighting its widespread nature.
• C is correct: Savarkar, in his book "The Indian War of Independence," portrayed the revolt as a planned effort for national liberation.
• D is correct: Majumdar argued that the revolt lacked a unified nationalistic goal, focusing on regional and personal grievances.
• E is incorrect: Seeley described the revolt as a "mutiny" in his work "The Expansion of England," not as patriotic.

Q67: Which film portrayed a phase of Subhas Chandra Bose's life and the work of I.N.A. in Singapore? 

(a) Aadmi

(b) Pahela Aadmi

(c) Udaykal

(d) Howrah Bridge

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Pahela Aadmi'.

Pahela Aadmi

• This film depicts a phase of Subhas Chandra Bose's life and highlights the efforts of the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) in Singapore.
• Subhas Chandra Bose was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and the head of the I.N.A.
• The I.N.A., formed with the help of the Japanese during World War II, aimed to overthrow British rule in India with armed struggle.
• The film showcases Bose's leadership and the significant role the I.N.A. played in the freedom struggle.

Incorrect Options

Aadmi

• This film does not focus on Subhas Chandra Bose or the I.N.A.
• It is a different story unrelated to the freedom movement led by Bose.

Udaykal

• Udaykal is not centered around the life of Subhas Chandra Bose or the activities of the I.N.A. in Singapore.
• It deals with a different historical or fictional narrative.

Howrah Bridge

• Howrah Bridge is a film that does not pertain to Subhas Chandra Bose or the I.N.A.
• Its plot revolves around a crime thriller set in Kolkata, unrelated to the independence movement.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Pahela Aadmi

Other Related Points

Subhas Chandra Bose:

• Subhas Chandra Bose was a key figure in the Indian independence movement known for his radical and militant approach.
• He led the Indian National Army, which sought to gain India's independence from British rule with the help of Axis powers during World War II.
• Bose's famous slogan was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!"

Indian National Army (I.N.A.):

• The I.N.A. was initially formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War II.
• It was resurrected and led by Subhas Chandra Bose, with its members consisting largely of Indian prisoners of war and expatriates.
• The I.N.A. fought alongside the Japanese forces against the British in the Burma Campaign.

Q68: Name the inscription which refers to Krishna approaching his mother Devaki after having slain his enemies. 

(a) Junagarh Inscription

(b) Bhitari Inscription

(c) Nanaghat Inscription

(d) Nasik Inscription

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Bhitari Inscription'.

Bhitari Inscription

• This inscription was issued by the Gupta emperor Skandagupta.
• The Bhitari pillar inscription provides valuable information about the genealogy and achievements of the Gupta kings.
• It specifically mentions Krishna approaching his mother Devaki after having slain his enemies, showcasing the valor and devotion of Krishna.

Incorrect Options

Junagarh Inscription

• Issued by Rudradaman, this inscription primarily details the construction of a dam on the Sudarshana Lake and the achievements of the Saka rulers, not related to Krishna.

Nanaghat Inscription

• This inscription, found in a mountain pass in Maharashtra, is attributed to the Satavahana queen Naganika. It describes her lineage and the performance of Vedic sacrifices.

Nasik Inscription

• Issued by the Satavahana rulers, these inscriptions provide insights into the administrative and social activities during their reign, but do not reference Krishna and his deeds.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Bhitari Inscription

Other Related Points

Gupta Empire:

• The Gupta Empire is known for its significant achievements in art, architecture, and literature, often referred to as the Golden Age of India.

Skandagupta:

• Skandagupta was a prominent ruler of the Gupta dynasty, known for his military prowess and efforts to protect his kingdom from external invasions, particularly by the Hunas.

Krishna in Epigraphy:

• The references to Krishna in various inscriptions highlight his importance in Indian cultural and religious history, often depicting him as a heroic figure who vanquished evil forces and brought peace and order.

Q69: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. Xuanzang and Alberuni have recorded legends that refer to the grand monastery built by Kanishka at Peshawar.

B. The Buddhist philosophers Asvaghosha, Parsva and Vasumitra enjoyed Kanishka's favour.

C. The reverse of Kanishka's coin represents Oesho ( Shiva), Sakaymo Boddo, Oado, Athsho, etc.

D. The coins of Kanishka's and his successors have Kharoshthi legend on the reverse.

E. Kalhana's Rajatarangini refer to the joint rule over Kashmir of three kings named Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, C and E only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, C and E only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) A, B, C and E only'.

A. Hiuen Tsang and Alberuni have recorded legends that refer to the grand monastery built by Kanishka at Peshawar

• This statement is correct.
• Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) and Alberuni are renowned historians who documented various aspects of Indian history, including references to Kanishka's contributions to Buddhism, particularly the grand monastery at Peshawar.

B. The Buddhist philosophers Asvaghosha, Parsva and Vasumitra enjoyed Kanishka's favour

• This statement is correct.
• Kanishka, a great patron of Buddhism, supported many Buddhist philosophers and scholars, including Asvaghosha, Parsva, and Vasumitra, who contributed significantly to Buddhist literature and philosophy.

C. The reverse of Kanishka's coin represents Oesho (Shiva), Sakaymo Boddo, Oado, Athsho, etc.

• This statement is correct.
• Kanishka's coins are known for their diverse depictions, including deities from various religions such as Oesho (Shiva), Sakaymo Boddo (Buddha), and others, reflecting the syncretic nature of his rule.

E. Kalhana's Rajatarangini refer to the joint rule over Kashmir of three kings named Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka

• This statement is correct.
• Kalhana, in his historical chronicle 'Rajatarangini,' mentions the joint rule of Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka over Kashmir, highlighting their contributions to the region.

Incorrect Statements

D. The coins of Kanishka and his successors have Kharoshthi legend on the reverse

• This statement is incorrect.
• While Kanishka's coins did feature various inscriptions, they were primarily in Greek and Bactrian scripts rather than Kharoshthi. Kharoshthi was more prevalent in earlier Kushan coinage.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) A, B, C and E only.

Other Related Points

Kanishka:

• Kanishka was one of the most important rulers of the Kushan dynasty, known for his military, political, and spiritual achievements.
• He is often remembered for his patronage of Buddhism and the convening of the Fourth Buddhist Council, which played a crucial role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism.

Buddhist Council:

• The Fourth Buddhist Council is believed to have been convened by Kanishka in the 1st century CE in Kashmir, aiming to compile and preserve Buddhist scriptures and resolve doctrinal disputes.

Historical Records:

• Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) and Alberuni were prominent scholars who traveled to India and documented its history, culture, and religious practices, providing valuable insights into ancient Indian civilization.

Q70: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

(d) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV'.

A - I: Upari - A category of tenancy tenure held under the Marathas

• This statement is correct.
• In the Maratha administration, "Upari" refers to a type of tenancy where land was held on a temporary basis, and the tenant had limited rights over the land. Such tenures were crucial in the agrarian structure of the Maratha Empire.

B - II: Amla - Clerk or Tax Gatherer

• This statement is correct.
• An "Amla" in historical Indian context often referred to a clerk or an official responsible for the collection of taxes and maintenance of revenue records. They played a significant role in the financial administration of empires and kingdoms.

C - III: Desai - Property holders or holders of revenue rights

• This statement is correct.
• The term "Desai" was used to denote a person who held revenue rights and was responsible for the collection of land revenue. They were often influential landowners or officials in charge of revenue administration in certain regions, particularly in the Deccan and Gujarat.

D - IV: Masand - Local Sikh officials in charge of designated sangats or congregations

• This statement is correct.
• In Sikh history, "Masands" were local representatives or officials appointed by the Sikh Gurus to oversee the spiritual and administrative affairs of designated congregations (sangats). They played a key role in the dissemination of Sikh teachings and collection of donations (Dasvandh).

Incorrect Statements

Option 2: A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

• This option is incorrect.
• The match for Upari and Amla is not accurate in this option.

Option 3: A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

• This option is incorrect.
• Desai and Masand have been incorrectly matched in this option.

Option 4: A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

• This option is incorrect.
• Desai and Masand have been incorrectly matched in this option.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

Other Related Points

Upari:

• The term “Upari” signifies a temporary or conditional tenure, often granted by rulers in agrarian societies. It was an important part of the Maratha agrarian policy.

Amla:

• In historical contexts, particularly under Mughal and Maratha rule, Amlas were vital in maintaining the administrative and revenue systems.

Desai:

• Desais were significant figures in the revenue administration, holding substantial influence and responsibilities in their regions.

Masand:

• Masands played a crucial role in the early Sikh community, acting as intermediaries between the Gurus and the followers, and were responsible for the collection of religious contributions.

Q71: Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason. 

Assertion A: With the accession of Jai Singh I, the Kachhawa royal family entered a new and unrivalled stage of prosperity and fame.

Reason R: Jai Singh's invasion of Bijapur was a great military success.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A is true but R is false.'

A is true but R is false

• This statement is correct.
• Jai Singh I, also known as Mirza Raja Jai Singh, was a prominent ruler of the Kachhawa clan of Rajputs in Amer (Jaipur) during the 17th century.
• His reign marked a period of prosperity and fame for the Kachhawa royal family due to his political acumen and ability to forge strong alliances with the Mughal Empire.
• Jai Singh I was a trusted general of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and played a significant role in various military campaigns, which enhanced his and his kingdom's stature.
• However, the reason R is false because Jai Singh I's invasion of Bijapur was not a great military success. While he did lead campaigns in the Deccan, the Bijapur campaign faced difficulties and was not as successful as his other military endeavors.

Incorrect Statements

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

• This statement is incorrect.
• Although A is true, R is false, which means R cannot be the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

• This statement is incorrect.
• R is false, so it cannot be true that both A and R are true.

A is false but R is true

• This statement is incorrect.
• A is true as Jai Singh I's reign did bring prosperity and fame to the Kachhawa royal family.
• R is false because his invasion of Bijapur was not a great military success.

Hence, the correct option is: A is true but R is false.

Other Related Points

Jai Singh I:

• Jai Singh I (1611–1667) was a ruler of the kingdom of Amer (later Jaipur) in India and a senior general of the Mughal Empire.
• He was known for his loyalty and service to the Mughal emperors, particularly Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
• His diplomatic skills and military leadership greatly benefited his kingdom and enhanced its prestige.

Kachhawa Royal Family:

• The Kachhawa dynasty ruled the region of Amer and later Jaipur in Rajasthan.
• Their history is marked by significant contributions to the culture, architecture, and politics of the region.

Mughal Campaigns in the Deccan:

• The Mughal campaigns in the Deccan were a series of military expeditions aimed at subjugating the Deccan Sultanates.
• Jai Singh I was involved in some of these campaigns, but the invasion of Bijapur faced challenges and was not entirely successful.

Q72: Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason (R): 

Assertion A: Ahilyabai Holkar developed Indore from a small village to a prosperous and beautiful city.

Reason (R): Ahilyabai Holkar provided help to widows in keeping their husband's wealth, rather than surrendering it to the state or greedy relatives or managers.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(c) A is true but R is false

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.'

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

• This statement is correct.
• Assertion A states that Ahilyabai Holkar developed Indore from a small village to a prosperous and beautiful city, which is true.
• Reason R states that Ahilyabai Holkar provided help to widows in keeping their husband's wealth, which is also true.
• However, the reason given (R) does not directly explain the assertion (A) about the development of Indore.
• Ahilyabai Holkar's efforts in helping widows were part of her broader social reforms, but they are not the direct reason for the development of Indore.

Incorrect Statements

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

• This statement is incorrect because, although both the assertion and the reason are true, R does not explain A.
• The development of Indore under Ahilyabai Holkar's rule involved several aspects including infrastructure, administration, and social reforms, not just the support to widows.

A is true but R is false

• This statement is incorrect because both the assertion and the reason are true.
• Ahilyabai Holkar did indeed help widows, and this was part of her broader social reform agenda.

A is false but R is true

• This statement is incorrect because the assertion that Ahilyabai Holkar developed Indore is true.
• Reason (R) is also true as she provided support to widows, allowing them to retain their husband's wealth.

Hence, the correct option is: 'Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.'

Other Related Points

Ahilyabai Holkar:

• Ahilyabai Holkar was the Queen of the Malwa kingdom in central India, renowned for her administrative prowess and philanthropic efforts.
• She is remembered for her contributions to the development of Indore, transforming it into a prosperous and well-planned city.
• Her rule is often cited as a golden period in the history of the Malwa region.

Social Reforms:

• Ahilyabai Holkar was a progressive ruler who undertook several social reforms including the welfare of widows, ensuring they retained their husband's wealth and were not exploited.
• These measures were part of her broader vision to create a just and equitable society.

Development of Indore:

• Under her rule, Indore saw the construction of several temples, ghats, wells, and roads, contributing to its growth and prosperity.
• Her administrative skills and focus on infrastructure led to the overall development of the city.

Q73: Arrange the following in a chronological order during the reign of Aurangzeb: 

A. Reimposition of Jizya

B. Treaty of Purandhar

C. Consquest of Bijapur

D. Capture and execution of Sambhaji

E. Conquest of Golkonda

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, C, B, D and E

(b) C, B, A. D and E

(c) B, A, C, E and D

(d) B, C, A, E and D

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 'B) B, A, C, E and D'.

Chronological Order of Events During Aurangzeb's Reign

Treaty of Purandhar (1665):

• This treaty was signed between the Maratha king Shivaji and the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb's general Jai Singh. It marked a significant moment where Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal Empire.

Reimposition of Jaziya (1679):

• Jaziya, a tax levied on non-Muslims, was reintroduced by Aurangzeb to assert Islamic supremacy and to generate additional revenue for the empire.

Conquest of Bijapur (1686):

• Aurangzeb annexed the Sultanate of Bijapur after a prolonged siege, expanding the Mughal Empire further into the Deccan region.

Conquest of Golkonda (1687):

• Following the conquest of Bijapur, Aurangzeb targeted the Qutb Shahi kingdom of Golkonda, which was eventually captured, adding to the Mughal territories in the south.

Capture and Execution of Shambhaji (1689):

• Shambhaji, the son of Shivaji and the leader of the Marathas, was captured and executed by Aurangzeb. This event was part of Aurangzeb's efforts to subdue the Maratha resistance.

Incorrect Statements

Option 1: A, C, B, D, and E

• This sequence incorrectly places the reimposition of Jaziya before the Treaty of Purandhar and the conquest of Bijapur before the Treaty of Purandhar.

Option 2: C, B, A, D, and E

• This sequence incorrectly places the conquest of Bijapur before the Treaty of Purandhar and the reimposition of Jaziya.

Option 4: B, C, A, E, and D

• This sequence incorrectly places the conquest of Bijapur before the reimposition of Jaziya.

Hence, the correct option is: B) B, A, C, E and D.

Other Related Points

Treaty of Purandhar (1665):

• The Treaty of Purandhar was signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh, representing the Mughals. This treaty allowed Shivaji to retain control over certain forts in exchange for acknowledging Mughal suzerainty.

Reimposition of Jaziya (1679):

• Aurangzeb reimposed the Jaziya tax on non-Muslims to reinforce Islamic principles and increase state revenue. This move was unpopular among his Hindu subjects and contributed to growing resistance against his rule.

Conquest of Bijapur (1686):

• The annexation of Bijapur was part of Aurangzeb's Deccan campaigns aimed at consolidating Mughal control over the southern sultanates. Bijapur was a significant power center before its fall.

Conquest of Golkonda (1687):

• Following Bijapur, Aurangzeb turned his attention to Golkonda, which was known for its wealth and diamond mines. The fall of Golkonda further extended Mughal influence in the Deccan.

Capture and Execution of Shambhaji (1689):

• Shambhaji, Shivaji's successor, was captured and executed by Aurangzeb. His death was intended to weaken the Maratha resistance, but it ultimately galvanized further opposition to Mughal rule.

Q74: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

(c) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

P. Ananda Charlu - Madras Mahajan Sabha (I)

• P. Ananda Charlu was a prominent nationalist leader from Madras.
• He was one of the founders of the Madras Mahajan Sabha in 1884.
• The organization played a crucial role in mobilizing political consciousness in southern India.
• It later became one of the precursors to the Indian National Congress.

K.T. Telang - Bombay Presidency Association (II)

• K.T. Telang was a lawyer, social reformer, and nationalist from Bombay.
• He was one of the founders of the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885.
• The association aimed to represent the interests of the people of the Bombay Presidency.
• It was formed as a response to growing British control and played a key role in early political movements in India.

Ananda Mohan Bose - Indian Association (III)

• Ananda Mohan Bose was an influential nationalist and political leader from Bengal.
• He co-founded the Indian Association in 1876 along with Surendranath Banerjee.
• The Indian Association aimed to unite educated Indians and promote nationalistic ideas.
• It laid the foundation for broader national political movements, eventually influencing the formation of the Indian National Congress.

Raja Ram Mohun Roy - Atmiya Sabha (IV)

• Raja Ram Mohun Roy was a social reformer and the founder of the Brahmo Samaj.
• Before Brahmo Samaj, he established the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 in Calcutta.
• The Atmiya Sabha promoted rational thought, social reforms, and the abolition of social evils such as Sati.
• It was an early attempt at socio-religious reform in India, influencing later reformist movements.

Other Related Points

• The Madras Mahajan Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association, and Indian Association were among the earliest political organizations in India, playing a crucial role in the freedom movement.
• The Atmiya Sabha later influenced the formation of the Brahmo Samaj, which emphasized monotheism and social reform.
• These organizations contributed to the growing political awareness in India and laid the groundwork for the Indian National Congress, which was founded in 1885.

Q75: Subhas Chandra Bose set up two Indian National Army (INA) headquarters in 

(a) Rangoon and Singapore

(b) Rangoon and Tokyo

(c) Singapore and Tokyo

(d) Singapore and Kyoto

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) Rangoon and Singapore'.

Subhas Chandra Bose set up two Indian National Army (INA) headquarters in Rangoon and Singapore

• This statement is correct.
• Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent freedom fighter, and leader of the Indian National Army (INA) established two key headquarters for the INA to coordinate their efforts against British rule.
• Rangoon (now Yangon) in Myanmar and Singapore were strategically chosen due to their significant Indian populations and strategic locations.
• The INA, with the support of the Japanese, aimed to liberate India from British control, and these locations served as vital bases for their operations in Southeast Asia.

Incorrect Statements

Rangoon and Tokyo

• This option is incorrect.
• While Tokyo was a significant city during World War II and Japan was an ally of the INA, Bose did not establish an INA headquarters there.

Singapore and Tokyo

• This option is incorrect.
• Similar to the previous point, although Singapore was indeed a key location for the INA, Tokyo was not chosen as a headquarters by Bose.

Singapore and Kyoto

• This option is incorrect.
• Kyoto, a city in Japan, was not used as an INA headquarters. The focus of INA operations was more on Southeast Asia.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) Rangoon and Singapore.

Other Related Points

Indian National Army (INA):

• The INA was initially formed under Mohan Singh in 1942 but gained prominence under Subhas Chandra Bose's leadership in 1943.
• Bose’s leadership reinvigorated the movement, and he aimed to align with Axis powers to fight British rule in India.

Role of Rangoon:

• Rangoon was crucial because of its proximity to India and its significant Indian population, which Bose sought to rally for the cause.
• It served as a major logistics and recruitment center for the INA.

Role of Singapore:

• Singapore was a significant base due to its strategic location and large Indian diaspora.
• The fall of Singapore to the Japanese provided an opportunity for Bose to form the Provisional Government of Free India and launch INA operations.

Significance of INA:

• The INA's efforts, though ultimately unsuccessful in military terms, significantly contributed to the Indian independence movement by inspiring a sense of nationalism and challenging British colonial authority.

Q76: Which of the following is NOT correct about the Fifth Report which was on the administration and activities of the East India Company in India? 

(a) It was submitted to the British Parliament in 1815

(b) It ran into 1002 pages

(c) Over 800 pages were appendices that reproduced petitions of zamindars and ryots, reports of collectors from different districts, statistical tables on revenue returns and notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras written by officials

(d) Fifth Report was produced by a Select Committee

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) It was submitted to the British Parliament in 1815'.

It was submitted to the British Parliament in 1815

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Fifth Report was actually submitted to the British Parliament in 1813, not in 1815.
• The report was prepared by the Select Committee of the House of Commons.
• It was one of the most comprehensive reports that documented the administrative and revenue policies of the East India Company in India.

Incorrect Statements

It ran into 1002 pages

• This statement is correct.
• The Fifth Report indeed ran into a total of 1002 pages.
• The extensive length of the report was due to the detailed documentation of the administration, revenue policies, and various proceedings related to the East India Company.

Over 800 pages were appendices that reproduced petitions of zamindars and ryots, reports of collectors from different districts, statistical tables on revenue returns and notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras written by officials

• This statement is correct.
• The bulk of the report comprised appendices, making up over 800 pages.
• These appendices included a wide range of documents such as petitions from zamindars and ryots, reports from collectors in different districts, statistical tables on revenue returns, and notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras written by officials.

Fifth Report was produced by a Select Committee

• This statement is correct.
• The Fifth Report was indeed produced by a Select Committee of the House of Commons.
• The Select Committee was responsible for investigating the administration and activities of the East India Company and compiling detailed reports to be submitted to the British Parliament.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) It was submitted to the British Parliament in 1815.

Other Related Points

Fifth Report Overview:

• The Fifth Report is a crucial historical document that gives insights into the workings of the East India Company in India during the early 19th century.
• It highlighted the financial, administrative, and judicial operations of the Company, shedding light on both achievements and malpractices.

Role of the Select Committee:

• The Select Committee played a vital role in scrutinizing the Company’s operations and ensuring accountability by preparing detailed reports based on their findings.
• The reports served as a basis for further reforms and regulations imposed by the British government on the East India Company.

Significance of the Appendices:

• The extensive appendices provided firsthand accounts and statistical data, making the report a comprehensive source for understanding the administrative challenges and revenue policies in colonial India.
• These documents were crucial for policymakers and historians to understand the impact of Company rule on different segments of Indian society.

Q77: The Mahasilakantaka and Rathamusala were two secret weapons of war used by which of the following ruler? 

(a) Bimbisara

(b) Ajatasatru

(c) Nagadasaka

(d) Samudragupta

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Ajatasatru'.

Ajatasatru

• Ajatasatru was a significant ruler of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in ancient India.
• He is noted for his military innovations, including the use of two powerful war weapons: Mahasilakantaka and Rathamusala.
• Mahasilakantaka was a catapult used to hurl large stones at enemy fortifications.
• Rathamusala was a chariot equipped with rotating blades that could mow down enemy soldiers.
• These innovations were pivotal in his campaigns against neighboring kingdoms and in consolidating his rule.

Other Options

Bimbisara

• Bimbisara was the father of Ajatasatru and the founder of the Haryanka dynasty.
• He is known for his diplomatic and administrative skills rather than for military innovations.

Nagadasaka

• Nagadasaka was a later ruler of the Haryanka dynasty.
• There are no notable records of him using advanced war weapons like Mahasilakantaka or Rathamusala.

Samudragupta

• Samudragupta was a ruler of the Gupta Empire, often referred to as the "Napoleon of India" for his extensive military campaigns.
• His era was much later than that of Ajatasatru, and he is not associated with the specific war weapons mentioned.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Ajatasatru.

Other Related Points

Haryanka Dynasty:

• Founded by Bimbisara, this dynasty played a crucial role in the early history of Magadha, which later became a significant center of Indian culture and politics.
• Ajatasatru, Bimbisara's son, expanded the kingdom by defeating the Licchavis and other neighboring states.

Military Innovations:

• Ajatasatru's use of advanced war weapons such as Mahasilakantaka and Rathamusala showcases the early Indian ingenuity in warfare.
• These innovations provided a significant advantage in battles, enabling Ajatasatru to strengthen and expand his kingdom effectively.

Historical Impact:

• Ajatasatru's military prowess and innovations had a lasting impact on the strategies and technologies used in Indian warfare.
• His reign marked a period of significant expansion and consolidation for the Magadha kingdom, setting the stage for future dynasties to build upon.

Q78: Who among the following was NOT a member of the Indian Cinematograph Commiteee, 1927-28 

(a) Diwan Bahadur T. Rangachariar

(b) K.C. Neogy

(c) Colonel J.D. Crawford

(d) Colonel M. M. Smith

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: '4) Colonel M. M. Smith'.

Colonel M. M. Smith was NOT a member of the Indian Cinematograph Committee, 1927-28

• This statement is correct.
• Colonel M. M. Smith is not listed among the official members of the Indian Cinematograph Committee formed in 1927-28.
• The committee was established to examine the status and functioning of the film industry in India and to suggest reforms.

Incorrect Options

Diwan Bahadur T. Rangachariar

• Diwan Bahadur T. Rangachariar was a member of the Indian Cinematograph Committee.
• He played a significant role in the discussions and recommendations made by the committee.

K.C. Neogy

• K.C. Neogy was also a member of the Indian Cinematograph Committee.
• His contributions were vital in shaping the policies and recommendations for the film industry in India.

Colonel J.D. Crawford

• Colonel J.D. Crawford was another notable member of the committee.
• He contributed to the evaluation and recommendations concerning the film industry during that period.

Hence, the correct option is: 4) Colonel M. M. Smith.

Other Related Points

Indian Cinematograph Committee (1927-28):

• The Indian Cinematograph Committee was formed to assess the situation of the film industry in India and to suggest measures for its regulation and improvement.
• The committee submitted its report in 1928, which included recommendations on censorship, the promotion of Indian cinema, and the establishment of film training institutes.

Significance of the Committee:

• The committee's work was crucial in the development of the Indian film industry.
• It highlighted the need for a structured approach towards censorship, the importance of promoting Indian films, and the establishment of educational institutions to train filmmakers.

Q79: "The plan of the temple is somewhat unusual. It all faces the sea... These additions go far to account for the unusual, though by no means unpleasing appearance of the Shore temple with its two vimanas. The above passage describes the architecture of which temple? 

(a) Konark

(b) Mamallapuram

(c) Kumari Temple

(d) Dwarka

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Mamallapuram'.

The plan of the temple is somewhat unusual. Its all a faces the sea... These additions go far to account for the unusual, though by no means unpleasing appearance of the Shore temple with its two vimanas.

• This statement accurately describes the Shore Temple in Mamallapuram.
• The Shore Temple is a complex of temples and shrines built during the 7th century under the reign of the Pallava dynasty.
• It is located on the shore of the Bay of Bengal and is one of the oldest structural stone temples in South India.
• The temple is known for its two vimanas, or towered sanctuaries, which add to its unique architectural style.

Incorrect Statements

Konark

• Konark is known for the Sun Temple, a 13th-century temple in Odisha, designed in the shape of a colossal chariot with intricately carved stone wheels, pillars, and walls.
• This temple is dedicated to the Sun God and does not face the sea, nor does it have the architectural features described in the passage.

Kumari Temple

• The Kumari Temple, dedicated to the goddess Kanyakumari, is located at the southernmost tip of India, in Tamil Nadu.
• While it faces the ocean, it does not have the specific architectural elements such as the two vimanas that are characteristic of the Shore Temple in Mamallapuram.

Dwarka

• Dwarka is known for the Dwarkadhish Temple in Gujarat, which is dedicated to Lord Krishna.
• This temple is a significant site for Hindu pilgrims but does not align with the architectural description provided in the passage.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Mamallapuram.

Additional Information

Shore Temple, Mamallapuram:

• The Shore Temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• It is considered one of the finest examples of Dravidian architecture.
• The temple complex includes multiple shrines, with the main shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva and another dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
• The temple is renowned for its intricate carvings and reliefs depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.

Architectural Significance:

• The Shore Temple is one of the earliest and most important structural temples built in Southern India, marking a transition from rock-cut architecture to structural construction.
• Its location on the coastline has made it an iconic and scenic heritage site, often depicted in photographs and art.

Q80: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

(b) A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV

(c) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

(d) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II'.

A - III: Buddhism - Tara

• Tara is a significant figure in Mahayana Buddhism known as a bodhisattva of compassion and action.
• She is often depicted in various forms and is considered a savior who helps practitioners overcome obstacles.

B - I: Murugan - Skanda

• Murugan, also known as Skanda or Kartikeya, is a popular Hindu deity associated with war and victory.
• He is particularly revered in South India and is the son of Shiva and Parvati.

C - IV: Natha - Siddha

• The Natha tradition is a Shaivism sect that reveres Siddhas, who are considered perfected beings with supernatural powers.
• It emphasizes yoga and spiritual practices to achieve liberation.

D - II: Korravai - Shakti

• Korravai is a goddess in Tamil tradition, often associated with war and victory.
• She is identified with Shakti, the divine feminine energy and power in Hinduism.

Incorrect Statements

Option 2: A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV

• This option incorrectly matches the pairs. For example, Buddhism is not correctly matched with Skanda, and so on.

Option 3: A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

• This option also incorrectly pairs the items. For instance, Buddhism is not correctly matched with Shakti, and so forth.

Option 4: A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

• Again, this option incorrectly matches the pairs. Buddhism is not correctly matched with Siddha, and so on.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II.

Other Related Points

Buddhism and Tara:

• Tara is a central figure in Tibetan Buddhism, embodying compassion and enlightened activity.
• She is often invoked for protection and guidance.

Murugan and Skanda:

• Skanda, as Murugan, is celebrated for his youthful vigor and prowess in Hindu mythology.
• He is worshipped widely during the festival of Thaipusam.

Natha Tradition and Siddhas:

• Siddhas are enlightened masters in the Natha tradition, known for their spiritual insights and miraculous abilities.
• The tradition emphasizes achieving spiritual liberation through rigorous practices.

Korravai and Shakti:

• Korravai, in Tamil mythology, is a fierce goddess of war, akin to the concept of Shakti in broader Hinduism.
• Shakti represents the dynamic, empowering force of the universe.

Q81: Gauda-Vaho, a poetical work in Prakrit is written by whom? 

(a) Vakpati

(b) Hemchandra

(c) Pampa

(d) Vagbhata

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Vakpati'.

Vakpati

• Vakpati is the author of the poetical work Gauda-Vaho in Prakrit.
• Gauda-Vaho is a renowned work that celebrates the conquest of Bengal by King Yasovarman of Kannauj.
• The work is significant in the study of Prakrit literature and provides valuable insight into the historical and cultural context of the time.

Incorrect Options

Hemchandra

• Hemchandra was a Jain scholar, poet, and polymath from the 12th century who made significant contributions to Sanskrit and Prakrit literature.
• He is best known for his work "Trishashthi Shalaka Purusha Charitra," a comprehensive biography of the 63 illustrious figures in Jainism.

Pampa

• Pampa, also known as Adikavi Pampa, was a renowned Kannada poet of the 10th century.
• He is famous for his epic poem "Vikramarjuna Vijaya" (also known as "Pampa Bharata"), which is a rendition of the Mahabharata.

Vagbhata

• Vagbhata was an ancient Indian physician and scholar of Ayurveda, believed to have lived around the 6th century CE.
• He is well-known for his works "Ashtanga Hridaya" and "Ashtanga Sangraha," which are fundamental texts in Ayurveda.

Hence, the correct option is: Vakpati.

Other Related Points

Gauda-Vaho:

• Gauda-Vaho, also known as Gaudavaho, is written in Maharashtri Prakrit, which was a popular literary language during the early medieval period.
• The poem is notable for its elaborate descriptions and the use of ornate language, characteristic of classical Prakrit literature.

Prakrit Literature:

• Prakrit languages, including Maharashtri, Shauraseni, and Magadhi, were used extensively in ancient Indian literature and inscriptions.
• They were considered more accessible to the general populace compared to Sanskrit, and many Jain and Buddhist texts were composed in Prakrit.

Vakpati's Contribution:

• Vakpati's work is significant for its historical content, providing insights into the political and military achievements of the period it describes.
• His poetic style and mastery of Prakrit language have earned him a distinguished place in Indian literary history.

Q82: Arrange the following in a chronological order: 

A. Hindu Conference held at Lahore under the Presidentship of Sir Praful Chandra Chatterjee

B. Sri Aurobindo retreated to Pondicherry

C. Indian Institute of Science Bangalore starts functioning

D. Creation of Legislative Assembly for Assam

E. Forest Research Institute and College opened at Dehradun.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D and E

(b) A, B, D, E and C

(c) B, A, C, D and E

(d) B, A, D, C and E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) A, B, C, D, and E'.

Arrange the following in a chronological order:

• E (1906): Forest Research Institute opened.
• A (1909): Hindu Conference held at Lahore.
• B (1910): Sri Aurobindo retreated to Pondicherry.
• C (1911): Indian Institute of Science began functioning.
• D (1912): Legislative Assembly for Assam created.

Chronological Order:

• A: Hindu Conference held at Lahore (1909) - The Hindu Mahasabha conference at Lahore was a significant event in the early 20th century aimed at addressing issues related to the Hindu community in India.
• B: Sri Aurobindo retreated to Pondicherry (1910) - Sri Aurobindo, a prominent freedom fighter and spiritual leader, moved to Pondicherry to pursue his spiritual practices.
• C: Indian Institute of Science Bangalore starts functioning (1911) - The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, one of India's premier research institutions, began its operations.
• D: Creation of Legislative Assembly for Assam (1912) - Assam was granted its legislative assembly in 1912, allowing it to have a local government body.
• E: Forest Research Institute and College opened at Dehradun (1906) - The Forest Research Institute in Dehradun, a premier institution for forestry research, was established.

Other Options

Option 2 (A, B, D, E, C):

• This sequence is incorrect because the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (C) started functioning before the creation of the Legislative Assembly for Assam (D).

Option 3 (B, A, C, D, E):

• This sequence is incorrect because the Forest Research Institute and College opened at Dehradun (E) before Sri Aurobindo retreated to Pondicherry (B).

Option 4 (B, A, D, C, E):

• This sequence is incorrect because the Forest Research Institute and College (E) opened before Sri Aurobindo retreated to Pondicherry (B).

Hence, the correct option is: A, B, C, D, and E.

Other Related Points

Hindu Conference at Lahore (1909):

• It was a significant event focusing on Hindu unity and addressing issues pertinent to the Hindu community in British India.

Sri Aurobindo’s Retreat to Pondicherry (1910):

• After participating in the Indian freedom struggle, Sri Aurobindo moved to Pondicherry to dedicate himself to spiritual activities and establish the Sri Aurobindo Ashram.

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (1911):

• Founded due to the efforts of Jamsetji Tata, the IISc is a leading institution for advanced scientific and technological research in India.

Creation of Legislative Assembly for Assam (1912):

• The formation of the Legislative Assembly marked a step towards local self-governance in Assam, a significant development in the political evolution of the region.

Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (1906):

• It is a premier institution in the field of forestry research in India, contributing significantly to the study and management of forest resources.

Q83: A. The dahsala system introduced by Akbar in 1579 was based on measurement. 

B. The system of crop-sharing (batai) was withdrawn after the implementation of dahsala system.

C. The old yard gaz-i-sikandari was replaced by a new yard, gaz-i-ilahi

D. In the central provinces, cultivators were given the option to pay land revenue either in cash or kind

E. There was a periodical revision of the dahsala rates.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and C only

(b) B, C, D and E only

(c) A and C only

(d) D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) A and C only'

A. The dahsala system introduced by Akbar in 1579 was based on measurement.

• This statement is correct.
• The Dahsala system, also known as the Zabti system, was introduced by Akbar and it was primarily based on the measurement of land. Under this system, land was measured and the average produce of different crops over a ten-year period was calculated.
• Based on this average, a fixed revenue rate was decided which the peasants had to pay to the state.

C. The old yard gaz-i-sikandari was replaced by a new yard, gaz-i-ilahi

• This statement is correct.
• Akbar introduced a new standard yard known as gaz-i-ilahi to replace the old yard called gaz-i-sikandari. This was part of his effort to standardize the measurement system for land revenue purposes.

Incorrect Statements

B. The system of crop-sharing (batai) was withdrawn after the implementation of dahsala system.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Even after the introduction of the Dahsala system, the crop-sharing (batai) method continued to exist. The Dahsala system was just one of the several methods used for revenue collection during Akbar’s reign.

D. In the central provinces, cultivators were given the option to pay land revenue either in cash or kind

• This statement is incorrect.
• While in certain regions and under certain circumstances, cultivators were given the option to pay in cash or kind, this was not a general rule applied uniformly across the central provinces.

E. There was a periodical revision of the dahsala rates.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Dahsala system was based on a ten-year average and was intended to provide stability and uniformity in revenue assessment, rather than frequent revisions. The rates were meant to stay relatively stable over longer periods.

Hence, the correct option is: 3) A and C only

Other Related Points

Dahsala System (Zabti System):

• The Dahsala system was introduced by Raja Todar Mal, Akbar's revenue minister, and it is considered one of the most comprehensive land revenue systems of the Mughal period.
• It was designed to stabilize the state's revenue collection while ensuring that peasants were not overburdened by fluctuating crop yields and prices.

Gaz-i-Sikandari and Gaz-i-Ilahi:

• Standardizing measurements was crucial for consistent and fair revenue assessment.
• The shift from gaz-i-sikandari to gaz-i-ilahi was part of Akbar's broader administrative reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and reliability of the revenue system.

Revenue Collection Methods:

• Different methods like crop-sharing (batai), cash payment (nasaq), and the Dahsala system coexisted, providing flexibility in revenue collection depending on regional conditions and administrative convenience.

Q84: Who calls the political economy of the Vijaynagar regime of the sixteenth century as feudal? 

(a) N. Karashima

(b) Burton Stein

(c) K.V. Ramesh

(d) N. Venkataramanyya

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: '1) N. Karashima'.

N. Karashima referred to the political economy of the Vijayanagar regime of the sixteenth century as feudal.

• Noboru Karashima, a prominent historian, specialized in South Indian history and extensively studied the socio-economic conditions of the Vijayanagar Empire.
• His analysis often highlighted the feudal characteristics of the regime, such as the hierarchical structure of land ownership and the relationship between the ruling class and the peasantry.
• Karashima's works delve into the administrative and economic aspects of the Vijayanagar Empire, providing a detailed understanding of its feudal nature.

Other Historians

Burton Stein:

• Burton Stein was a notable historian known for his work on South Indian history, particularly the Chola dynasty and the Vijayanagar Empire.
• He proposed the segmentary state model for the Vijayanagar Empire, which differed from the feudal model, emphasizing decentralized and autonomous local governance.

K.V. Ramesh:

• K.V. Ramesh was an epigraphist and historian who contributed significantly to the study of South Indian history through his analysis of inscriptions.
• His work provided insights into the administrative and socio-economic conditions of various South Indian dynasties, including the Vijayanagar Empire.

N. Venkataramanyya:

• N. Venkataramanyya was a historian who extensively studied the political and administrative aspects of the Vijayanagar Empire.
• His research focused on the governance structures and the role of different officials within the empire, providing a comprehensive view of its administrative framework.

Hence, the correct option is: 1) N. Karashima.

Other Related Points

Feudalism in the Vijayanagar Empire:

• The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646) was one of the most prominent South Indian dynasties, known for its wealth, military prowess, and cultural contributions.
• Feudalism in the context of the Vijayanagar Empire refers to the socio-economic system where land was the primary source of wealth and power.
• The empire had a hierarchical structure where the king granted land to nobles and military commanders in exchange for loyalty and military service.
• These land grants, often called "amaram" or "nayankara," were administered by local chieftains or nayakas who collected taxes and maintained law and order.
• The peasants worked on these lands and paid a portion of their produce as tax to the nayakas, creating a feudal relationship between the landowners and the cultivators.

Key Features of the Vijayanagar Economy:

• Agriculture was the mainstay of the economy, with extensive irrigation networks supporting farming activities.
• The empire was known for its trade and commerce, with thriving markets and trade routes connecting it to other regions and countries.
• The Vijayanagar rulers promoted temple building, which not only served religious purposes but also acted as centers of economic activity and social organization.

Q85: Which of these statements are correct? 

A. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the first to advise peasants in Maharashtra to withhold payment of land revenues when their crops failed owing to drought or famine or pestilence.

B. He called for Swadeshi and boycott of British goods when Elgin, the Viceroy imposed an excise duty on Indian mill-made cloth.

C. Tilak was arrested in 1897 and charged with spreading hatred and disaffection against the British Government.

D. Tilak refused to apologize and accepted rigorous imprisonment for 18 months.

E. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote the book 'Scandenavian origin of Aryans'..

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) A, B, C and D only'.

A, B, C and D are correct statements about Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• This statement is correct.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was indeed the first to advise peasants in Maharashtra to withhold payment of land revenues when their crops failed due to drought, famine, or pestilence (Statement A).
• He called for Swadeshi and boycott of British goods when Elgin, the Viceroy, imposed an excise duty on Indian mill-made cloth (Statement B).
• Tilak was arrested in 1897 and charged with spreading hatred and disaffection against the British Government (Statement C).
• Tilak refused to apologize and accepted rigorous imprisonment for 18 months (Statement D).

Incorrect Statements

E is incorrect:

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak did not write the book titled 'Scandinavian origin of Aryans'. This statement is incorrect.
• Tilak is known for his works such as 'The Arctic Home in the Vedas' and 'Gita Rahasya', but not the mentioned book.

Hence, the correct option is: 3) A, B, C and D only.

Other Related Points

Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• Tilak was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and was known as the 'Father of Indian Unrest' by the British.
• His famous slogan, 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it,' became a rallying cry for the freedom struggle.

Swadeshi Movement:

• The Swadeshi Movement was part of the Indian independence movement and was a successful strategy to remove the British Empire from power and improve economic conditions in India by following the principles of Swadeshi (self-sufficiency).
• It involved the boycott of British products and the revival of domestic products and production processes.

Tilak's Imprisonment:

• Tilak's speeches and writings often criticized British rule, leading to his arrest and imprisonment.
• Despite the British efforts to suppress him, Tilak's influence and popularity continued to grow among the Indian populace.

Q86: Match List-I with List-II 

 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

(d) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV'.

Jyotiba Phule - Life of Shivaji

• This statement is correct.
• Jyotiba Phule was a prominent social reformer and thinker in India, known for his work against caste discrimination and for the upliftment of the underprivileged sections of society.
• He authored the book "Life of Shivaji" which focused on the life and achievements of the Maratha king Shivaji.

Surendranath Banerjee - A Nation in Making

• This statement is correct.
• Surendranath Banerjee was one of the earliest leaders of the Indian National Congress and a prominent freedom fighter.
• He wrote "A Nation in Making," which is an autobiography that provides insights into his life and the early years of the Indian independence movement.

Swami Vivekananda - Bhaktiyoga

• This statement is correct.
• Swami Vivekanand was a key figure in introducing Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world.
• He authored several works, including "Bhaktiyoga," which explores the path of devotion and its importance in spiritual practice.

Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar - Thakurmar Jhuli

• This statement is correct.
• Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar was a notable Bengali writer known for his contribution to children's literature.
• He is famous for his book "Thakurmar Jhuli," a collection of Bengali folk tales and fairy tales for children.

Incorrect Statements

Jyotiba Phule - A Nation in Making

• This statement is incorrect.
• "A Nation in Making" was authored by Surendranath Banerjee, not Jyotiba Phule.

Surendranath Banerjee - Bhaktiyoga

• This statement is incorrect.
• "Bhaktiyoga" was written by Swami Vivekanand, not Surendranath Banerjee.

Swami Vivekanand - Life of Shivaji

• This statement is incorrect.
• "Life of Shivaji" was authored by Jyotiba Phule, not Swami Vivekanand.

Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar - Bhaktiyoga

• This statement is incorrect.
• "Bhaktiyoga" was written by Swami Vivekanand, not Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar.

Hence, the correct option is: A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

Other Related Points

Jyotiba Phule:

• Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer who worked towards abolishing untouchability and the caste system.
• He founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) to promote social equality.

Surendranath Banerjee:

• Surendranath Banerjee is considered one of the founding fathers of the Indian National Congress.
• He was known for his efforts in promoting moderate political activity and constitutional reforms.

Swami Vivekanand:

• Swami Vivekanand was a disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and played a significant role in the revival of Hinduism in India.
• He is best known for his speech at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893, where he introduced Hindu philosophy to the Western audience.

Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar:

• Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar's "Thakurmar Jhuli" is a beloved collection of Bengali folk tales that has been cherished by generations of readers.
• The book includes stories that reflect the rich cultural heritage and traditions of Bengal.

Q87: Which out of the following are correct? 

A. When world war II broke out, the Indian Communists continued their United Front Policy against all types of imperialism.

B. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, Communists in India staged a right about turn, and relabelled the war as a 'people's war'.

C. Communists in India extended all posisble support and even acted as British 'spies' in suppressing the popular revolt of 1942.

D. Government of India rewarded the Communist Party of India (CPI) by declaring it as a legal organization in 1942.

E. It clearly demonstrated that the CPI's policy decisions were dictated by outside and international wire pullers.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and C only

(b) A, B, C and D only

(c) A, B, C, D and E only

(d) A, B, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: '3) A, B, C, D and E only'.

A. When world war II broke out, the Indian Communists continued their United Front Policy against all types of imperialism.

• This statement is correct.
• The Indian Communists initially maintained their stance against imperialism, aligning with the broader anti-imperialist sentiment prevalent in the pre-World War II era.

B. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, Communists in India staged a right about turn, and relabelled the war as a 'people's war'.

• This statement is correct.
• The Soviet Union's involvement in WWII significantly altered the stance of Indian Communists, as the USSR became allied with Britain against the Axis powers, leading the Communists to support the war effort.

C. Communists in India extended all possible support and even acted as British 'spies' in suppressing the popular revolt of 1942.

• This statement is correct.
• The Communist Party of India (CPI) supported the British war effort after the USSR was attacked by Nazi Germany and helped the British in various capacities, including intelligence gathering.

D. Government of India rewarded the Communist Party of India (CPI) by declaring it as a legal organization in 1942.

• This statement is correct.
• In recognition of their support during the war, the British government legalized the CPI, which had previously been banned.

E. It clearly demonstrated that the CPI's policy decisions were dictated by outside and international wire pullers.

• This statement is correct.
• The shift in CPI’s stance was seen as being heavily influenced by international communist politics, particularly the directives from the Communist International (Comintern) and the Soviet Union.

Other Related Points

Communist Party of India (CPI) and WWII:

• The CPI initially opposed British involvement in WWII, seeing it as an imperialist war.
• However, the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany in 1941 changed their stance, leading them to support the British war effort against fascism.

Quit India Movement of 1942:

• The CPI did not support the Quit India Movement launched by the Indian National Congress in 1942, as they were supporting the British war effort.
• This created a significant rift between the CPI and other Indian nationalist groups.

Legitimization of CPI:

• The CPI's support for the British during WWII was rewarded by lifting the ban on the party and recognizing it as a legal political entity.

International Influence on CPI:

• The CPI's policy shifts were often influenced by the larger international communist movement, particularly the Soviet Union, highlighting the transnational nature of communist ideology during that period.

Q88: 'The cities look attractive from a distance but inside them all the splendour is lost in the narrowness of the streets and the bustling of the crowds'. The above comment about cities in Mughal India was made by: 

(a) Father Monserrate

(b) Sir Thomas Roe

(c) Peter Mundy

(d) Tavernier

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Father Monserrate'.

Father Monserrate

• This statement is correct.
• Father Antonio Monserrate was a Jesuit priest who accompanied the first Jesuit mission to the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1580.
• He documented his observations about Mughal India extensively, including the urban planning and the contrast between the external appearance and the internal reality of cities.
• His comment about the cities looking attractive from a distance but losing their splendour inside due to narrow streets and bustling crowds reflects his critical observations of the urban conditions in Mughal India.

Incorrect Statements

Sir Thomas Roe

• Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat and ambassador to the Mughal court of Emperor Jahangir from 1615 to 1619.
• He is known for his detailed accounts of the Mughal court and his efforts to secure trading rights for the British East India Company.
• While he provided valuable insights into the Mughal administration and politics, his observations did not focus on the urban conditions described in the statement.

Peter Mundy

• Peter Mundy was an English traveler and writer who visited India during the reign of Shah Jahan in the 1630s.
• He recorded his experiences in his travel diaries, providing a detailed account of the places he visited, including the Taj Mahal.
• His observations were more focused on trade and the daily life of people rather than the urban conditions described in the statement.

Tavernier

• Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was a French jeweller and traveler who visited India during the 17th century.
• He is famous for his detailed descriptions of Indian diamonds and precious stones, as well as his accounts of the Mughal court and society.
• Tavernier's observations are more renowned for their focus on trade and the wealth of the Mughal Empire rather than the urban conditions described in the statement.

Hence, the correct option is: Father Monserrate.

Other Related Points

Urban Conditions in Mughal India:

• Mughal cities were known for their grandeur, with impressive architecture, palaces, mosques, and gardens.
• However, the internal infrastructure often did not match the external beauty, with narrow streets, congested areas, and bustling markets.
• The disparity between the external grandeur and internal conditions was a common observation among many travelers and chroniclers of the period.

Travel Accounts of Mughal India:

• The accounts of travelers like Father Monserrate, Sir Thomas Roe, Peter Mundy, and Tavernier provide valuable insights into the socio-economic and cultural aspects of Mughal India.
• These accounts help historians understand the complexities of urban planning, trade, and daily life in the Mughal Empire.

Q89: Which committee was appointed to prepare a scheme for the complete Indianization of the officers in the Indian army? 

(a) Kitchener Committee

(b) Shea Committee

(c) Curzon Committee

(d) Duff Committee

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: '2) Shea Committee'.

Shea Committee

• The Shea Committee was appointed to prepare a scheme for the complete Indianization of the officers in the Indian army.
• This committee was significant as it aimed to increase Indian representation in higher ranks of the army, reducing British dominance.
• The move was an essential step towards the empowerment and recognition of Indian personnel in the armed forces.

Incorrect Options

Kitchener Committee

• The Kitchener Committee was not related to the Indianization of the Indian army officers.
• It was associated with the reorganization of the Indian Army in the early 20th century under Lord Kitchener, focusing on military strategies and structure.

Curzon Committee

• The Curzon Committee, related to Lord Curzon, was involved in various administrative and educational reforms in India during the early 1900s but not specifically with the Indianization of the army.

Duff Committee

• The Duff Committee was not associated with the Indianization of the Indian army officers.
• This committee is more commonly linked with educational reforms or other administrative matters.

Hence, the correct option is: 2) Shea Committee.

Other Related Points

Indianization of the Army:

• The Indianization of the army was a policy to increase the recruitment of Indians into higher ranks of the Indian Army.
• During British rule, senior officer positions were predominantly held by the British, and the Indianization policy aimed to change this structure gradually.

Significance of Indianization:

• It was significant as it allowed Indians to have more control and representation within the military.
• This policy was also seen as a step towards India’s independence, as it reduced British control over the Indian armed forces.

Impact of the Shea Committee:

• The recommendations of the Shea Committee paved the way for more Indian officers to be trained and promoted within the Indian Army.
• It was a gradual but essential step towards building a nationalistic sentiment and trust among Indian soldiers.

Q90: The only city in India that could be set in the same class as Delhi according to Ibn Battuta was: 

(a) Lakhnauti

(b) Satgaon

(c) Madurai

(d) Daulatabad (Devgiri)

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Daulatabad (Devgiri)'.

Daulatabad (Devgiri)

• This statement is correct.
• Ibn Battuta, the famous Moroccan traveler, visited India during the 14th century and documented his observations in his travel accounts.
• He noted that Daulatabad (formerly known as Devgiri) was comparable to Delhi in terms of its grandeur and importance.
• Daulatabad was a significant city in the Deccan region and served as the capital for a short period when Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad.

Incorrect Options

Lakhnauti

• Lakhnauti was an important city in the Bengal region and served as the capital of the Bengal Sultanate.
• However, it was not considered in the same class as Delhi by Ibn Battuta.

Satgaon

• Satgaon was a prominent port city in Bengal during medieval times.
• Despite its significance in trade, it did not match the stature of Delhi in Ibn Battuta's observations.

Madurai

• Madurai was a key city in the southern part of India and the capital of the Pandya dynasty.
• Although it was an important cultural and religious center, it was not compared to Delhi by Ibn Battuta.

Hence, the correct option is: Daulatabad (Devgiri).

Other Related Points

Ibn Battuta's Travels:

• Ibn Battuta traveled extensively across the Islamic world and beyond, documenting his journeys in the Rihla (The Journey).
• His observations provide valuable insights into the geography, culture, and politics of the 14th century.

Daulatabad (Devgiri) as a Capital:

• In 1327, Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq moved his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad to better control the Deccan region and to safeguard against Mongol invasions.
• The city was fortified and developed significantly during this period, making it one of the major urban centers of the time.

Significance of Delhi:

• Delhi was the political and cultural hub of the Indian subcontinent during the Sultanate period.
• It served as the capital of various dynasties, including the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire, making it a city of great strategic and administrative importance.

Q91: Read the following passage and answer the questions
The Pallava-Chalukya conflict continued during the subsequent decades, interspersed with some peaceful interludes. The Pallavas also came into conflict with the Pandyas to the south and the Rashtrakutas to the north. In the early 9th century, the Rashtrakuta Govinda III invaded Kanchi during the reign of the Pallava Dantivarman. Dantivarman's son Nandivarman III managed to defeat the Pandyas. The last known imperial Pallava king was Aparajita. Aided by Western Ganga and Chola allies, he defeated the Pandyas at a battle at Shripurambiyam. The Pallavas were ultimately overthrown in c. 893 by the Chola King Aditya I, and thereafter, control over Tondaimandalam passed into the hands of the Cholas 

The beginning of the conflict between the Pallavas and Western Chalukyas is traced to the reign of which of the following Pallava king? 

(a) Mahendravarman I

(b) Mahendraverman II

(c) Nandivarman I

(d) Rajasimha

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Mahendravarman I'.

Mahendravarman I initiated the conflict with the Western Chalukyas.

• This statement is correct.
• Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE) was the first Pallava ruler to face the growing threat of the Chalukyas, particularly under Pulakeshin II.
• He resisted the territorial expansion of Pulakeshin II, leading to prolonged hostilities between the Pallavas and Chalukyas.
• The conflict marked the beginning of a centuries-long rivalry for supremacy in the Deccan region.

Incorrect Statements

Mahendravarman II was involved in conflicts with the Chalukyas.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Mahendravarman II (668–670 CE) came to power much later and was primarily engaged in defending Pallava territories rather than initiating conflicts.

Nandivarman I had no association with the Pallava-Chalukya conflict.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Nandivarman I was an earlier ruler and did not play any role in the battles against the Chalukyas.

Rajasimha was involved in later Pallava conflicts.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Rajasimha (Narasimhavarman II) ruled in the 7th–8th centuries CE and focused on consolidating Pallava power rather than initiating new conflicts with the Chalukyas.

Hence, Statement 1 is correct, and Statements 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Pallava-Chalukya Rivalry:

• This rivalry marked a significant phase in South Indian history, leading to frequent battles and territorial disputes.
• The conflict was centered on control over the fertile Kaveri basin and strategic areas in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Mahendravarman I:

• He was an eminent Pallava ruler known for his patronage of art and architecture, particularly rock-cut temples.
• His reign also witnessed the rise of Sanskrit inscriptions and the spread of Pallava influence in South India.

Chalukya Influence:

• The Chalukyas, under Pulakeshin II, expanded their territories aggressively, posing a threat to Pallava dominance.
• Their rivalry influenced the socio-political and cultural landscape of South India.

Q92: Read the following passage and answer the questions
The Pallava-Chalukya conflict continued during the subsequent decades, interspersed with some peaceful interludes. The Pallavas also came into conflict with the Pandyas to the south and the Rashtrakutas to the north. In the early 9th century, the Rashtrakuta Govinda III invaded Kanchi during the reign of the Pallava Dantivarman. Dantivarman's son Nandivarman III managed to defeat the Pandyas. The last known imperial Pallava king was Aparajita. Aided by Western Ganga and Chola allies, he defeated the Pandyas at a battle at Shripurambiyam. The Pallavas were ultimately overthrown in c. 893 by the Chola King Aditya I, and thereafter, control over Tondaimandalam passed into the hands of the Cholas 

Who among the following was NOT a Rashtrakuta king? 

(a) Govinda III

(b) Krishna I

(c) Shaktivarman

(d) Nripatunga

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Shaktivarman'.

Govinda III was a Rashtrakuta king.

• This statement is correct.
• Govinda III (793–814 CE) was a prominent ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
• He expanded the Rashtrakuta empire significantly and defeated several rulers, including the Pallavas, Gangas, and Gurjara-Pratiharas.

Krishna I was a Rashtrakuta king.

• This statement is correct.
• Krishna I (756–774 CE) was a notable Rashtrakuta ruler who succeeded Dantidurga.
• He is credited with commissioning the famous Kailasa temple at Ellora, showcasing the architectural prowess of the Rashtrakutas.

Nripatunga was a Rashtrakuta king.

• This statement is correct.
• Nripatunga (also known as Amoghavarsha I, 814–878 CE) was one of the most celebrated Rashtrakuta rulers.
• He was a patron of literature and the arts, and his reign saw cultural and literary advancements, including the composition of the Kannada classic "Kavirajamarga."

Incorrect Statements

Shaktivarman was not a Rashtrakuta king.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Shaktivarman belonged to the Eastern Chalukya dynasty, not the Rashtrakutas.
• The Eastern Chalukyas ruled parts of Andhra Pradesh, and their lineage was distinct from the Rashtrakutas.

Hence, Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct, and Statement 3 is incorrect.

Other Related Points

The Rashtrakuta Dynasty:

• The Rashtrakutas were a prominent dynasty in South and Central India between the 6th and 10th centuries CE.
• Their capital was at Manyakheta, and they were known for their military conquests and patronage of art and architecture.

Eastern Chalukyas:

• The Eastern Chalukyas ruled the Vengi region (modern Andhra Pradesh) from the 7th to the 12th centuries CE.
• Shaktivarman was one of their notable rulers, distinct from the Rashtrakuta lineage.

Q93: Read the following passage and answer the questions
The Pallava-Chalukya conflict continued during the subsequent decades, interspersed with some peaceful interludes. The Pallavas also came into conflict with the Pandyas to the south and the Rashtrakutas to the north. In the early 9th century, the Rashtrakuta Govinda III invaded Kanchi during the reign of the Pallava Dantivarman. Dantivarman's son Nandivarman III managed to defeat the Pandyas. The last known imperial Pallava king was Aparajita. Aided by Western Ganga and Chola allies, he defeated the Pandyas at a battle at Shripurambiyam. The Pallavas were ultimately overthrown in c. 893 by the Chola King Aditya I, and thereafter, control over Tondaimandalam passed into the hands of the Cholas 

Who among the following Pallava rulers was defeated by the Chola King Aditya ? 

(a) Parameshvara

(b) Aparajita

(c) Dantivarman

(d) Kampavarman

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Aparajita'.

Aparajita was defeated by the Chola King Aditya I.

• This statement is correct.
• Aparajita Pallava was the last significant ruler of the Pallava dynasty.
• Aditya I of the Chola dynasty defeated Aparajita in a decisive battle, marking the end of Pallava supremacy in Tamil Nadu.
• After this victory, the Cholas consolidated their power and emerged as the dominant force in South India.

Incorrect Statements

Parameshvara was not defeated by Aditya I.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Parameshvara Pallava was an earlier ruler and did not face Aditya I in battle.

Dantivarman was not defeated by Aditya I.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Dantivarman ruled the Pallava dynasty during the 8th century, before the time of Aditya I.

Kampavarman was not defeated by Aditya I.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Kampavarman was a Pallava ruler who also ruled before Aparajita and did not face Aditya I.

Hence, Statement 2 is correct, and Statements 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Aditya I:

• Aditya I was the son of Vijayalaya Chola, the founder of the Chola Empire.
• He played a crucial role in establishing Chola supremacy in Tamil Nadu by defeating the Pallavas and other regional powers.

Pallava Dynasty:

• The Pallavas were a prominent South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh from the 4th to the 9th centuries CE.
• Their reign saw significant advancements in art and architecture, including the rock-cut temples at Mahabalipuram.

Q94: Read the following passage and answer the questions
The Pallava-Chalukya conflict continued during the subsequent decades, interspersed with some peaceful interludes. The Pallavas also came into conflict with the Pandyas to the south and the Rashtrakutas to the north. In the early 9th century, the Rashtrakuta Govinda III invaded Kanchi during the reign of the Pallava Dantivarman. Dantivarman's son Nandivarman III managed to defeat the Pandyas. The last known imperial Pallava king was Aparajita. Aided by Western Ganga and Chola allies, he defeated the Pandyas at a battle at Shripurambiyam. The Pallavas were ultimately overthrown in c. 893 by the Chola King Aditya I, and thereafter, control over Tondaimandalam passed into the hands of the Cholas 

'Tondaimandalam' in the passage refers to which of the following? 

(a) the region neighbouring Coimbatore and Salem.

(b) The regions located between the North Penner and North Vellar rivers.

(c) The region along the river Kaveri.

(d) The region comprising the coastal tracts south of Kaveripattinam.

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'The regions located between the North Penner and North Vellar rivers'.

Tondaimandalam refers to the regions located between the North Penner and North Vellar rivers.

• This statement is correct.
• Tondaimandalam was a historical region in South India that formed the core area of the Pallava dynasty.
• It was situated in present-day Tamil Nadu, bounded by the North Penner and North Vellar rivers.
• The region was known for its fertile plains and significant urban centers such as Kanchipuram.

Incorrect Statements

The region neighbouring Coimbatore and Salem is not Tondaimandalam.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Coimbatore and Salem regions were part of Kongu Nadu, a different historical division in Tamil Nadu.

The region along the river Kaveri is not Tondaimandalam.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The region along the Kaveri River was historically associated with the Chola dynasty, particularly the Kaveri Delta, known as Chola Nadu.

The region comprising the coastal tracts south of Kaveripattinam is not Tondaimandalam.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The coastal tracts south of Kaveripattinam were part of different divisions, possibly associated with Pandya territories or parts of Chola Nadu.

Hence, Statement 2 is correct, and Statements 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Tondaimandalam:

• Tondaimandalam was a prominent cultural and political region under Pallava rule, with Kanchipuram as its capital.
• The region contributed significantly to the development of Pallava architecture, such as the temples in Mahabalipuram.

Pallava Rule:

• The Pallavas governed Tondaimandalam from the 4th to the 9th centuries CE.
• They are renowned for their patronage of art, architecture, and literature, influencing South Indian culture deeply.

Q95: Read the following passage and answer the questions
The Pallava-Chalukya conflict continued during the subsequent decades, interspersed with some peaceful interludes. The Pallavas also came into conflict with the Pandyas to the south and the Rashtrakutas to the north. In the early 9th century, the Rashtrakuta Govinda III invaded Kanchi during the reign of the Pallava Dantivarman. Dantivarman's son Nandivarman III managed to defeat the Pandyas. The last known imperial Pallava king was Aparajita. Aided by Western Ganga and Chola allies, he defeated the Pandyas at a battle at Shripurambiyam. The Pallavas were ultimately overthrown in c. 893 by the Chola King Aditya I, and thereafter, control over Tondaimandalam passed into the hands of the Cholas 

Which of the following region was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty? 

(a) Andhradesa

(b) Konganadu

(c) Mysore

(d) Mayilai Kshetra

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Mysore'.

The Western Ganga dynasty ruled over the Mysore region.

• This statement is correct.
• The Western Ganga dynasty (350–1000 CE) was one of the prominent early dynasties in Karnataka, ruling the southern parts of the state, including the Mysore region.
• Their capital was initially Kolar and later shifted to Talakad on the banks of the river Kaveri.
• The Western Gangas played a significant role in the political and cultural development of South India.

Incorrect Statements

The Western Ganga dynasty did not rule over Andhradesa.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Andhradesa refers to the region corresponding to present-day Andhra Pradesh, which was historically ruled by dynasties such as the Satavahanas, Eastern Chalukyas, and Kakatiyas.

The Western Ganga dynasty did not rule over Konganadu.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Konganadu was part of Tamil Nadu, ruled by the Cheras and later by the Cholas, rather than the Western Gangas.

The Western Ganga dynasty did not rule over Mayilai Kshetra.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Mayilai Kshetra refers to the Mylapore region near Chennai, which was historically significant but not part of the Western Ganga territories.

Hence, Statement 3 is correct, and Statements 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Western Ganga Dynasty:

• The Western Gangas were known for their contribution to Jainism, temple architecture, and inscriptions in Kannada and Sanskrit.
• They built significant temples, including the Gomateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola.

Talakad:

• Talakad was the political and cultural center of the Western Ganga dynasty.
• The site is known for its temples and is now a popular archaeological and pilgrimage destination.

Q96: Read the following passage and answer the Questions
The Kuka Movement was probably founded in the Western Punjab by Bhagat Jawhar Mal, generally known as Sian Sahib, in the forties of the nineteenth century, shortly before the British conquest of the Punjab. It aim was to purify the Sikh religion by removing the abuses and superstitions that had crept into it, such as caste distinctions, rigours imposed upon widows like those among the Hindus, and the worship of idols, tombs and ascetics. 

Ram Singh, a Kuka leader had served in the army of which Sikh ruler? 

(a) Dileep Singh

(b) Mulraj Singh

(c) Nao Nihal Singh

(d) Dhayan Singh

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Nao Nihal Singh'.

Ram Singh served in the army of Nao Nihal Singh.

• This statement is correct.
• Nao Nihal Singh was the son of Maharaja Kharak Singh and a prominent ruler of the Sikh Empire.
• Ram Singh, who later led the Kuka movement, served under Nao Nihal Singh during his reign.
• Ram Singh's experiences in the Sikh military likely influenced his leadership in the Kuka movement.

Incorrect Statements

Ram Singh did not serve in the army of Dileep Singh.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Dileep Singh was the last ruler of the Sikh Empire but came to the throne as a child, and Ram Singh was not associated with his administration or military.

Ram Singh did not serve in the army of Mulraj Singh.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Mulraj Singh was the governor of Multan, not a ruler of the Sikh Empire.

Ram Singh did not serve in the army of Dhayan Singh.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Dhayan Singh was a prime minister in the Sikh Empire, not a ruler.

Hence, Statement 3 is correct, and Statements 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Kuka Movement:

• The Kuka movement was founded by Balak Singh and led by Ram Singh.
• It focused on religious and social reform within Sikhism and later became a movement of resistance against British colonial rule.

Nao Nihal Singh:

• Nao Nihal Singh ruled for a brief period after the death of his father, Maharaja Kharak Singh.
• He was known for his military acumen and efforts to consolidate the Sikh Empire before his untimely death in 1840.

Q97: Read the following passage and answer the Questions
 The Kuka Movement was probably founded in the Western Punjab by Bhagat Jawhar Mal, generally known as Sian Sahib, in the forties of the nineteenth century, shortly before the British conquest of the Punjab. It aim was to purify the Sikh religion by removing the abuses and superstitions that had crept into it, such as caste distinctions, rigours imposed upon widows like those among the Hindus, and the worship of idols, tombs and ascetics. 

Which is NOT part of the tenets of the Kuka movement? 

(a) The abolition of caste

(b) Abstinence from meat

(c) Abstinence from liquors and drugs

(d) Putting restrictions upon intercaste marriage

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Putting restrictions upon intercaste marriage'.

The abolition of caste was a tenet of the Kuka movement.

• This statement is correct.
• The Kuka movement, also known as the Namdhari movement, strongly opposed the caste system and promoted equality among all followers.
• It sought to create a society where caste distinctions were eradicated, aligning with its reformist ideals.

Abstinence from meat was a tenet of the Kuka movement.

• This statement is correct.
• The Kukas emphasized strict vegetarianism as part of their religious discipline, reflecting their commitment to non-violence and purity.

Abstinence from liquors and drugs was a tenet of the Kuka movement.

• This statement is correct.
• The movement advocated a lifestyle free from intoxicants such as liquor and drugs, promoting moral and spiritual discipline among its followers.

Incorrect Statements

Putting restrictions upon intercaste marriage was NOT a tenet of the Kuka movement.

• This statement is incorrect.
• The Kuka movement aimed to abolish caste distinctions and foster equality, making intercaste marriage an acceptable practice.
• Restrictions on intercaste marriage would have contradicted the movement's progressive and egalitarian principles.

Hence, Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct, and Statement 4 is incorrect.

Other Related Points

Kuka Movement:

• The Kuka movement, initiated by Balak Singh and popularized by Ram Singh, was a 19th-century Sikh reformist movement.
• It emphasized simplicity, moral discipline, and adherence to Sikh principles while opposing social evils like caste discrimination and substance abuse.
• It later became a platform for political resistance against British colonial rule.

Namdhari Sikhs:

• The Namdhari sect emerged from the Kuka movement and continues to follow its reformist and spiritual teachings.
• They are known for their distinct white turbans and strict adherence to vegetarianism and non-violence.

Q98: Read the following passage and answer the Questions
 The Kuka Movement was probably founded in the Western Punjab by Bhagat Jawhar Mal, generally known as Sian Sahib, in the forties of the nineteenth century, shortly before the British conquest of the Punjab. It aim was to purify the Sikh religion by removing the abuses and superstitions that had crept into it, such as caste distinctions, rigours imposed upon widows like those among the Hindus, and the worship of idols, tombs and ascetics. 

Who is a prominent disciple of the founder of Kuka Movement, Bhagat Jawahar Mal? 

(a) Balak Singh

(b) Dudu Panth

(c) Mulraj Singh

(d) Dhyan Singh

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Balak Singh'.

Balak Singh was a prominent disciple of Bhagat Jawahar Mal, the founder of the Kuka movement.

• This statement is correct.
• Balak Singh succeeded Bhagat Jawahar Mal as the leader of the Kuka movement and expanded its reach.
• He emphasized spiritual teachings, social reforms, and adherence to Sikh principles, laying the foundation for the movement's later developments under Ram Singh.

Incorrect Statements

Dudu Panth was not a disciple of Bhagat Jawahar Mal.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Dudu Panth refers to a sect within the Nirguna tradition of Bhakti and is not connected to the Kuka movement or its founders.

Mulraj Singh was not a disciple of Bhagat Jawahar Mal.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Mulraj Singh was the governor of Multan and played a role in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, unrelated to the Kuka movement.

Dhyan Singh was not a disciple of Bhagat Jawahar Mal.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Dhyan Singh was a prime minister in the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and had no association with the Kuka movement.

Hence, Statement 1 is correct, and Statements 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Kuka Movement:

• Bhagat Jawahar Mal, also known as Sian Sahib, founded the Kuka movement to revive Sikh practices and promote spiritual and social reform.
• Balak Singh, his disciple, played a pivotal role in spreading the teachings and later laid the groundwork for Ram Singh's leadership.

Significance of the Kuka Movement:

• The movement emphasized purity in religious practices, rejection of caste distinctions, and non-violence.
• It later transformed into a resistance movement against British colonial rule.

Q99: Read the following passage and answer the Questions
 The Kuka Movement was probably founded in the Western Punjab by Bhagat Jawhar Mal, generally known as Sian Sahib, in the forties of the nineteenth century, shortly before the British conquest of the Punjab. It aim was to purify the Sikh religion by removing the abuses and superstitions that had crept into it, such as caste distinctions, rigours imposed upon widows like those among the Hindus, and the worship of idols, tombs and ascetics. 

The Kuka followers tied their turbans in a peculiar fashion which was called as : 

(a) Sudh-Pushta Pag

(b) Sidhpag

(c) Ridhi-Sidhi Pag

(d) Panth Pag

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Sidhpag'.

The Kuka followers tied their turbans in a peculiar fashion called Sidhpag.

• This statement is correct.
• The Sidhpag was a distinct style of turban that symbolized the unique identity of the Kuka movement's followers.
• It was an outward representation of their commitment to the movement's spiritual and reformist principles.
• Such symbols were important in fostering a sense of unity and distinctiveness among the followers.

Incorrect Statements

Sudh-Pushta Pag was not associated with the Kuka movement.

• This statement is incorrect.
• There is no record of Sudh-Pushta Pag being related to any specific Sikh reformist movement.

Ridhi-Sidhi Pag was not the turban style of Kuka followers.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Ridhi-Sidhi Pag does not correspond to any known symbolism within the Kuka movement.

Panth Pag is not the name of the Kuka turban style.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Panth Pag is not documented as a term connected to the Kuka movement's traditions.

Hence, Statement 2 is correct, and Statements 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Kuka Movement:

• The Kuka movement, also known as the Namdhari movement, emerged in the 19th century under the leadership of Bhagat Jawahar Mal and later Ram Singh.
• It emphasized simplicity, spiritual discipline, and rejection of social evils like caste discrimination and substance abuse.

Significance of Sidhpag:

• The Sidhpag became an important identifier for the Kuka followers, helping them maintain a distinct identity within the broader Sikh community.

Q100: Read the following passage and answer the Questions
 The Kuka Movement was probably founded in the Western Punjab by Bhagat Jawhar Mal, generally known as Sian Sahib, in the forties of the nineteenth century, shortly before the British conquest of the Punjab. It aim was to purify the Sikh religion by removing the abuses and superstitions that had crept into it, such as caste distinctions, rigours imposed upon widows like those among the Hindus, and the worship of idols, tombs and ascetics. 

Ram Singh a prominent leader of Kuka movement, declared himself as the incarnation of which Sikh Guru ? 

(a) Guru Gobind Singh

(b) Guru Tegh Bahadur

(c) Guru Angad

(d) Guru Arjun Dev

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 'Guru Govind Singh'.

Ram Singh, a prominent leader of the Kuka movement, declared himself as the incarnation of Guru Govind Singh.

• This statement is correct.
• Ram Singh regarded Guru Govind Singh as his spiritual inspiration and positioned himself as a continuation of Guru Govind Singh’s legacy.
• This declaration was aimed at reviving Sikh ideals and mobilizing followers around the principles of the Khalsa Panth.
• It also reflected his effort to rejuvenate Sikhism and create a distinct identity for the Kuka movement.

Incorrect Statements

Ram Singh did not declare himself as the incarnation of Guru Tegh Bahadur.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth Sikh Guru and a martyr for the cause of religious freedom, but there is no historical evidence linking Ram Singh to such a claim.

Ram Singh did not declare himself as the incarnation of Guru Angad.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Guru Angad, the second Sikh Guru, is revered for institutionalizing the Gurmukhi script, but Ram Singh did not associate his identity with this Guru.

Ram Singh did not declare himself as the incarnation of Guru Arjun Dev.

• This statement is incorrect.
• Guru Arjun Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, is remembered for compiling the Adi Granth, but there is no evidence that Ram Singh made such a claim.

Hence, Statement 1 is correct, and Statements 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

Other Related Points

Kuka Movement:

• The movement was a revivalist and reformist movement within Sikhism, initiated by Bhagat Jawahar Mal and later led by Ram Singh.
• It emphasized non-violence, simplicity, and strict adherence to Sikh principles, alongside a rejection of caste and superstitious practices.

Guru Govind Singh’s Legacy:

• Guru Govind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, established the Khalsa Panth in 1699 to uphold justice and righteousness.
• His teachings greatly inspired reformist leaders like Ram Singh to strive for the revival of Sikh ideals and to challenge colonial rule.