UGC NET Paper 2: History 29th August 2024 Shift 2 | UGC NET Past Year Papers PDF Download

Q1: Which of the following statements are correct for Mahayana or Great Vehicle? 

A. The Universe of the Great Vehicle contains numerous Bodhisattvas.

B. Avalokiteshvara is the divine Buddha.

C. Bodhisattva is not only a spirit of compassion but also of suffering.

D. Each being must be a lamp into himself and work out his own salvation.

E. The idea of transference of merit is a special features of this school.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, D and E only

(b) A, B and D only

(c) C, D and E only

(d) A, C and E only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - A, C, and E only

The Universe of the Great Vehicle contains numerous Bodhisattvas (Statement A)

• Mahayana Buddhism is characterized by the belief in numerous Bodhisattvas who are enlightened beings helping others to achieve enlightenment.
• These Bodhisattvas play a central role in the Mahayana cosmology and spiritual practice.

Bodhisattva is not only a spirit of compassion but also of suffering (Statement C)

• In Mahayana Buddhism, a Bodhisattva embodies the ideals of compassion and selflessness.
• They willingly endure suffering to aid all sentient beings in achieving enlightenment.

The idea of transference of merit is a special feature of this school (Statement E)

• The concept of transferring merit, where a Bodhisattva can transfer their accumulated merit to others, is distinctive to Mahayana Buddhism.
• This practice underscores the altruistic nature of the Bodhisattva's path.

Other Related Points

Avalokiteshvara is the divine Buddha (Statement B)

• Avalokiteshvara is actually a Bodhisattva, not a Buddha. He is known for his compassion and is one of the most revered figures in Mahayana Buddhism.

Each being must be a lamp into himself and work out his own salvation (Statement D)

• This statement is more aligned with Theravada Buddhism, which emphasizes individual enlightenment and self-effort.
• Mahayana Buddhism, on the other hand, emphasizes the role of Bodhisattvas in assisting others to achieve enlightenment.

Q2: Urdu Poetry has been responsive to all stages of national historical development. Which of the following poets, embodied the national aspirations in the poems? 

A. Brij Narain Chakbast

B. Durga Sahai Suroor

C. Hasrat Mohani

D. Muhammad Ali Jauhar

E. Mir Hasan

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C and D only

(b) B, C, D and E only

(c) C, D and E only

(d) A and B only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C and D only

Brij Narain Chakbast

• He was a prominent Urdu poet who expressed nationalistic sentiments through his poetry.
• Chakbast's poetry often reflected themes of patriotism and the struggle for India's freedom.

Durga Sahai Suroor

• He was another Urdu poet known for his nationalistic poetry.
• Suroor's work often focused on themes of social reform and national unity.

Hasrat Mohani

• A well-known freedom fighter and Urdu poet, Mohani's poetry was infused with nationalistic fervor.
• He coined the famous slogan "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long live the revolution).

Md. Ali Jauhar

• He was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and an influential Urdu poet.
• Jauhar used his poetry and writings to inspire and mobilize people against British colonial rule.

Other Related Points

Mir Hasan

• He was an 18th-century Urdu and Persian poet known for his classic works like "Sahar-ul-Bayan".
• While Mir Hasan's poetry was highly regarded, it did not significantly focus on national aspirations or the independence movement.

Q3: Which out of the following are emphasized by Postmodernism? 

A. Multidimensionality

B. Fragmentation

C. Discontinuity

D. Indeterminacy

E. Ephemerality

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C and D only

(b) B, C, D and E only

(c) A, B, C, D, E

(d) B, C and D only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

Postmodernism

• Multidimensionality: Postmodernism emphasizes the complexity and multiple layers of reality, rejecting the simplistic, one-dimensional views often found in modernist thinking.
• Fragmentation: Postmodernism often highlights the broken, disjointed, and fragmented nature of contemporary life and experience, rather than a cohesive, unified whole.
• Discontinuity: Postmodernist perspectives often stress breaks, interruptions, and discontinuities in narratives and structures, opposing the seamless continuity promoted by modernism.
• Indeterminacy: This concept involves the idea that meanings and interpretations are not fixed but rather fluid and uncertain, reflecting the unpredictable nature of reality in postmodern thought.
• Ephemerality: Postmodernism frequently underscores the transient, fleeting, and temporary aspects of culture and existence, rather than enduring or permanent states.

Other Related Points

Postmodernism Overview:

• Postmodernism emerged as a reaction against the principles and practices of modernism, which emphasized order, rationality, and universal truths.
• It is characterized by skepticism toward grand narratives and ideologies that claim to provide comprehensive explanations of historical events and cultural phenomena.
• Postmodernism often involves pastiche, parody, and a mix of high and low culture, resisting rigid boundaries and categories.

Other Key Concepts in Postmodernism:

• Hyperreality: The blurring of reality and fiction, where simulations or representations of reality become more real than reality itself.
• Intertextuality: The relationship between texts and how they reference or echo each other, creating a web of meanings.
• Decentering: The idea that there is no central, dominant perspective or truth, but rather multiple viewpoints and interpretations.

Q4: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

(b) A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II

(c) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Option 4

Rajendralal Mitra - Nationalist School

• Rajendralal Mitra was an eminent Indian scholar and historian.
• He is associated with the Nationalist School of historiography, which aimed to interpret Indian history from an indigenous perspective.
• His works emphasized the rich cultural and historical heritage of India.

Susobhan Sarkar - Marxist School

• Susobhan Sarkar was a prominent historian who adopted a Marxist approach to Indian history.
• The Marxist School focuses on the socio-economic factors and class struggles that shaped historical events.
• Sarkar's works often analyzed the impact of colonialism and the development of capitalist structures in India.

David Hardiman - Subaltern School

• David Hardiman is a well-known historian associated with the Subaltern Studies group.
• The Subaltern School seeks to highlight the perspectives and experiences of marginalized groups in history.
• Hardiman's research often focuses on the role of peasants and tribal communities in Indian history.

Robert Orme - Colonialist School

• Robert Orme was a British historian who wrote extensively on Indian history during the colonial period.
• The Colonialist School often portrayed colonial rule as beneficial for India and emphasized the civilizing mission of the British.
• Orme's works reflected the colonial mindset and justified British dominance in India.

Other Related Points

Nationalist School

• This school of thought emerged in response to the colonial narrative and aimed to foster national pride.
• It often highlighted India's ancient civilization and contributions to world culture.

Marxist School

• This school interprets history through the lens of class struggle and economic factors.
• It is heavily influenced by the works of Karl Marx and focuses on the material conditions of societies.

Subaltern School

• Founded by Ranajit Guha, this school emphasizes the role of the marginalized and oppressed in history.
• It aims to provide an alternative narrative to elite-centric historical accounts.

Colonialist School

• This school is often criticized for its Eurocentric views and justification of colonial rule.
• It portrays colonial rulers as bringing progress and civilization to the colonized regions.

Q5: Arrange the following Samskaras in the prescribed chronological order of their performance: 

A. Simantonnayana

B. Annaprashana

C. Cudakarma

D. Nishkramana

E. Garbhadhana

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) E, A, D, B, C

(b) A, D, B, C, E

(c) E, D, A, C, B

(d) E, A, B, D, C

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - E, A, D, B, C

Garbhadhana (E)

• Garbhadhana is the first Samskara, which signifies the conception or the act of impregnating. This is performed before conception to ensure the birth of a healthy and virtuous child.

Simantonnayana (A)

• Simantonnayana is the ritual performed during the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy to ensure the well-being of both mother and child.

Nishkramana (D)

• Nishkramana is the ritual of taking the child out of the house for the first time, usually performed in the fourth month after birth.

Annaprashana (B)

• Annaprashana is the ceremony of introducing solid food (usually rice) to the child, generally performed in the sixth month after birth.

Cudakarma (C)

• Cudakarma, or the first haircut, is usually performed in the first or third year of the child's life.

Other Related Points

Explanation of Incorrect Options:

• Other options do not follow the correct chronological order of the Samskaras.
• The correct sequence is significant because each Samskara is performed at a specific stage of life, ensuring the physical, mental, and spiritual well-being of the individual.

Q6: Whose book 'Kali the Mother' influenced the great artist Abanindranath Tagore to create the painting 'Bharat Mata' ? 

(a) Sister Nivedita

(b) Sarojini Naidu

(c) Pandita Ramabai

(d) Bankim Chandra Chatterji

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Sister Nivedita

Sister Nivedita

• Sister Nivedita, originally named Margaret Elizabeth Noble, was a disciple of Swami Vivekananda.
• She was deeply influenced by Indian spirituality and culture and became an ardent supporter of Indian nationalism.
• Her book "Kali the Mother" played a significant role in inspiring the Indian nationalist movement.
• The book deeply influenced Abanindranath Tagore, who was inspired to create the iconic painting "Bharat Mata" symbolizing India as a nurturing mother.

Other Related Points

Sarojini Naidu

• Known as the "Nightingale of India," she was a prominent Indian independence activist and poet.
• She played a crucial role in the Civil Disobedience Movement and was also the first woman to become the president of the Indian National Congress.

Pandita Ramabai

• A social reformer and activist for women's rights in India.
• She was a key figure in advocating for women's education and emancipation in the 19th century.

Bankim Chandra Chatterji

• A renowned Bengali writer and poet.
• He is best known for his novel "Anandamath," which includes the famous song "Vande Mataram," a patriotic hymn that became a rallying cry for Indian independence.

Q7: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

(b) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

(c) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

(d) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

Akshapatala - Record - cum - audit officer

• Akshapatala was responsible for maintaining records and conducting audits.
• This role was crucial for ensuring transparency and accountability in financial matters.

Rupadarshaka - Inspector of coins

• Rupadarshaka's role was to inspect and verify the authenticity of coins.
• This function helped in preventing counterfeiting and maintaining the integrity of the currency.

Pautasadhyaksha - Superintendent of weights and measures

• Pautasadhyaksha was in charge of overseeing the standardization of weights and measures.
• This ensured fair trade practices and consistency in measurements across different regions.

Samaharta - Finance - home minister

• Samaharta was a high-ranking official responsible for financial administration and home affairs.
• This role involved managing the state's finances, including revenue collection and expenditure.

Other Related Points

Understanding the roles:

• Finance - home minister (Samaharta): This role combined the responsibilities of managing the state's finances and internal administration.
• Inspector of coins (Rupadarshaka): This role was vital for maintaining the purity and weight of the currency in circulation.
• Superintendent of weights and measures (Pautasadhyaksha): This role ensured that all trade and commercial activities adhered to standardized measurements.
• Record - cum - audit officer (Akshapatala): This role was crucial for auditing financial records and maintaining accurate accounts.

Q8: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

(b) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

(c) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

(d) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki (A - IV)

• Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki was a prominent Sufi saint of the Chishti Order in India.
• His centre of activity was in Delhi, where he greatly influenced the local populace.
• He was a disciple and successor of Moinuddin Chishti, the founder of the Chishti Order in India.

Baba Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar (B - I)

• Baba Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar, also known as Baba Farid, was a revered Sufi saint of the Chishti Order.
• His centre of activity was Ajodhan, which is now known as Pakpattan in Pakistan.
• Baba Farid is well-known for his poetry and spiritual teachings.

Shaikh Jamaluddin (C - II)

• Shaikh Jamaluddin was a notable Sufi saint whose centre of activity was at Devatalla.
• His contributions to Sufism and spiritual teachings are recognized in the region.

Moinuddin Chishti (D - III)

• Moinuddin Chishti, also known as Khwaja Garib Nawaz, was the founder of the Chishti Order in India.
• His centre of activity was Ajmer, where his dargah (shrine) is located and is a significant place of pilgrimage.
• He is known for his message of love, tolerance, and openness to all regardless of faith.

Other Related Points

Chishti Order

• The Chishti Order is one of the oldest and most famous Sufi orders in India. It emphasizes love, tolerance, and openness, and it played a significant role in spreading Islam in the Indian subcontinent.
• Prominent figures of this order, like Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki and Muinuddin Chisti, have greatly influenced Indian culture and spirituality.

Sufism in India

• Sufism has had a profound impact on Indian society, blending elements of local culture with Islamic mysticism.
• Sufi saints are often revered by people of different faiths due to their message of universal love and brotherhood.
• Many Sufi shrines in India are important pilgrimage sites attracting visitors from across the country and abroad.

Q9: Arrange the following events in the chronological order: 

A. Annie Besant published the 'New India'.

B. A Provisional Government of India established in Kabul.

C. Banaras Hindu University established.

D. Sir J.C. Bose founds the Bose Research Institute.

E. The first all India Depressed Classes Conference held.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, A, E, C, D

(b) B, A, C, E, D

(c) A, B, C, D, E

(d) A, B, D, C, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

Annie Besant published the 'New India' (A)

• Annie Besant was a prominent British socialist, theosophist, and supporter of Indian self-rule.
• She published the newspaper 'New India' in 1914 to promote Home Rule for India.

A Provisional Government of India established in Kabul (B)

• This government-in-exile was established by Mahendra Pratap and others in 1915 during World War I.
• It aimed to gain international support for Indian independence from British rule.

Benaras Hindu University established (C)

• Founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya in 1916, it is one of the largest residential universities in Asia.
• The university played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.

Sir J.C. Bose founds the Bose Research Institute (D)

• Jagadish Chandra Bose, a pioneering Indian scientist, founded the institute in 1917 in Calcutta.
• The institute focused on research in physics, biology, and other sciences.

The first all India Depressed Classes Conference held (E)

• This conference took place in 1918 under the leadership of social reformers like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
• It was a significant event in the movement for the rights of the Dalits (Depressed Classes).

Other Related Points

New India

• It was a newspaper used by Annie Besant to advocate for Indian self-rule and democratic rights.

Provisional Government of India in Kabul

• This was an effort by Indian revolutionaries to seek support from foreign powers against British colonial rule.

Benaras Hindu University (BHU)

• BHU is a central university in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, and is known for its diverse academic programs.

Bose Research Institute

• Now known as the Bose Institute, it remains a leading research institute in India.

Depressed Classes Conference

• This conference was a milestone in the Dalit movement in India, advocating for social justice and equality.

Q10: Which Mughal artist founded the Kishangarh school of painting? 

(a) Nainsukh

(b) Nihal Chand

(c) Bhawani Das

(d) Pandit Setu

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Bhawani Das

Bhawani Das

• Bhawani Das was a prominent Mughal artist known for his work in the 18th century.
• He is credited with founding the Kishangarh school of painting, which is renowned for its distinctive style and themes.
• The Kishangarh school is famous for its ethereal depiction of Radha and Krishna, particularly the iconic painting "Bani Thani."
• This school of painting is characterized by elongated facial features, almond-shaped eyes, and a dreamlike quality.

Other Related Points

Nainsukh

• Nainsukh was a renowned Pahari painter from the region of Guler in Himachal Pradesh.
• He is celebrated for his naturalistic style and detailed portrayal of court life and nature.

Nihal Chand

• Nihal Chand was a distinguished artist associated with the Kishangarh school of painting but not its founder.
• He is best known for his depiction of Radha and Krishna in the painting "Bani Thani," often referred to as the "Mona Lisa of India."

Pandit Setu

• Pandit Setu was another Mughal artist, but there is limited information about his contributions to specific painting schools.
• His work did not lead to the establishment of a distinctive school like the Kishangarh school of painting.

Q11: Khud - Kasht peasants in Rajasthan were know as: 

(a) Mirasi

(b) Thalwahik

(c) Gaveti

(d) Chaudhari

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Gaveti

Gaveti

• In Rajasthan, the term "Khud-Kasht" refers to peasants who cultivated their own land.
• These peasants were locally known as "Gaveti".
• The term "Gaveti" denotes self-cultivating farmers who did not rely on hired labor.
• This system was prevalent in various regions of Rajasthan, where peasants managed and worked on their own plots of land.

Other Related Points

Mirasi

• Mirasi is a term used for a community known for their role as traditional genealogists, musicians, and bards.
• They are not directly related to the Khud-Kasht peasant system.

Thalwahik

• The term "Thalwahik" is not commonly associated with the agricultural practices or peasant systems in Rajasthan.
• There is limited historical documentation or usage of this term in the context of Rajasthan's agrarian society.

Chaudhari

• Chaudhari was a title often used for village headmen or landlords in various parts of India, including Rajasthan.
• While they played a role in village administration and land management, they were not synonymous with Khud-Kasht peasants.

Q12: In 1861, Robert Knight merged the three newspaper to form Times of India in Bombay. The newspapers were: 

(a) Bombay Herald, Bombay Chronicle and Bombay Times

(b) Bombay Herald, Bombay Samachar and Bombay Telegraph

(c) Bombay Times, Bombay Standard and Bombay Telegraph

(d) Bombay Chronicle, Bombay Samachar and Bombay Standard

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Bombay Times, Bombay Standard and Bombay Telegraph

Robert Knight and the Times of India

• In 1861, Robert Knight played a pivotal role in the history of Indian journalism by merging three significant newspapers in Bombay.
• The three newspapers he merged were Bombay Times, Bombay Standard, and Bombay Telegraph.
• This merger resulted in the formation of the Times of India, which has since become one of the most prominent newspapers in India.

Other Related Points

Bombay Herald

• The Bombay Herald was one of the earliest newspapers in Bombay but was not part of the merger that formed the Times of India.

Bombay Chronicle

• The Bombay Chronicle was a significant newspaper during the Indian independence movement but was not involved in the 1861 merger.

Bombay Samachar

• Bombay Samachar is one of the oldest continuously published newspapers in India, established in 1822, but was not part of the merger.

Q13: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

(b) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

Arnold Toynbee - Study of History

• Arnold Toynbee was a British historian best known for his 12-volume series, "A Study of History," which covers the rise and fall of civilizations.
• His work analyzed the development and decline of 26 civilizations in a comparative way.
• He argued that societies develop through challenges and responses, focusing on the cyclical nature of history.

Oswald Spengler - The Decline of the West

• Oswald Spengler was a German historian and philosopher known for his work "The Decline of the West" ("Der Untergang des Abendlandes").
• The book presents a cyclic theory of the rise and fall of civilizations, comparing the life cycle of cultures to living organisms.
• Spengler's work had a significant impact on the philosophy of history and cultural studies.

R.G. Collingwood - The Idea of Nature

• R.G. Collingwood was an English philosopher and historian known for his works on philosophy of history and the philosophy of art.
• "The Idea of Nature" is one of his notable works, exploring the concept of nature from ancient to modern times.
• Collingwood's work emphasizes the importance of historical context in understanding philosophical ideas.

Jacob Burckhardt - Der Cicerone

• Jacob Burckhardt was a Swiss historian of art and culture known for his contributions to the cultural history of the Renaissance.
• "Der Cicerone" is one of his early works, which serves as a guide to the art treasures of Italy.
• Burckhardt's approach combined art history with cultural history, emphasizing the importance of art in understanding historical contexts.

Other Related Points

Arnold Toynbee

• Toynbee's work has been influential in the fields of history, sociology, and international relations.
• He introduced the concept of "challenge and response" as a way to understand the dynamics of historical development.

Oswald Spengler

• Spengler's pessimistic view of Western civilization's decline had a significant impact on European intellectual thought in the early 20th century.
• His theories have been both highly influential and controversial.

R.G. Collingwood

• Collingwood's other major works include "The Principles of Art" and "The Idea of History."
• He argued that historical knowledge is different from scientific knowledge because it involves the re-enactment of past thought.

Jacob Burckhardt

• Burckhardt's "The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" is another seminal work that explores the cultural and social history of the Renaissance period.
• His work laid the foundation for modern cultural history and art history.

Q14: Arrange the following historians in the chronological order according to their year of birth: 

A. S.K. Aiyangar

B. Radha Kumud Mookerji

C. K.P. Jayaswal

D. H.C. Raychaudhuri

E. Jadunath Sarkar

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) E, A, B, C, D

(b) B, E, A, C, D

(c) A, E, B, D, C

(d) B, E, C, D, A

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - E, A, B, C, D

Jadunath Sarkar (1870-1958)

• Born in 1870, Jadunath Sarkar was one of the earliest historians listed.
• He is renowned for his extensive research on Mughal history, particularly the reign of Aurangzeb.
• He authored significant works such as "History of Aurangzib" and "Fall of the Mughal Empire".

S.K. Aiyangar (1871-1946)

• Born in 1871, he closely follows Jadunath Sarkar in chronological order.
• He was a prominent historian of South India and focused on the history of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• His notable works include "Ancient India" and "South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders".

Radha Kumud Mookerji (1884-1964)

• Born in 1884, he was a distinguished historian of ancient Indian history and culture.
• His key works include "Indian Shipping" and "Chandragupta Maurya and His Times".

K.P. Jayaswal (1881-1937)

• Born in 1881, he was a historian and lawyer known for his research in Indian antiquities and medieval history.
• His famous works include "Hindu Polity" and "History of India".

H.C. Raychaudhari (1892-1957)

• Born in 1892, he is the most recent historian among those listed.
• He was a prominent historian of ancient India, known for his detailed works on Indian chronology and history.
• His notable works include "Political History of Ancient India" and "Materials for the Study of the Early History of the Vaishnava Sect".

Other Related Points

Other Options Overview

• **Option B, E, A, C, D**: Incorrect because it places Radha Kumud Mookerji before Jadunath Sarkar, which is not accurate.
• **Option A, E, B, D, C**: Incorrect because it places H.C. Raychaudhari before K.P. Jayaswal, which is not accurate.
• **Option B, E, C, D, A**: Incorrect because it places S.K. Aiyangar last, which is not accurate.

Q15: The principal source for the Arab invasion of Sind in the early eighth century is: 

(a) Futuh al - Buldan

(b) Jawami al - Hikayat

(c) Chach - Nama

(d) Tabaqat - i Nasiri

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Chach-Nama

Chach-Nama

• Chach-Nama, also known as the "Fateh nama Sindh," is the main historical source for the Arab invasion of Sind in the early eighth century.
• This text provides a detailed account of the conquest of Sind by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 AD.
• The Chach-Nama was originally written in Arabic and later translated into Persian by Ali Kufi in the 13th century.
• It chronicles the history of the region before and after the Arab invasion, focusing on the rule of the local Hindu king, Raja Dahir, and the subsequent Arab administration.

Other Related Points

Futuh al-Buldan

• Futuh al-Buldan, written by Al-Baladhuri, is a historical account that documents the early Islamic conquests of various regions, including parts of the Byzantine and Sassanian empires.
• While it does mention the invasion of Sind, it is not the primary source for detailed information about the event.

Jawami al-Hikayat

• Jawami al-Hikayat is a collection of anecdotes and narratives compiled by Muhammad Aufi in the early 13th century.
• This work is more focused on various historical, moral, and literary tales rather than a specific historical account of the Arab invasion of Sind.

Tabaqat-i Nasiri

• Tabaqat-i Nasiri, written by Minhaj-i-Siraj, is a comprehensive history of the Islamic world, particularly focusing on the Delhi Sultanate.
• It provides valuable information on the early Muslim rulers in India but is not centered on the Arab invasion of Sind.

Q16: Which of the following painters adorned the court of Jahangir? 

A. Bishan Das

B. Muhammad Sultan

C. Aga Reza

D. Muhammad Murad

E. Sayyid Beg

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, C and E only

(b) A, D and E only

(c) B, D and E only

(d) A. C and D only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - A, C and D only

Bishan Das

• He was one of the prominent painters in the court of Jahangir.
• Bishan Das was known for his detailed portraiture and fine brushwork.
• His works include portraits of the Mughal emperors and notable figures of the time.

Aga Reza

• He was a highly esteemed painter at Jahangir's court.
• Aga Reza was originally from Persia and was invited by Jahangir to join his court.
• He significantly influenced Mughal painting with his Persian style.

Muhammad Murad

• Another notable painter who adorned the court of Jahangir.
• He specialized in illustrating manuscripts and creating intricate miniatures.
• His contributions added to the rich tapestry of Mughal art.

Other Related Points

Muhammad Sultan

• There are no significant records of Muhammad Sultan being a court painter during Jahangir's reign.
• His name does not prominently appear in the list of artists associated with the Mughal court.

Sayyid Beg

• Sayyid Beg is not commonly listed among the well-known painters of Jahangir's court.
• His contributions, if any, to Mughal art remain largely undocumented or minor.

Q17: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

(b) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(c) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

(d) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Ayagars - Village servant (II)

• Ayagars were a group of village officials in South India, responsible for various administrative and communal duties.
• They served the village in diverse roles such as watchmen, messengers, and other supportive functions.
• Their main role was to assist in village administration and to support the headman and other officials.

Karanam - Village accountant (I)

• Karanam (or Karnam) was an important village official responsible for maintaining records of land and collecting taxes.
• They kept detailed accounts of landholdings, crops, and other economic activities within the village.
• Their role was crucial for the local administration, and they often worked closely with the headman.

Reddi - Headman (IV)

• Reddi was the village headman, a position of significant authority and leadership within the village community.
• The headman acted as the chief representative of the village in dealings with higher authorities.
• They were responsible for maintaining law and order, overseeing agricultural activities, and resolving disputes.

Kudimakkal - Tenants (III)

• Kudimakkal referred to the tenant farmers who worked on the land owned by others.
• They were essential to the agricultural economy, providing labor and managing day-to-day farming activities.
• They often paid rent or a share of the produce to the landowners.

Other Related Points

Village Administration

• The village administration in historical India was a well-organized system with various officials performing specialized roles.
• The headman (Reddi) was the central figure, supported by a team of officials like the accountant (Karanam) and the village servants (Ayagars).
• The system ensured efficient management of resources, conflict resolution, and community welfare.

Role of Tenants

• Tenants (Kudimakkal) played a crucial role in the agricultural sector, which was the backbone of the rural economy.
• They were responsible for cultivating the land and contributing to the village's overall productivity.
• Their relationship with landowners was governed by customary practices and often involved complex social dynamics.

Q18: Which of the following are identified with the Nasatyas of the Rigveda? 

(a) Asuras

(b) Mithras

(c) Panis

(d) Ashvins

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Ashvins

Ashvins

• The Ashvins, also known as Nasatyas, are twin Vedic deities associated with medicine, health, and the dawn.
• They are revered in the Rigveda, one of the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism.
• The Ashvins are known to be the divine physicians who restore health and vitality.
• They are often depicted as horsemen, symbolizing swiftness and agility.
• They play a significant role in various Vedic rituals and hymns, invoking their blessings for healing and protection.

Other Related Points

Asuras

• In Vedic literature, Asuras are a group of power-seeking deities often depicted in opposition to the Devas (gods).
• They are not associated with the Nasatyas or Ashvins.

Mithras

• Mithra is a deity from the Vedic tradition, associated with covenants and oaths, and later became prominent in Zoroastrianism.
• Mithra is distinct from the Ashvins and is not identified with the Nasatyas.

Panis

• The Panis are a class of demons or adversaries in the Rigveda, often depicted as hoarders of wealth and cattle.
• They are not connected with the Ashvins or the Nasatyas.

Q19: The representation of Indra and his entourage flying to greet the Buddha in Tushita heaven is found in which of the following Ajanta caves? 

(a) Cave I

(b) Cave XVI

(c) Cave XVII

(d) Cave XIX

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Cave XVII

Cave XVII

• Cave XVII at the Ajanta Caves is renowned for its exquisite paintings and murals.
• One of the famous depictions in Cave XVII is the scene of Indra and his entourage flying to greet the Buddha in Tushita heaven.
• This cave is often referred to as the "Cave of the Heavenly Hosts" because of its numerous depictions of celestial beings.
• The paintings in this cave are a significant representation of the Gupta period's artistic excellence.

Other Related Points

Cave I

• Cave I is known for its stunning sculptures and paintings, including the famous image of Bodhisattva Padmapani.
• It also contains murals depicting the Jataka tales, which are stories of the Buddha's previous lives.

Cave XVI

• Cave XVI features intricate carvings and paintings, including depictions of various Jataka tales and the life of the Buddha.
• It is notable for its architectural design and the detailed artwork on its walls.

Cave XIX

• Cave XIX is a chaitya or prayer hall and is distinguished by its large stupa and richly decorated facade.
• The cave includes several Buddha statues and intricate carvings, but not the specific depiction of Indra greeting the Buddha.

Q20: Arrange the following events chronologically: 

I. Arrival of French Fleet at Surat.

II. Expulsion of the Portuguese from Hugli.

III. Capture of the island of Goa by the Portuguese.

IV. Foundation of the English East India Company.

V. Appointment of Thomas Roe as official ambassador of James 1 to the Mughal Court.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C, D, E, B, A

(b) E, D, B, A, C

(c) C, B, A, D, E

(d) D, E, A, C, B

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - C, D, E, B, A

Capture of the island of Goa by the Portuguese (C)

• This event occurred in 1510 when the Portuguese, under the leadership of Afonso de Albuquerque, seized Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur.
• The capture of Goa marked the beginning of Portuguese colonial rule in India.

Foundation of the English East India Company (D)

• The English East India Company was founded in 1600 through a royal charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I.
• This establishment played a crucial role in the British colonization of India.

Appointment of Thomas Roe as official ambassador of James I to the Mughal Court (E)

• In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was appointed as the ambassador to the Mughal court by King James I of England.
• His mission was to secure commercial privileges for the English East India Company.

Expulsion of the Portuguese from Hugli (B)

• This event took place in 1632 when the Mughal forces expelled the Portuguese from their settlement in Hugli, Bengal.
• The expulsion was due to Portuguese piracy and their involvement in the slave trade.

Arrival of French Fleet at Surat (A)

• The French fleet arrived at Surat in 1668, marking the beginning of French trade and influence in India.
• This event laid the foundation for future French colonial endeavors in India.

Other Related Points

Portuguese Colonial Rule in India

• The Portuguese were the first European colonial power to establish a presence in India, starting with Vasco da Gama's arrival in 1498.
• They established several colonies, including Goa, Daman, and Diu, which remained under their control for centuries.

French Influence in India

• The French established trading posts in several parts of India, including Pondicherry, Chandernagore, and Mahe.
• Their influence peaked in the 18th century but waned after their defeat by the British in the Carnatic Wars.

English East India Company's Expansion

• The English East India Company gradually expanded its control over India through trade, diplomacy, and military conquest.
• By the mid-19th century, the company had become the de facto ruler of large parts of India, laying the foundation for the British Raj.

Q21: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II

(b) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

(d) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

Anand Math (1952) - Hemen Gupta

• Hemen Gupta directed the film "Anand Math" which was released in 1952.
• The film is based on Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's novel of the same name.
• The story revolves around the Sannyasi Rebellion in the late 18th century.

Father India (1930) - RS Choudhry

• RS Choudhry directed "Father India" in 1930.
• The film is one of the earlier works in Indian cinema.

Jai Bharat (1936) - Homi R Wadia

• Homi R Wadia was the director of "Jai Bharat" which came out in 1936.
• Wadia was known for his work in the action and adventure genre in Indian cinema.

Jhansi Ki Rani (1953) - Sohrab Modi

• Sohrab Modi directed the film "Jhansi Ki Rani" in 1953.
• The film is a historical drama based on the life of Rani Lakshmibai, the Queen of Jhansi.

Other Related Points

Hemen Gupta

• Known for his work in Bengali and Hindi cinema.
• Directed other notable films such as "Kabuliwala" (1961).

R.S. Choudhury

• Directed a few films during the early years of Indian cinema.
• Not as widely known as some of his contemporaries but contributed to the growth of Indian film industry.

Homi R Wadia

• One of the founders of Wadia Movietone, a major film production company.
• Known for directing action-packed films and stunt-based movies.

Sohrab Modi

• Renowned for historical and social films.
• Directed other famous films like "Pukar" (1939) and "Sikandar" (1941).

Q22: Match the List-I with List-II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II

(b) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

(c) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Khayl

• Khayl refers to a contingent or a body of troops in a military context.
• This term was used in historical military structures to denote a group of soldiers.

Sar-i-Silahdar

• Sar-i-Silahdar was the chief armour-bearer.
• This position was responsible for the maintenance and management of the armory.

Amir-Hajib

• Amir-Hajib was the military chamberlain.
• This role included managing the palace and the household of the ruler or high-ranking official.

Amir-i-Dad

• Amir-i-Dad was the military justiciar.
• This role included overseeing military justice and discipline within the ranks.

Other Related Points

Military Structure in Historical Contexts

• In historical contexts, military roles were highly specialized, with specific titles and duties assigned to each position.
• The organization of military forces often reflected the political and administrative structures of the time.

Role of Chamberlains and Justiciars

• Chamberlains were responsible for managing the domestic affairs of the ruler's household, including the administration of the palace.
• Justiciars were judicial officers who ensured that laws and military codes were upheld within the army.

Q23: Which of the following sixteenth century chronicler described the sway of the last Sayyid ruler, Ala al - Din Alam Shah, as extending from Delhi to Palam? 

(a) Babur

(b) Ahmad Yadgar

(c) Khidr Khan

(d) Iqbal Khan

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Ahmad Yadgar

Ahmad Yadgar

• Ahmad Yadgar was a sixteenth-century chronicler.
• He is known for his historical work that documented the period of the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties.
• Yadgar described the extent of Ala al-Din Alam Shah's rule, noting that it extended from Delhi to Palam.
• His works provide valuable insights into the political and social conditions of the time.

Other Related Points

Babur

• Founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
• Known for his autobiographical work, the Baburnama.
• His focus was more on his own conquests and the establishment of his empire rather than the history of the Sayyid rulers.

Khidr Khan

• Founder of the Sayyid dynasty.
• He was a ruler, not a chronicler.
• His reign marked the beginning of the Sayyid rule in Delhi, but he did not document the history of his successors.

Iqbal Khan

• Not a known historical chronicler.
• There are no significant records of his contributions to historical documentation during the Sayyid period.

Q24: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

(b) A - IV, B - II, C - III, D - I

(c) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

(d) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Nitisara

• Author: Kamandaka
• Details: Nitisara is a classical treatise on polity and governance. It is known for its comprehensive coverage of statecraft, warfare, and moral behavior.

Nitishastra

• Author: Shukra
• Details: Nitishastra is an ancient Indian text that deals with ethics, governance, and law. It is attributed to the sage Shukra, who is also known for his wisdom and guidance on morality.

Hammira - Mahakavya

• Author: Nayacandra Suri
• Details: Hammira-Mahakavya is an epic poem that tells the story of Hammira, a famous king. It is a significant work in the genre of historical poetry in Indian literature.

Nitivakyamrita

• Author: Somdeva Suri
• Details: Nitivakyamrita is a treatise on ethics and polity. It provides insights into the moral and ethical conduct required for effective governance.

Other Related Points

Kautilya (Chanakya)

• Though not mentioned in the question, Kautilya is a prominent author of the Arthashastra, another key text on statecraft and economics in ancient India.
• The Arthashastra is often compared to Machiavelli's "The Prince" for its detailed and pragmatic approach to governance and politics.

Manu

• Manu is traditionally considered the author of the Manusmriti, an ancient legal text among the many Dharmashastras of Hinduism.
• It deals with laws, ethics, and social responsibilities, providing a comprehensive guide to the conduct of individuals and society.

Bhaskaracharya

• Bhaskaracharya, also known as Bhaskara II, was a renowned mathematician and astronomer.
• His works, such as the "Lilavati" and "Bijaganita," are significant contributions to the fields of mathematics and algebra.

Q25: What type of instrument was dandal? 

(a) Sickle

(b) Spade

(c) Water drawing device

(d) Harrow

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Harrow

Harrow

• A harrow is an agricultural implement used for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil.
• It is commonly used after plowing to refine the soil, making it more suitable for seeding and planting.
• Harrowing helps in removing weeds, covering seeds, and breaking up clods of soil.
• The dandal was a traditional type of harrow used in various agricultural practices.

Other Related Points

Sickle

• A sickle is a hand-held agricultural tool with a curved blade used for harvesting grain crops or cutting grass for hay.
• It is one of the oldest known farming tools and is still used in some regions today.

Spade

• A spade is a tool used for digging, consisting of a flat blade and a long handle.
• It is utilized in various gardening and agricultural tasks, such as turning soil and planting.

Water drawing device

• A water drawing device is used to extract water from sources such as wells, rivers, or ponds.
• Examples include buckets, pumps, and other mechanical or manual methods of water extraction.

Q26: Which of the following statements about Vallabhacharya are correct? 

A. He was an ardent exponent of the Shaiva cult.

B. He was born near Mathura.

C. He was a Telgu Brahmin.

D. He visited the court of Krishnadeva Raya.

E. His monism was known as Shuddhadvaita.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, C and D only

(b) C, D and E only

(c) A, B and D only

(d) A, C and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - C, D and E only

Vallabhacharya

• He was a Telugu Brahmin, which aligns with option C.
• Vallabhacharya visited the court of Krishnadeva Raya, the famous ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, thus supporting option D.
• His philosophical teachings and monism were known as Shuddh-Advaitvad, or "Pure Non-dualism," confirming option E.

Other Related Points

Shaiva Cult

• Vallabhacharya was not associated with the Shaiva cult; he was an ardent exponent of the Vaishnavism tradition.

Mathura

• Vallabhacharya was born in a Telugu Brahmin family in Champaran, not near Mathura.

Q27: The Persian term for hundi as per text Mirat - i - Ahmadi was : 

(a) Sufta

(b) Chalani

(c) Mahmudi

(d) Sarrafi

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Sufta

Sufta

• In the text "Mirat-i-Ahmadi," the term "Sufta" is used to refer to hundi.
• Hundi is a financial instrument that was used in trade and credit transactions in India.
• It served as a bill of exchange, promissory note, or IOU, facilitating transactions and credit across long distances.

Other Related Points

Chalani

• This term does not refer to hundi in the "Mirat-i-Ahmadi" text.
• Chalani can refer to something related to circulation or movement but is not specifically used for hundi.

Mahmudi

• Mahmudi typically refers to a type of currency or coin used in certain parts of India historically.
• It is not associated with hundi in the "Mirat-i-Ahmadi" text.

Sarrafi

• Sarrafi generally refers to the profession of money-changing or banking.
• While related to financial transactions, it is not the term used for hundi in the "Mirat-i-Ahmadi" text.

Q28: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(c) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

(d) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Native Marriage Act, 1872

• Matched with II: The act forbade the marriage of girls below the age of 14 and boys below 18 years.
• This was one of the earliest legislative efforts to regulate child marriages in India.

Age of Consent Act, 1891

• Matched with I: This act forbade the marriage of girls below the age of 12.
• It was significant because it aimed to protect young girls from early marriages and associated health risks.

Sharda Act, 1930

• Matched with IV: This act pushed the marriage age and provided for penal action in marriage of boys under 18 and girls under 14 years of age.
• Also known as the Child Marriage Restraint Act, it was an important step in the fight against child marriage in India.

Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978

• Matched with III: This act raised the age of marriage for girls from 15 to 18 and for boys from 18 to 21.
• The amendment aimed at further curbing the practice of child marriage and ensuring better health and educational outcomes for young individuals.

Other Related Points

Native Marriage Act, 1872

• This act was one of the first attempts to introduce civil marriage in India.
• It was significant in the context of social reforms during the British colonial period.

Age of Consent Act, 1891

• This legislation was a response to the social reform movements and aimed to protect young girls.
• It faced significant opposition but marked a critical step in legal reforms related to marriage.

Sharda Act, 1930

• Named after its sponsor, Harbilas Sarda, a social reformer and politician.
• The act was a result of persistent efforts by social reformers to address the issue of child marriage.

Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978

• This amendment to the Sharda Act was part of broader efforts to modernize Indian laws post-independence.
• It aimed to align legal provisions with contemporary social and health standards.

Q29: Arrange the establishment of Indian Universities in chronological order: 

A. Bombay

B. Punjab

C. Allahabad

D. Patna

E. Delhi

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D, E

(b) A, C, B, D, E

(c) A, C, B, E, D

(d) E, D, C, B, A

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

Establishment of Indian Universities in Chronological Order

Bombay University (1857)

• Founded in 1857, it is one of the oldest universities in India.
• Initially modeled on the University of London.

Punjab University (1882)

• Established in 1882, it is located in Lahore, Pakistan after partition.
• Known for its significant contribution to higher education in the region.

Allahabad University (1887)

• Founded in 1887, it is one of the premier universities in India.
• Known as the "Oxford of the East" for its academic excellence.

Patna University (1917)

• Established in 1917, it is the seventh oldest university in India.
• Known for its rich history and academic contribution in the state of Bihar.

Delhi University (1922)

• Founded in 1922, it has grown to become one of the largest universities in India.
• It is well-known for its diverse academic programs and research initiatives.

Other Related Points

Punjab University

• Although now located in Pakistan, it played a crucial role in the education system of pre-partition India.
• It has several notable alumni who have contributed significantly to various fields.

Delhi University

• It has two main campuses: North Campus and South Campus.
• It offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs.

Patna University

• It was the first university in Bihar and played an essential role in the educational development of the state.
• It offers courses in various disciplines and has a rich tradition of excellence in education.

Q30: Arrange the following events in the chronological order: 

A. The Nawab of Tonk, Muhammad Ali Khan had to resign in favour of his son.

B. The Gaekwad of Baroda was charged with an attempt to poison the British Resident.

C. A British Resident was forced upon the Maharaja of Kashmir.

D. The Maharaja of Kashmir was forced to resign in favour of Council of Regency.

E. The Government of India interfered in the turbulent affairs of Manipur.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D, E

(b) B, A, D, C, E

(c) C, E, D, B, A

(d) E, D, C, B, A

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

A. The Nawab of Tonk, Muhammad Ali Khan had to resign in favour of his son.

• This event took place in 1867 when Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan was succeeded by his son, Nawab Ibrahim Ali Khan.

B. The Gaekwad of Baroda was charged with an attempt to poison the British Resident.

• In 1875, Malhar Rao Gaekwad, the ruler of Baroda, was accused of trying to poison British Resident Colonel Phayre. This led to his deposition.

C. A British Resident was forced upon the Maharaja of Kashmir.

• In 1885, the British imposed a Resident in Kashmir to oversee the administration, reflecting their increasing control over princely states.

D. The Maharaja of Kashmir was forced to resign in favour of Council of Regency.

• In 1889, Maharaja Pratap Singh of Kashmir was compelled to step down in favor of a Council of Regency due to alleged misrule.

E. The Government of India interfered in the turbulent affairs of Manipur.

• In 1891, the British intervened in the internal affairs of Manipur, leading to the Anglo-Manipur War and the subsequent reorganization of its administration.

Q31: Who wrote a thesis titled "The Problem of the Rupee" for the University of London? 

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

(b) M.A. Jinnah

(c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

(d) Tej Bahadur Sapru

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar wrote a thesis titled "The Problem of the Rupee" for the University of London in 1923.
• The thesis was later published as a book under the same title and is considered a seminal work on Indian currency and finance.
• In his thesis, Ambedkar analyzed the monetary policies of British India and proposed the establishment of a central banking institution, which later influenced the creation of the Reserve Bank of India.
• This work highlighted Ambedkar's expertise in economics and his deep understanding of the financial challenges facing India.

Other Related Points

Mahatma Gandhi

• Known as the "Father of the Nation," Gandhi was a key leader in the Indian independence movement and a proponent of non-violent civil disobedience.
• He did not write any thesis on economic issues for the University of London.

M.A. Jinnah

• Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the leader of the All-India Muslim League and played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan.
• Jinnah was a lawyer by profession and did not write any thesis related to "The Problem of the Rupee."

Tej Bahadur Sapru

• Tej Bahadur Sapru was an Indian lawyer and politician who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
• He was known for his legal acumen and was involved in various political negotiations but did not author any thesis on the Indian currency problem.

Q32: Arrange the following in a chronological sequence: 

A. Vernacular Press Act to control seditious vernacular press

B. Age of Consent Act

C. Indian Council Act

D. Morley Minto reforms

E. Partition of Bengal annulled

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C, D, E

(b) A, C, B, D, E

(c) B, C, A, D, E

(d) B, A, C, D, E

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

Vernacular Press Act (1878)

• Enacted by Lord Lytton, the act aimed to curb the freedom of the Indian-language press, especially those publications critical of British policies.
• The act allowed the colonial government to impose strict censorship on the vernacular press without providing the right to appeal.

Indian Councils Act (1892)

• This act was introduced to expand the role of Indians in the governance process by increasing the number of non-official members in the legislative councils.
• It also introduced the concept of indirect elections, though it didn't grant significant powers to the councils.

Age of Consent Act (1891)

• This act raised the age of consent for sexual intercourse for girls from ten to twelve years in all jurisdictions, whether married or unmarried.
• It was a significant step towards social reforms, especially concerning women's rights and child protection.

Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)

• Also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, these reforms aimed to introduce a limited degree of self-governance in British India.
• The reforms expanded the legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for Muslims, laying the foundation for communal representation.

Partition of Bengal Annulled (1911)

• The decision to annul the partition was announced by King George V at the Delhi Durbar in 1911.
• The annulment was in response to widespread protests and the Swadeshi movement, which had severely criticized the 1905 partition.

Q33: Who among the following were teachers of the Ajivika Sect?
 A. Purana Kashyapa 

B. Mallinatha

C. Pakudha Katyayana

D. Neminatha

E. Goshala Maskariputra

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and E only

(b) A, C and E only

(c) B, C, D and E only

(d) A, B, D and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A, C and E only

Ajivika Sect

• The Ajivika sect was an ancient Indian religious movement that existed contemporaneously with Buddhism and Jainism.
• It was founded by Makkhali Gosala (also known as Goshala Maskariputra).
• The Ajivikas believed in fatalism, the idea that everything is predetermined and beyond human control.

Teachers of the Ajivika Sect

Purana Kashyapa

• He was an ancient Indian teacher who is often associated with the Ajivika sect.
• He propagated the doctrine of no cause (Ahetuvada), which denies the efficacy of human actions.

Pakudha Katyayana

• He was another prominent teacher associated with the Ajivika sect.
• Pakudha Katyayana is known for his atomistic theory, suggesting that the soul and matter are composed of eternal and indivisible particles.

Goshala Maskariputra

• He was the founder of the Ajivika sect and a contemporary of Mahavira and Buddha.
• Goshala taught a doctrine of strict determinism, asserting that all events are preordained.

Other Related Points

Mallinatha

• Mallinatha is not associated with the Ajivika sect; rather, he is recognized as one of the Jain Tirthankaras.
• He is considered the 19th Tirthankara in Jainism and is believed to have achieved enlightenment through meditation and self-discipline.

Neminatha

• Neminatha, also known as Arishtanemi, is the 22nd Tirthankara in Jainism.
• He is not related to the Ajivika sect but is significant in Jain religious history.

Q34: Arrange the following eras in the correct chronological order: 

A. Chalukya - Vikrama era

B. Gupta era

C. Kalachuri - Chedi era

D. Kollam era

E. Vikrama era

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) E, B, D, A, C

(b) E, D, C, B,A

(c) E, C, B, D, A

(d) E, B, C, A, D

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: c) E, C, B, D, A

• E. Vikrama era (58 BCE): The oldest of the listed eras, traditionally instituted by King Vikramaditya.
• C. Kalachuri - Chedi era (248/249 CE): Initiated during the rise of the Kalachuri dynasty in central India.
• B. Gupta era (320 CE): Marked the ascendancy of the Gupta Empire, significant for the flourishing of classical Indian culture.
• D. Kollam era (825 CE): Associated with the founding of Kollam and significant in Kerala’s regional history.
• A. Chalukya - Vikrama era (1076 CE): Started by Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI during the later part of the Chalukya rule.

Additional Information

Historical Significance:

• Vikrama era: Often associated with the legendary King Vikramaditya, it remains an important chronological marker in Indian history.
• Kalachuri - Chedi era: Reflects the prominence of the Kalachuri dynasty and their influence in central Indian history.
• Gupta era: Representing the Golden Age of India, this era saw advancements in art, science, and culture.
• Kollam era: Reflects the regional history and influence in the Malabar Coast, particularly in Kerala.
• Chalukya - Vikrama era: Signifies the Chalukya rule under King Vikramaditya VI, known for his contributions to architecture and culture.

Q35: Who was the writer of the famous literary epic, 'Meghnad Badh Kavya' (1861)? This epic retold the story of Ramayana in a way that turned Rama and Lakshmana, the traditional heroes into 'weak- kneed, passive-aggressive, feminine villains and the demons Ravana and his son Megnad into majestic masculine, modern heroes. 

(a) Veerasalingam

(b) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar

(c) Kasiprasad

(d) Michael Madhusudan Dutta

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Michael Madhusudan Dutta

Michael Madhusudan Dutta

• He was a prominent 19th-century Bengali poet and dramatist.
• He is best known for his work "Meghnad Badh Kavya" (1861), a tragic epic based on the Ramayana.
• Dutta's retelling of the Ramayana is distinctive for portraying Rama and Lakshmana as weak, passive-aggressive villains and depicting Ravana and his son Meghnad as majestic and heroic figures.
• His work challenged the traditional narratives and provided a modern, humanistic perspective on the epic.

Other Related Points

Veerasalingam

• Veeresalingam Pantulu was a social reformer and writer from Andhra Pradesh.
• He is often regarded as the father of the Telugu Renaissance movement.
• He worked extensively for women's education and against child marriage.

Vishnushastri Chiplunkar

• He was an Indian writer, essayist, and social reformer from Maharashtra.
• Chiplunkar was known for his efforts in promoting Marathi literature and his critical essays.
• He played a significant role in the social and cultural awakening in Maharashtra during the 19th century.

Kasiprasad

• There is limited information available about Kasiprasad in the context of major literary works or contributions.
• His name does not appear prominently in the list of well-known literary figures from the 19th century.

Q36: Who was the first Wazir under Akbar? 

(a) Shah Mansur

(b) Raja Todar Mal

(c) Mir Fathullah Shirazi

(d) Muzaffar Khan

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Muzaffar Khan

Muzaffar Khan

• Muzaffar Khan was appointed as the first Wazir (Prime Minister) under the reign of Emperor Akbar.
• His role involved overseeing the administrative functions of the empire and ensuring the smooth execution of imperial policies.
• Muzaffar Khan played a critical part in the initial organization and consolidation of Akbar's administration.

Other Related Points

Shah Mansur

• Shah Mansur served as a Diwan (finance minister) during Akbar's reign.
• He was known for his expertise in revenue administration and financial reforms.
• Shah Mansur's contributions were significant in the implementation of Akbar's revenue system, but he was not the first Wazir.

Raja Todar Mal

• Raja Todar Mal was a notable finance minister under Akbar.
• He is best known for introducing the land revenue system known as Zabti or Bandobast system.
• While Todar Mal was a key figure in Akbar's administration, he was not the first Wazir.

Mir Fathullah Shirazi

• Mir Fathullah Shirazi was a scholar and polymath who served in Akbar's court.
• He was known for his contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and literature.
• Though he held an important position, he was not the first Wazir under Akbar.

Q37: Who delivered the Presidential address at Cow Protection Conference in December 1924? 

(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

(b) Lala Lajpat Rai

(c) Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya

(d) Mahatma Gandhi

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi

• Mahatma Gandhi, also known as the Father of the Nation, was a pivotal leader in the Indian independence movement against British rule.
• He led various movements and campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.
• Gandhi was a staunch advocate for cow protection, which holds significant religious and cultural importance in India.
• In December 1924, he delivered the Presidential address at the Cow Protection Conference, emphasizing the importance of cow protection within the Indian context.

Other Related Points

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

• First President of India (1950-1962).
• Played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi.
• He was a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress.

Lala Lajpat Rai

• Known as "Punjab Kesari" or "Lion of Punjab".
• Prominent freedom fighter and leader in the Indian Nationalist movement.
• He was a part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal).

Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya

• Founder of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).
• Played a key role in the Indian independence movement and was a prominent educationist.
• He was a four-time president of the Indian National Congress.

Q38: Who stated, "The great man of the age is the one who can put into words the will of his age, tell his age, what its will be and accomplish it. What he does is the heart and essence of his age; he actualises his age?" 

(a) Bismarck

(b) Hegel

(c) Gibbon

(d) Acton

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Hegel

Hegel

• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher born in 1770 and is considered one of the most influential figures in Western philosophy.
• Hegel's philosophy primarily revolves around the idea of dialectical reasoning, where the development of ideas occurs through a process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
• The quoted statement reflects Hegel's idea that great individuals embody and articulate the spirit or "Geist" of their age, actualizing its potential.
• Hegel believed that history is a rational process, where each era has its own unique spirit that is expressed and realized by its great individuals.

Other Related Points

Bismarck

• Otto von Bismarck was a German statesman who unified numerous independent German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership in the late 19th century.
• He is often referred to as the "Iron Chancellor" due to his authoritative and pragmatic approach to politics.
• Bismarck's legacy includes the establishment of the German welfare state and his role in maintaining peace in Europe through a complex system of alliances.

Gibbon

• Edward Gibbon was an English historian, best known for his work "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
• Gibbon's magnum opus is renowned for its critical use of primary sources and its narrative style, which has influenced many subsequent historians.
• He did not, however, articulate a philosophy of history akin to Hegel's focus on the spirit of the age.

Acton

• John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, known as Lord Acton, was a British historian and moralist.
• He is best known for his statement, "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely."
• Acton's historical focus was more on the moral dimensions of history rather than the dialectical process emphasized by Hegel.

Q39: The Fort William College in Calcutta, where the civil servants of the company were to receive training in the literature, science and languages of India, did not find the favour of the Court of Directors and was merely continued as a language school for Bengal Civil Servants. In which of the following year it was closed forever? 

(a) 1853

(b) 1854

(c) 1855

(d) 1856

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is 1854

Fort William College in Calcutta

• Established by Lord Wellesley in 1800 for training civil servants of the East India Company.
• Aimed to equip civil servants with knowledge of Indian languages, literature, and sciences.
• Faced opposition from the Court of Directors of the East India Company.
• Eventually downgraded to a language school for Bengal Civil Servants.
• It was finally closed in the year 1854.

Other Related Points

1853

• This year is significant for the passing of the Charter Act of 1853, which renewed the East India Company's charter and introduced significant changes in the administration but did not pertain to the closure of Fort William College.

1855

• No significant event related to Fort William College occurred in this year.
• Events such as the Santhal Rebellion took place but are unrelated to the context of the college's closure.

1856

• This year marked the annexation of Awadh, but it did not have any direct relevance to Fort William College.

Q40: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. Beginning of historiography in Persian, was prompted by the rise of Arab - speaking intelligentsia, in the eastern lands of Islamic world.

B. Histories compiled by Abu Said Gardezi & Abul Fazl Baihaqi in persian were models for Indo - Persian historians of Delhi Sultanate.

C. In India, the tradition was began by Fakhr - i - Mudabbir.

D. His two literary works are Shajra-i-Ansab and Chachnama.

E. Jawami ul - Hikayat - wa - Livamiul - Rivaayat of Sadiduddin Muhammad Awfi, belongs to the category of episodic history with encyclopaedic range.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, C and E only

(b) A, B and D only

(c) B, D and E only

(d) A, C and D only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - B, C and E only

B. Histories compiled by Abu Said Gardezi & Abul Fazl Baihaqi in Persian were models for Indo-Persian historians of Delhi Sultanate

• Abu Said Gardezi and Abul Fazal Baihaqi were prominent Persian historians.
• Their works served as significant models for later historians in the Delhi Sultanate, influencing the historiographical tradition in India.

C. In India, the tradition was began by Fakhr-i-Mudabbir

• Fakhr-i-Mudabbir was one of the earliest historians who wrote in Persian in India.
• His contributions are considered foundational in the Indo-Persian historiographical tradition.

E. Jawami ul-Hikayat-wa-Livamiul-Rivaayat of Sadiduddin Muhammad Awfi, belongs to the category of episodic history with encyclopaedic range

• This work by Sadiduddin Muhammad Awfi is known for its episodic nature and broad, encyclopedic scope.
• It includes a variety of historical anecdotes and narratives, offering a comprehensive view of the period.

Other Related Points

A. Beginning of historiography in Persian, was prompted by the rise of Arab-speaking intelligentsia in the eastern lands of the Islamic world

• This statement is not entirely accurate. The rise of Persian historiography was influenced by various factors, including the political and cultural dominance of Persian culture in the Islamic world, especially after the Abbasid Caliphate.

D. His two literary works are Shajra-i-Ansab and Chachnama

• This statement is incorrect. Chachnama is a historical account of Sindh and is not attributed to Fakhr-i-Mudabbir. Fakhr-i-Mudabbir is known for other works, not Chachnama.

Q41: Which of the following king granted five villages to the Nalanda monastery at the instance of Balaputradeva of Sumatra? 

(a) Devapala

(b) Mahipala

(c) Dharmapala

(d) Mahendrapala

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Devapala

Devapala

• Devapala was a notable ruler of the Pala Dynasty in the 9th century CE.
• He is known for his contributions to the expansion and consolidation of the Pala Empire.
• Devapala granted five villages to the Nalanda monastery at the request of Balaputradeva of Sumatra.
• This grant signifies the international recognition and influence of Nalanda as a major center of learning during that period.

Other Related Points

Mahipala

• Mahipala was another significant ruler of the Pala Dynasty, but he ruled later, around the 10th-11th centuries CE.
• He is known for reviving the Pala Empire after a period of decline.
• Mahipala's reign was marked by efforts to strengthen the administration and military of the empire.

Dharmapala

• Dharmapala, the predecessor of Devapala, was a prominent Pala king who reigned in the late 8th to early 9th centuries CE.
• He played a crucial role in promoting Buddhism and enhancing the cultural and intellectual life of the Pala Empire.
• Dharmapala is credited with founding the Vikramashila monastery, another significant center of Buddhist learning.

Mahendrapala

• Mahendrapala was a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty, not the Pala Dynasty.
• His reign is noted for the extension of the Pratihara influence in northern India.
• Mahendrapala contributed to the cultural and architectural developments during his time.

Q42: The celebrated scholar Yamin al - Din Abul - Hasan is better known as: 

(a) Siraji

(b) Hasan Nizami

(c) Isami

(d) Amir Khusraw Dihlawi

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Amir Khusraw Dihlawi

Amir Khusraw Dihlawi

• Amir Khusraw Dihlawi, also known as Yamin al-Din Abul-Hasan, was a renowned Sufi poet, musician, and scholar in medieval India.
• He is often referred to as the "Parrot of India" (Tuti-e-Hind) for his prolific poetic works.
• Khusraw is credited with enriching Hindustani classical music and introducing Persian and Arabic musical elements to Indian music.
• He composed numerous ghazals, qawwalis, and other forms of poetry in Persian and Hindavi (a precursor to modern Hindi and Urdu).
• His works include "Khamsa-e-Khusraw," a collection of five epic poems, and "Tughlaqnama," a historical masnavi.

Other Related Points

Siraji

• Siraji was another medieval poet but not as widely known or influential as Amir Khusraw Dihlawi.
• His contributions to literature and music were relatively modest.

Hasan Nizami

• Hasan Nizami was a historian and writer during the Delhi Sultanate period.
• He authored "Taj-ul-Maasir," which chronicles the reign of Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak.

Isami

• Isami was a medieval historian best known for his work "Futuh-us-Salatin," a history of Muslim rule in India.
• His contributions were primarily in the field of historical documentation.

Q43: Who among the following commented, when India was beginning to layout railways in 1853, as "truly the forerunner of modern industry"? 

(a) R. P. Dutt

(b) Dadabhai Naoroji

(c) Karl Marx

(d) V. I. Lenin

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Karl Marx

Karl Marx

• Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, and socialist revolutionary.
• He is best known for his works "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital."
• Marx commented on the development of railways in India in the 1850s, recognizing them as a significant step towards modern industry.
• He saw the introduction of railways as a precursor to the industrial revolution in India, which could transform the socio-economic landscape.

Other Related Points

R. P. Dutt

• R. Palme Dutt was a British Marxist theorist and a leading member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.
• He authored several books on Marxism and the history of the British working-class movement.

Dadabhai Naoroji

• Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar, and writer who was a key figure in the early Indian independence movement.

He is known for his work on the economic impact of British colonialism in India, particularly through his "drain theory."

V. I. Lenin

• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.
• He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.
• Lenin was a key figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet state.

Q44: Arrange the following Bactrian Greek rulers in correct chronology according to their accession: 

A. Menander

B. Hermaeus

C. Euthydemus

D. Demetrius

E. Diodotus

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) C, D, E, A, B

(b) E, C, A, B, D

(c) E, A, C, D, B

(d) E, C, D, A, B

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - E, C, D, A, B

Diodotus (E)

• He was the founder of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.
• Diodotus I declared independence from the Seleucid Empire around 256 BCE.
• His rule marks the beginning of the Greco-Bactrian era.

Euthydemus (C)

• Euthydemus I succeeded Diodotus II, the son of Diodotus I, around 230 BCE.
• He expanded the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and defended it against the Seleucid Empire.
• His reign was marked by significant military and economic achievements.

Demetrius (D)

• Demetrius I was the son of Euthydemus I and became king around 200 BCE.
• He is known for his invasions into India, expanding the Greco-Bactrian territory.
• His conquests marked the beginning of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

Menander (A)

• Menander I, also known as Milinda, ruled around 165–130 BCE.
• He is one of the most famous Indo-Greek kings, known for his prosperous reign and conversion to Buddhism.
• Menander expanded the kingdom significantly and is celebrated in Buddhist texts.

Hermaeus (B)

• Hermaeus ruled around 90–70 BCE.
• He was one of the last Indo-Greek kings, ruling in the Kabul valley and parts of the Punjab region.
• His reign marked the decline of the Indo-Greek Kingdom due to invasions by nomadic tribes.

Other Related Points

Demetrius' Invasions

• Demetrius I's invasions into India were significant as they laid the foundation for the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
• He is often credited with spreading Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent.

Menander's Legacy

• Menander's conversion to Buddhism and his discussions with the Buddhist monk Nagasena are recorded in the "Milinda Panha" (The Questions of Milinda).
• He is remembered as a just and wise ruler, and his reign is often considered the zenith of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

Q45: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(c) A - IV, B - I, C - III, D - II

(d) A - II B - IV. C - III D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Option 1

Right of Conquest - Sikkim

• The British applied the right of conquest to annex territories they won through military campaigns. Sikkim was annexed by the British using this principle.

Doctrine of Lapse - Udaipur

• Introduced by Lord Dalhousie, the Doctrine of Lapse allowed the British to annex any princely state where the ruler did not have a direct heir. Udaipur was one of the states affected by this policy.

"Good of the Governed" - Oudh

• The British justified the annexation of Oudh by claiming it was for the "good of the governed," citing misrule by the local rulers. This paternalistic approach was a common pretext for British annexation.

Abolition of Regal titles - Tanjore

• The British abolished the regal titles of local rulers to undermine their authority and integrate the regions directly into British India. Tanjore was one of the areas affected by this policy.

Other Related Points

Right of Conquest
British expansion in India often involved military conquest. Territories won in battle were annexed under the right of conquest.
Doctrine of Lapse

• Lord Dalhousie's policy led to the annexation of several Indian states without direct male heirs, including Jhansi, Satara, and Nagpur, besides Udaipur.

"Good of the Governed"

• This paternalistic justification was used to portray British rule as beneficial for the local population, often to mask imperial ambitions.
• Abolition of Regal titles
• The abolition of royal titles was part of the British strategy to erode the traditional authority of local rulers and integrate their territories into the British Empire.

Q46: Who among the following is Not associated with the Varkari movement in the region of Maharashtra? 

(a) Vigneshvara

(b) Eknath

(c) Namadeva

(d) Jnanadeva

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Vigneshvara

Vigneshvara

• Vigneshvara is not associated with the Varkari movement in Maharashtra.
• The Varkari movement is a spiritual tradition within the Bhakti movement, prominently in Maharashtra.
• Vigneshvara is not a known figure in this movement and is not linked to its historical or spiritual activities.

Other Related Points

Eknath

• Eknath (1533-1599) was a prominent Marathi saint, scholar, and poet known for his devotional songs and spiritual literature.
• He was a major figure in the Varkari movement, advocating for a simple and devout life dedicated to the worship of Vithoba (Vithal).
• His notable works include the Eknathi Bhagavata, a Marathi commentary on the Bhagavata Purana.

Namadeva

• Namadeva (1270-1350) was an important saint and poet in the Bhakti movement, particularly within the Varkari tradition in Maharashtra.
• He composed numerous abhangas (devotional songs) dedicated to Vithoba, fostering devotion among the masses.
• Namadeva's teachings emphasized the importance of devotion and equality among all devotees, regardless of caste or social status.

Jnanadeva

• Jnandeva, also known as Jnaneshwar or Dnyaneshwar (1275-1296), was a foundational figure in the Varkari movement.
• He wrote the Dnyaneshwari, a Marathi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, which became a central text for the Varkari tradition.
• Jnandeva's philosophy emphasized the unity of God and the importance of Bhakti (devotion) for spiritual realization.

Q47: Arrange the following later Mughal rulers in chronological order: 

A. Rafi - ud - Daula

B. Jahandar Shah

C. Muhammad Shah

D. Ahmad Shah

E. Farrukhsiyar

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, C, D, E, A

(b) D, E, C, A, B

(c) B, E, A, C, D

(d) E, A, B, D, C

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - B, E, A, C, D

Jahandar Shah

• Reign: 1712-1713
• Jahandar Shah was the Mughal Emperor for a brief period and was known for his ineffective rule.
• He was overthrown by his nephew Farrukhsiyar.

Farrukhsiyar

• Reign: 1713-1719
• Farrukhsiyar came to power with the help of the Sayyid Brothers and faced numerous challenges during his reign.
• His inability to manage the empire led to his assassination.

Rafi-ud-Daula

• Reign: 1719
• Rafi-ud-Daula, also known as Shah Jahan II, ruled for a very brief period.
• He was placed on the throne by the Sayyid Brothers but died of tuberculosis.

Muhammad Shah

• Reign: 1719-1748
• Also known as Muhammad Shah Rangeela, his reign witnessed the decline of the Mughal Empire.
• During his rule, Nader Shah of Persia invaded India and looted Delhi.

Ahmad Shah

• Reign: 1748-1754
• Ahmad Shah Bahadur ascended the throne after Muhammad Shah's death.
• His reign was marked by further instability and decline of the empire.

Other Related Points

Jahandar Shah

• Jahandar Shah's short reign ended when he was defeated by Farrukhsiyar, marking a power struggle within the Mughal court.

Farrukhsiyar

• Farrukhsiyar's reign saw the increasing influence of the Sayyid Brothers, who became kingmakers in the Mughal court.

Rafi-ud-Daula

• Rafi-ud-Daula's brief rule was largely controlled by the Sayyid Brothers, who were trying to stabilize the empire.

Muhammad Shah

• Muhammad Shah's lengthy reign is often remembered for cultural achievements despite the political decline.
• His court saw the rise of notable figures in art and literature, including the famous poet Mir Taqi Mir.

Ahmad Shah

• Ahmad Shah Bahadur's inability to control the empire's affairs further weakened the Mughal state, leading to increased regional autonomy.

Q48: Who among the following commented at the beginning of the nineteenth century: "A Hindu woman can go anywhere alone, even in the most crowded places, and she need never fear the impertinent looks and jokes of idle loungers.... A house inhabited solely by women is a sanctuary which the most shameless libertine would not dream of violating." 

(a) Abbe J.A. Dubois

(b) John Malcolm

(c) Henry Robertshaw

(d) James Outram

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Abbe J.A. Dobois

Abbe J.A. Dubois

• Abbe J.A. Dobois was a French Catholic missionary who traveled extensively in India during the early 19th century.
• He is well-known for his observations on Indian society, culture, and religion, which he documented in his writings.
• His comment highlights the safety and respect afforded to Hindu women in public spaces in India at that time.
• He noted the sanctity of homes inhabited solely by women, emphasizing the societal norms that protected women's dignity.

Other Related Points

John Malcolm

• John Malcolm was a British military officer, diplomat, and historian who served in India.
• He authored several works on the history and culture of Persia and India.
• Malcolm’s focus was more on political and historical aspects rather than detailed social observations.

Henry Robertshaw

• There is limited information available on Henry Roberclaw, making it unlikely that he made the specific comment.
• He is not prominently known for observations on Indian society or culture.

James Outram

• James Outram was a British general known for his role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• His contributions were more military and administrative rather than cultural or social commentary.

Q49: Which of the following served as military posts to protect north - west frontier from the Mongal invasion under Delhi Sultanate? 

A. Dipalpur

B. Debal

C. Lahore

D. Kasur

E. Multan

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and C only

(b) B, C and D only

(c) A, C and E only

(d) C, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - 3) A, C and E only

Dipalpur, Lahore, and Multan

Dipalpur

• Dipalpur served as a significant military post during the Delhi Sultanate era.
• It was strategically located to counter invasions from the north-west, particularly the Mongols.

Lahore

• Lahore was a prominent city and a key defensive point in the north-west frontier during the Delhi Sultanate.
• The city's fortifications were strengthened to repel Mongol invasions.

Multan

• Multan was another critical military post on the north-west frontier.
• It was fortified to protect the region from Mongol incursions.

Other Related Points

Debal

• Debal, located in Sindh (modern-day Pakistan), was not a primary military post under the Delhi Sultanate for protecting against Mongol invasions.
• It was more significant during earlier periods, such as during the Arab invasions of Sindh.

Kasur

• Kasur did not hold the same strategic military importance as Dipalpur, Lahore, or Multan during the Delhi Sultanate.
• It was not a major fortified city for repelling Mongol invasions.

Q50: Which of the following foreign traveller described Krishnadeva Raya as "of medium height, and of fair complexion and good figure, rather fat than thin, he has on his face signs of small pox"? 

(a) Abdur Razzaq

(b) Barbosa

(c) Domingo Paes

(d) Nicolo Conti

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Domingo Paes

Domingo Paes

• Domingo Paes was a Portuguese traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya in the 16th century.
• He provided a detailed account of the empire's administration, culture, and the king himself.
• Paes described Krishnadeva Raya as "of medium height, and of fair complexion and good figure, rather fat than thin, he has on his face signs of smallpox."
• His accounts are considered valuable historical documents that provide insights into the Vijayanagara Empire's prosperity and Krishnadeva Raya's rule.

Other Related Points

Abdur Razzaq

• Abdur Razzaq was a Persian diplomat and traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century.
• He provided accounts of the city of Vijayanagara, its architecture, and the general lifestyle of its people.

Barbosa

• Duarte Barbosa was a Portuguese writer and explorer who wrote about the Malabar Coast and Vijayanagara in the early 16th century.
• His descriptions focus more on the trade and social customs of the regions he visited.

Nicolo Conti

• Nicolo Conti was an Italian merchant and explorer who travelled through India in the early 15th century.
• He provided descriptions of various Indian cities, including Vijayanagara, and their customs and traditions.

Q51: Sher Shah during the life time of his father Hasan Khan, was given responsibility to administer the Pargana of: 

A. Chandoi

B. Khawaspur

C. Passi

D. Sasaram

E. Satyari

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and D only

(b) B and D only

(c) C and D only

(d) D and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - B and D only

Sher Shah

• Sher Shah Suri, originally named Farid Khan, was given the responsibility to administer the Pargana of Khawaspur and Sasaram during his father Hasan Khan's lifetime.
• Khawaspur and Sasaram are significant locations in the history of Sher Shah Suri, marking the beginning of his administrative and military career.
• This responsibility allowed Sher Shah to gain valuable experience in governance and administration, which later contributed to his successful reign as the Sultan of Delhi.

Other Related Points

Chandoi

• There is no significant historical record indicating that Sher Shah Suri administered Chandoi during his early career.

Passi

• Like Chandoi, Passi is not historically associated with Sher Shah Suri's early administrative roles.

Satyari

• Satyari is also not linked to the early administrative responsibilities of Sher Shah Suri.

Q52: Which of the following statements regarding Justice Party are correct? 

A. Justice Party was formed in 1916 with a non - Brahman manifesto.

B. It opposed the Congress as a Brahman dominated organization.

C. In the Montagu - Chelmsford reform of 1919, 50 reserved seats were allocated to non - Brahmans in the Madras Legislative Council

D. The formation of a ministry in 1920 was the high point in the career of the Justice Party

E. After the electoral defeat in 1926 at the hands of Swarajists, the non - Brahmans left the party and joined the Congress

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and C only

(b) B, C and D only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, D and E only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, D and E only

Justice Party

• Formation in 1916: The Justice Party was founded in 1916 with a non-Brahman manifesto. This was primarily to represent the interests of non-Brahman communities in South India.
• Opposition to Congress: The party opposed the Indian National Congress, which they perceived as a Brahman-dominated organization. They believed that the Congress did not adequately represent the interests of non-Brahman communities.
• High Point in 1920: The formation of a ministry in 1920 was considered the high point in the career of the Justice Party. They were the first party to form a government in the Madras Presidency under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919.
• Electoral Defeat in 1926: After being defeated in the 1926 elections by the Swarajists, many non-Brahman members of the Justice Party left and joined the Congress. This marked a significant decline in the influence of the Justice Party.

Other Related Points

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919:

• The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, also known as the Government of India Act 1919, introduced a dual system of governance (dyarchy) in the provinces. It aimed to increase Indian participation in the administration.
• Although the reforms allocated reserved seats for various communities, the specific figure of 50 reserved seats for non-Brahmans in the Madras Legislative Council is not accurate. The reforms did, however, provide some level of representation to non-Brahman communities.

Swarajists:

• The Swarajists were a group within the Indian National Congress that advocated for contesting elections to enter legislative councils and obstruct British rule from within.
• In the 1926 elections, the Swarajists defeated the Justice Party, leading to a significant shift in the political landscape of the Madras Presidency.

Q53: Which out of the following are correct about Panchsheel ? 

A. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty

B. Non - aggression

C. Non - interference in each other's internal affairs

D. Equality and mutual benefit

E. Peaceful co - existence

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C and E only

(b) A, C, D and E only

(c) A, B, C, D and E

(d) A, B and C only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, and E

Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty

• This principle emphasizes that nations should respect each other's borders and governance structures, fostering a sense of mutual recognition and honor.

Non-aggression

• This principle advocates for the absence of hostile actions or threats between nations, promoting a peaceful coexistence without military confrontations.

Non-interference in each other's internal affairs

• This principle supports the idea that countries should refrain from intervening in the domestic issues of other nations, allowing each to govern according to its own rules and policies.

Equality and mutual benefit

• This principle highlights the importance of treating each other as equals and ensuring that cooperation is beneficial for all parties involved.
• Peaceful co-existence
  • This principle promotes living together in harmony, resolving conflicts through dialogue and understanding rather than through force.

Other Related Points

• Panchsheel Agreement
  • The Panchsheel Agreement, also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was signed in 1954 between India and China.
  • It was aimed at promoting mutual respect and cooperation between the two nations.
  • The principles have since been used as a framework for international relations and treaties worldwide.
• Historical Context
  • The principles were first formally stated in the preamble to the agreement signed by the Prime Ministers of India and China in 1954.
  • They have been significant in shaping diplomatic policies and have been referenced in various international documents and agreements.

Q54: Which out of the following was Not correct about Ranke? 

(a) Ranke counted Thucydides, Luther, Fichte and Niebuhr as his four acknowledged masters.

(b) He was a firm believer in the Romantic notion of history as art.

(c) He was also critical of the rhetorical approach to history adopted by Renaissance historians.

(d) History, for Ranke is concerned with the nation state.

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - He was a firm believer in the Romantic notion of history as art.

Ranke counted Thucydides, Luther, Fichte, and Niebuhr as his four acknowledged masters.

• Ranke admired these figures for their contributions to historiography and the broader intellectual landscape.
• Thucydides was known for his empirical approach to history, emphasizing factual accuracy.
• Martin Luther influenced Ranke's views on Protestantism and its historical significance.
• Johann Gottlieb Fichte contributed to the development of German idealism, which impacted Ranke's thoughts.
• Barthold Georg Niebuhr was a pioneering figure in modern historiography, emphasizing the critical analysis of sources.

He was also critical of the rhetorical approach to history adopted by Renaissance historians.

• Ranke believed that history should be based on empirical evidence and primary sources, rather than on rhetorical flourishes.
• He criticized Renaissance historians for their tendency to embellish historical narratives for dramatic effect.
• Ranke's approach was more scientific, focusing on the "how it really was" (wie es eigentlich gewesen) principle.

History, for Ranke, is concerned with the nation-state.

• Ranke viewed history through the lens of the nation-state, emphasizing its development and significance.
• He believed that understanding the history of nation-states was crucial for comprehending broader historical processes.
• This focus on the nation-state was a departure from earlier historiographical traditions that might have emphasized other units of analysis, such as the individual or the universal.

Other Related Points

Romantic Notion of History as Art

• Romanticism in history emphasized the subjective and artistic interpretation of historical events.
• It often focused on the emotional and dramatic aspects of history, rather than strictly factual recounting.
• Ranke rejected this approach, advocating for a more scientific and empirical methodology.

Historiography

• Historiography is the study of the methods and principles through which history is written and interpreted.
• Ranke is often regarded as the father of modern historiography due to his rigorous approach to historical research and writing.
• His emphasis on primary sources and objective analysis set new standards for the discipline.

Q55: Which out of the following are correct about R.G. Collingwood's theory of history? 

A. All history is the history of process of events.

B. History is concerned with the purposeful actions of individuals.

C. Historian's methods is a detective's method.

D. The writing of history is through re - enactment of the thoughts of past actors in the minds of the historian.

E. His philosophy of history has been characterized as 'radical historicism'.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B, C, D and E only

(b) A, B, C, D, E

(c) C, D and E only

(d) A, B and D only

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - B, C, D and E only

R.G. Collingwood's Theory of History

• Purposeful Actions of Individuals: Collingwood emphasized that history is primarily concerned with the purposeful actions of individuals. He believed that understanding these actions is crucial for comprehending historical events.
• Historian's Method as Detective's Method: Collingwood argued that a historian's method is similar to a detective's method. Historians must piece together evidence and reconstruct past events and motivations like detectives solving a mystery.
• Re-enactment of Thoughts: According to Collingwood, the writing of history involves the re-enactment of the thoughts of past actors in the minds of the historian. This means historians must immerse themselves in the mindset of historical figures to accurately interpret their actions and intentions.
• Radical Historicism: Collingwood's philosophy of history has been characterized as 'radical historicism,' which suggests that historical understanding is rooted in the context and thought processes of the time being studied. It emphasizes the importance of historical context in understanding events and ideas.

Other Related Points

All History is the History of Process of Events

• Collingwood did not claim that all history is merely the history of the process of events. Instead, he focused on the intentional and rational actions of individuals, making this option incorrect in the context of his theory.

Q56: Which of the following statements are true for the Sangam age? 

A. Trade activity led to the emergence of a few urban enclaves.

B. The Tamil - Brahmi inscriptions offer brief glimpses into aspects of village life in Tamilakam.

C. Rulers depended on tribute and plunder for their sustenance.

D. The rulers had full control over the agrarian plains.

E. Sangam age was an age of tribal chiefdoms.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, D and E only

(b) A, B, C and E only

(c) B, C and D only

(d) A, C, D and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C and E only

Trade activity led to the emergence of a few urban enclaves (A)

• During the Sangam age, trade, both internal and external, flourished, contributing to the growth of urban centers.
• Ports such as Puhar (Kaveripattinam) became prominent due to their trade links with other regions including Rome.

The Tamil - Brahmi inscriptions offer brief glimpses into aspects of village life in Tamilakam (B)

• Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions found on pottery, cave shelters, and other objects provide valuable insights into the daily life, social structures, and economic activities of that period.

Rulers depended on tribute and plunder for their sustenance (C)

• Tribute from subordinate chieftains and plunder from wars were significant sources of income for the rulers during the Sangam age.

Sangam age was an age of tribal chiefdoms (E)

• The political structure of the Sangam age was primarily based on tribal chiefdoms, with several clans and chieftains ruling over small territories.
• Prominent among them were the Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas, who later evolved into more centralized kingdoms.

Other Related Points

The rulers had full control over the agrarian plains (D)

• This statement is not entirely accurate as the control over agrarian plains varied greatly and was often contested among different chieftains.
• The decentralized nature of the political system meant that complete control over agrarian regions was rare.

Q57: Arrange the following Pala rulers in the correct chronological order of their accession: 

A. Madanpala

B. Ramapala

C. Mahipala

D. Devapala

E. Dharmapala

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) E, D, A, B, C

(b) E, D, C, B, A

(c) D, E, C, B, A

(d) D, E, B, A, C

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - E, D, C, B, A

Dharmapala

• Dharmapala (reigned approximately 770-810 CE) was the second ruler of the Pala dynasty and played a crucial role in expanding the empire.
• He is known for his contributions to Buddhism and his patronage of the Vikramashila and Odantapuri universities.

Devapala

• Devapala (reigned approximately 810-850 CE) was the son of Dharmapala and succeeded him as the ruler of the Pala Empire.
• He continued the expansion of the empire and is noted for his military conquests and support of Buddhist institutions.

Mahipala

• Mahipala (reigned approximately 988-1038 CE) was one of the most prominent rulers of the Pala dynasty and is credited with reviving the empire after a period of decline.
• He is known for restoring the strength and stability of the Pala Empire.

Ramapala

• Ramapala (reigned approximately 1077-1130 CE) was one of the last significant rulers of the Pala dynasty.
• He is known for his efforts to reconsolidate the empire and his patronage of education and culture.

Madanpala

• Madanpala (reigned approximately 1144-1162 CE) was one of the last rulers of the Pala dynasty.
• His reign marked the decline of the Pala Empire, and he struggled to maintain its territories against external invasions.

Other Related Points

Pala Dynasty

• The Pala dynasty was a Buddhist dynasty that ruled the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions, from the 8th to the 12th century CE.
• The dynasty was founded by Gopala, who was elected as the ruler by a group of regional chieftains.
• Under the Palas, Bengal became a major center of Buddhist learning and culture, with famous universities such as Nalanda and Vikramashila flourishing during their reign.

Q58: Which out of the following are correct about the Provisional Azad Hind Government? 

A. The Provisional Azad Hind Government was announced with headquarters in Singapore.

B. Subhas Chandra Bose became the Prime Minister of this Government.

C. SA Ayer was a Minister in this Government.

D. A C Chatterji was a minister in this Government.

E. Lakshmi Swaminathan was a minister in this cabinet.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) B and C only

(b) A, B, C, D, E

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B and E only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

The Provisional Azad Hind Government

• The Provisional Azad Hind Government was announced with its headquarters in Singapore.
• Subhas Chandra Bose became the Prime Minister of this Government, symbolizing the leadership of the Indian independence struggle outside the Indian subcontinent.
• SA Ayer was indeed a Minister in this Government, contributing to its administration and propaganda efforts.
• A C Chatterji was also a minister in this Government, taking on key responsibilities for the functioning of the provisional government.
• Lakshmi Swaminathan, known as Captain Lakshmi Sahgal, was a minister in this cabinet, specifically heading the women's regiment, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment.

Other Related Points

Subhas Chandra Bose

• He was a prominent leader of the Indian freedom struggle known for his radical approach compared to the non-violent methods of Gandhi.
• He sought international alliances and led the Indian National Army (INA) to fight against the British colonial rule.

SA Ayer

• He was an important figure in the Azad Hind Government, responsible for broadcasting propaganda and rallying support for the INA.
• He played a key role in the administration and strategic communication efforts of the provisional government.

A C Chatterji

• He was one of the ministers in the Provisional Azad Hind Government, contributing to its administrative and strategic initiatives.
• His role was crucial in the functioning of the government set up by Subhas Chandra Bose.

Lakshmi Swaminathan (Captain Lakshmi Sahgal)

• She was a renowned freedom fighter and a key member of the Indian National Army.
• As the head of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, she played a significant role in the Azad Hind Government's military efforts.

Q59: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. In 1837, the gold coins were issued in the name of Queen Victoria.

B. In 1840, the gold and silver coins were issued in the name of Queen Victoria.

C. In 1862, a new series of coins of all denominations and in all three metals was issued with changed devices.

D. These coins continued to be minted till 1872 or 1874 with the constant date 1862.

E. In 1877, while retaining the general design used for the coins so far, the word QUEEN was substituted with the word EMPRESS on the obverse.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, C and D only

(b) B, C, D and E only

(c) C, D and E only

(d) A, B and C only

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - B, C, D and E only

1840, the gold and silver coins were issued in the name of Queen Victoria

• In 1840, both gold and silver coins were indeed issued in the name of Queen Victoria.
• This marked the beginning of standardized coinage under British rule in India.

1862, a new series of coins of all denominations and in all three metals was issued with changed devices

• In 1862, the British government in India issued a new series of coins in gold, silver, and copper with new designs.
• This series was significant as it marked the uniformity in coinage throughout British India.

These coins continued to be minted till 1872 or 1874 with the constant date 1862

• The coins issued in 1862 continued to be minted with the date '1862' even in the subsequent years till around 1872 or 1874.
• This was a common practice to maintain uniformity and avoid frequent changes in coin designs.

In 1877, while retaining the general design used for the coins so far, the word QUEEN was substituted with the word EMPRESS on the obverse

• In 1877, following Queen Victoria's proclamation as Empress of India, the coins' design was altered to replace the word 'QUEEN' with 'EMPRESS' on the obverse side.
• This change reflected the new title and status of Queen Victoria.

Other Related Points

1837, the gold coins were issued in the name of Queen Victoria

• While Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837, the issuance of gold coins in her name specifically in that year is not well-documented. The significant coinage reforms and issuance began in 1840.

Q60: A Megalithic pit burial marked by a single large standing stone slab is called: 

(a) Kodaikal

(b) Topikal

(c) Dolmen

(d) Menhir

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Menhir

Menhir

• A menhir is a large upright standing stone, typically erected during the prehistoric period.
• These stones were often used as markers for burial sites or religious purposes in the Megalithic era.
• Menhirs can be found individually or as part of a group, often aligned with solar or lunar events.
• They are found in various regions across Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Other Related Points

Kodaikal

• This term is not widely recognized in archaeological terminology related to burial practices.

Topikal

• Topikal does not refer to a burial practice or a megalithic structure.

Dolmen

• A dolmen is a type of megalithic tomb with a large flat stone laid on upright ones, often used as burial sites.
• Dolmens are typically more complex structures compared to menhirs and usually involve multiple stones.

Q61: Due to the army re - organisation, how much increase in defence expenditure accounted for, of the total Central and Provincial government revenue in India? 

(a) 20% - 25%

(b) 25% - 30%

(c) 30% - 35%

(d) 35% - 40%

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - 25% - 30%

Increase in Defence Expenditure

• The re-organization of the army led to a significant increase in defence expenditure.
• This expenditure accounted for 25% - 30% of the total revenue of the Central and Provincial governments in India.
• This substantial allocation was indicative of the priorities and financial commitments of the government towards defence.

Other Related Points

Understanding Defence Expenditure

• Defence expenditure generally includes costs related to the maintenance of armed forces, procurement of military equipment, and other related activities.
• Such expenditures are critical for national security but often require a significant portion of a nation's budget.

Context of Army Re-organization

• Army re-organization might involve restructuring the forces, modernizing equipment, and changing strategic deployments.
• Such re-organizations are usually aimed at enhancing the operational efficiency and effectiveness of the military.

Q62: Which of the following statements are correct about the model Patrimonial - Bureaucratic Empire? 

A. Stephen P. Blake has used it to study the nature of Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.

B. Its political freamework is heavily drawn on Max Weber's work on the Patrimonial State.

C. Patrimonial domination does not originate in patriarch's authority over his household.

D. It entails obedience to an office, not a person.

E. To govern successfully, a patrimonial ruler must have at his disposal a body of loyal, disciplined soldiers.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, C and D only

(b) D and E only

(c) A, B and D only

(d) B and E only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - B and E only

Patrimonial - Bureaucratic Empire

• Max Weber's Work: The model of Patrimonial - Bureaucratic Empire is heavily based on Max Weber's concept of the Patrimonial State. Weber's theory emphasizes the role of personal authority and loyalty in governance.
• Stephen P. Blake: This model has been applied by historian Stephen P. Blake to study the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, highlighting the nature of their governance and administration.
• Patrimonial Ruler's Army: For effective governance, a patrimonial ruler must have a body of loyal and disciplined soldiers at his disposal. This ensures the ruler's authority and control over the state.

Other Related Points

Patrimonial Domination:

• Contrary to statement C, patrimonial domination often originates in the patriarch's authority over his household, reflecting personal relationships and loyalty.
• Patrimonial systems typically involve obedience to a person rather than an office, as implied by the hierarchical and personal nature of authority.

Office vs. Person:

• Statement D is incorrect as it contradicts the nature of patrimonial governance where loyalty and obedience are directed towards a person (the ruler) rather than an impersonal office.

Discipline and Loyalty:

• The emphasis on disciplined and loyal soldiers highlights the practical aspects of maintaining a patrimonial state, where military support is crucial for the ruler's authority.

Q63: Which of the following inscription carries the signature of Harshavardhana? 

(a) Madhuban inscription

(b) Banskhera inscription

(c) Sonepat inscription

(d) Navsari inscription

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Banskhera inscription

Banskhera Inscription

• The Banskhera inscription is one of the most significant records from the reign of Harshavardhana, a ruler of the Vardhana dynasty.
• This inscription is notable for carrying the signature of Harshavardhana himself, which makes it a primary source of historical evidence.
• It provides detailed information about the political and administrative aspects of Harshavardhana's rule.
• The inscription is written in Sanskrit and is in the form of a copper plate.
• It describes Harshavardhana's grants and the lineage of the Vardhana dynasty.

Other Related Points

Madhuban Inscription

• The Madhuban inscription is another historical record, but it does not carry the signature of Harshavardhana.
• It provides information on administrative and local governance aspects during the time of Harshavardhana.

Sonepat Inscription

• The Sonepat inscription is an important historical document, but it is not directly associated with Harshavardhana's personal signature.
• It provides insights into the regional history and governance structures of the area.

Navsari Inscription

• The Navsari inscription is related to the history of Gujarat and does not pertain to Harshavardhana.
• It provides information about the local rulers and their administration.

Q64: Who wrote 'Chaitanyacharitamrita", biography of the Vaishnava Saint Chaitanya Deva? 

(a) Krishnadas Kaviraj

(b) Brindavan Das

(c) Nand Das

(d) Jayananda

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Krishnadas Kaviraj

rishnadas Kaviraj

• He is the author of "Chaitanyacharitamrita," a seminal biography of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition.
• The "Chaitanyacharitamrita" is considered one of the most important texts in the Gaudiya Vaishnavism literature.
• Krishnadas Kaviraj compiled this work in the 16th century, drawing from earlier texts and oral traditions.
• The text is written in Bengali with some Sanskrit verses and offers a detailed account of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's life and teachings.

Other Related Points

Brindavan Das

• He wrote "Chaitanya Bhagavata," another important biography of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
• "Chaitanya Bhagavata" primarily focuses on the early life of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and his childhood pastimes.

Nand Das

• He was a poet in the Bhakti tradition but did not write about Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
• Nand Das is known for his poetic works dedicated to Lord Krishna and Radha.

Jayananda

• He was a follower of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu but did not author any major biographical works.
• Jayananda is more known for his devotion and contributions to the spread of Vaishnavism.

Q65: The policy of Pax - Britannica pursued by the British during the first half of the 19th century did not lead to the following events: 

(a) Disbanding of Pindaris

(b) Suppression of thugs

(c) Disbanding of irregular soliders

(d) Banning moneylenders in the rural areas

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Banning moneylenders in the rural areas

Banning moneylenders in the rural areas

• This action was not a part of the Pax-Britannica policy pursued by the British in the first half of the 19th century.
• The British administration did not focus on banning moneylenders; instead, they often supported them to ensure revenue collection and control over rural areas.
• Moneylenders played a crucial role in the rural economy and were often used by the British to maintain social order and economic stability.

Other Related Points

• Disbanding of Pindaris
  • Pindaris were irregular military plunderers in India, who were disbanded by the British in the early 19th century as part of their efforts to establish control and law and order.
  • The Pindari War (1817-1818) led by the British East India Company was aimed at eliminating the threat posed by the Pindaris.
• Suppression of thugs
  • The British undertook significant efforts to suppress the Thuggee cult, a group of criminals who engaged in robbery and murder, especially under the leadership of William Sleeman in the 1830s.
  • The suppression of thugs was part of the British policy to ensure safety and order in the regions under their control.
• Disbanding of irregular soldiers
  • The British disbanded various irregular troops and local militias to consolidate their military power and ensure that only their organized army held control over the regions.
  • This was part of the broader strategy to centralize military power and reduce the potential for local uprisings.

Q66: The film 'Bhakt Vidur' (1921) after a lot censoring and ban was released under new title of : 

(a) Seth Ki Ladki

(b) Dharma Vijay

(c) Dharmatma

(d) Mahatma

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Dharma Vijay

Bhakt Vidur (1921)

• The film "Bhakt Vidur" was released in 1921 and faced significant censorship issues.
• It was one of the earliest Indian films to deal with socio-political themes, which led to its controversy.
• After undergoing a lot of censoring and bans, the film was eventually released under the new title "Dharma Vijay."
• The film portrays the character Vidur, who is known for his righteousness and moral integrity in the Indian epic Mahabharata.

Other Related Points

Seth Ki Ladki

• This title does not relate to the film "Bhakt Vidur" or its thematic content.
• "Seth Ki Ladki" translates to "The Businessman's Daughter" and likely pertains to a different storyline altogether.

Dharmatma

• "Dharmatma" means "Holy Soul" or "Pious Person" and is a title that could fit various themes but is not associated with "Bhakt Vidur."
• There have been films by this name, but they are separate from the context of "Bhakt Vidur."

Mahatma

• "Mahatma" translates to "Great Soul" and is a term often associated with Mahatma Gandhi.
• This title does not connect with the film "Bhakt Vidur" and its issues with censorship.

Q67: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

(b) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

(c) A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV

(d) A - IV, B - II, C - III, D - I

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

KS Krishnan

• KS Krishnan was an Indian physicist known for his work in physics.
• He is best known for his collaboration with Sir CV Raman in discovering the Raman Effect, which earned Raman the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

SS Bhatnagar

• SS Bhatnagar was a renowned Indian chemist.
• He played a pivotal role in establishing scientific and industrial research in India.
• Bhatnagar is often referred to as the "father of research laboratories" in India for his contributions to the development of national laboratories.

TS Venkataraman

• TS Venkataraman was an Indian scientist known for his contributions to agricultural science.
• He worked on various aspects of agriculture, contributing to the improvement of agricultural practices and crop yields in India.

Birbal Sahni

• Birbal Sahni was a pioneering paleobotanist in India.
• He founded the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany in Lucknow, which is dedicated to the study of plant fossils.
• His work significantly contributed to the understanding of the ancient plant life of the Indian subcontinent.

Other Related Points

Other Notable Scientists

• CV Raman: An Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect named after him (Raman Effect).
• Homi J. Bhabha: An Indian nuclear physicist who is considered the father of the Indian nuclear program. He played a crucial role in the development of atomic energy in India.
• APJ Abdul Kalam: An aerospace scientist who served as the 11th President of India. He was known for his work in India's missile development and space programs.

Q68: The rise of modern industry led to the rise of Parsi and Marwari families in India during British rule. Which of the following Marwari family collaborated with the British firm Rallis? 

(a) Jatia

(b) Jhunjhunwalas

(c) Goenkas

(d) Tarachand Ghanshyamdas

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - Goenkas

Goenkas

• The Goenka family is one of the prominent Marwari families in India.
• During British rule, they collaborated with the British firm Rallis, which was involved in various trading and manufacturing activities.
• The collaboration significantly boosted the Goenkas' business, making them one of the wealthiest and most influential families in India.
• This partnership helped them to expand their business interests in various sectors, including textiles, jute, and tea.

Other Related Points

Jatia Family

• The Jatia family is another well-known Marwari family, but they are not known for collaborating with Rallis.
• They have significant business interests in real estate, hospitality, and other sectors.

Jhunjhunwalas

• The Jhunjhunwalas are also a prominent Marwari family, but they are not associated with Rallis.
• They have diverse business interests, including in the fields of finance and stock market investments.

Tarachand Ghanshyamdas

• Tarachand Ghanshyamdas was a notable Marwari merchant and industrialist, but there is no record of collaboration with Rallis.
• He played a significant role in the textile industry and other sectors.

Q69: Which of the following statements about Chaunshat Yogini temples are correct? 

A. They are associated with the cults of Shakti.

B. Generally, such temples are in the shape of an open circular court enclosed by a peripheral colonnade with chapels.

C. Such temples are usually found in Central Indian territory.

D. The Chaunshat Yogini temple at Khajuraho is elliptical in plan.

E. They enshrine the images of sixty - four Yoginis.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and D only

(b) B, C and D only

(c) A, B, C and E only

(d) B, C, D and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C and E only

Chaunshat Yogini Temples

A. Associated with the cults of Shakti

• These temples are linked to the worship of Shakti, the divine feminine power.
• Shakti cults emphasize the worship of the goddess in her various forms.

B. Open circular court enclosed by a peripheral colonnade with chapels

• Chaunshat Yogini temples typically feature an open-air circular courtyard.
• This courtyard is surrounded by a colonnade with individual shrines or chapels for each Yogini.

C. Located in Central India

• Most of these temples are found in the central part of India, particularly in Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
• They are often situated in remote or elevated locations.

E. Enshrine the images of sixty-four Yoginis

• The name "Chaunshat Yogini" translates to "Sixty-Four Yoginis."
• Each temple enshrines 64 statues or images of the Yoginis, who are considered to be manifestations of the goddess.

Other Related Points

Elliptical Plan of the Chaunshat Yogini Temple at Khajuraho

• The Chaunshat Yogini temple at Khajuraho is unique for its elliptical plan, which differs from the typical circular layout.
• This architectural variation is a notable deviation from other Chaunshat Yogini temples.

Q70: Arrange the following Sultans of Delhi in chronological order: 

A. Ruknuddin

B. Balban

C. Iltutmish

D. Razia

E. Nasiruddin Mahmud

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, E, B, C, D

(b) C, A, D, E, B

(c) A, C, E, D, B

(d) C, B, D, E, A

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: c) C, A, D, E, B

C. Iltutmish (Shamsuddin Iltutmish)

• Reign: 1211-1236 CE
• Context: Iltutmish was the third ruler of the Slave Dynasty and a significant consolidator of the Delhi Sultanate. His reign saw the introduction of important administrative reforms, such as the Iqta system, and he completed the Qutub Minar. He stabilized and expanded the sultanate's territory.

A. Ruknuddin Firuz

• Reign: 1236 CE
• Context: Ruknuddin Firuz, son of Iltutmish, had a very brief reign. His lack of political acumen and indulgence in luxuries led to his quick deposition by his sister, Razia. His reign lasted only a few months in 1236 CE.

D. Razia Sultan (Raziya al-Din)

• Reign: 1236-1240 CE

Context: Razia was the only woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate. As the daughter and successor of Iltutmish, she tried to assert her authority in a male-dominated court. Her reign faced significant challenges and opposition from the conservative Turkish nobles, and she was eventually overthrown.

• E. Nasiruddin Mahmud
• Reign: 1246-1266 CE
• Context: Nasiruddin Mahmud, another son of Iltutmish, ruled for 20 years. His reign is often noted for the relative peace and stability it brought. However, real power was wielded by his deputy and later successor, Balban, who strengthened the Sultanate's central authority.

B. Balban (Ghiyasuddin Balban)

• Reign: 1266-1287 CE
• Context: Balban was initially a powerful noble and deputy to Nasiruddin Mahmud. After becoming Sultan, he implemented strong centralized control and military reforms. Known for his disciplined and severe governance, Balban's reign was pivotal in maintaining the Sultanate's internal stability and security.

Other Related Points

Other Delhi Sultans in Context:

• Ruknuddin Firuz: His brief and ineffective reign marked a tumultuous period immediately following Iltutmish's death. His quick overthrow highlights the instability within the Sultanate during transitions of power.
• Razia Sultan: As a pioneering female ruler in a patriarchal society, her short reign is significant for her attempts to transcend traditional gender roles and challenge the established political norms of the period.
• Nasiruddin Mahmud: Although considered a titular ruler, his long reign provided a semblance of continuity and stability. His religious devotion and piety were notable, though they contrasted with the powerful and secular influence of his deputy, Balban.
• Balban: Known for his autocratic rule, he enforced rigorous discipline within the military and administration. His reign ensured that the Delhi Sultanate could withstand internal and external threats, setting a precedent for strong centralized governance.

Delhi Sultanate's Evolution:

• The transition from Iltutmish to Balban demonstrates the complex power dynamics and challenges of maintaining a stable succession within the Sultanate.
• Each ruler's approach to governance contributed to the gradual consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate as a formidable entity in medieval India.

Q71: Which one of the following report points out: 

"The indebtedness leads ultimately to the transfer of land from the agricultural class to the non - agricultural moneylenders, leading to the creation of landless proletariat with a reduced economic status. The result is said to be loss of agricultural efficiency, as the moneylenders sublet at a rate which leaves the cultivators with reduced incentive to raise a good crop."

(a) The Central Banking Committee (1931)

(b) The Punjab Land Revenue Administration Report (1935)

(c) The Land Alienation Act

(d) The Bombay Land Revenue Administration Report

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - The Central Banking Committee (1931)

The Central Banking Committee (1931)

• The Indian Central Banking Enquiry Committee, established in 1931, was tasked with examining various aspects of banking and finance in India.
• One of the key observations made in their report was about the impact of indebtedness on the agricultural sector.
• The report highlighted how indebtedness led to the transfer of land from farmers to non-agricultural moneylenders.
• This transfer resulted in the creation of a landless proletariat with diminished economic status.
• The moneylenders would then sublet the land at high rates, reducing the incentive for cultivators to produce good crops, ultimately leading to a loss of agricultural efficiency.

Other Related Points

The Punjab Land Revenue Administration Report (1935)

• This report focused on the administration and management of land revenue in Punjab.
• It did not specifically address the issue of indebtedness leading to land transfers to moneylenders.

The Land Alienation Act

• This act was passed to prevent the transfer of land from agricultural to non-agricultural classes.
• It aimed at safeguarding the interests of the agricultural community but did not specifically discuss the effects of indebtedness on agricultural efficiency.

The Bombay Land Revenue Administration Report

• This report dealt with the revenue administration in the Bombay Presidency.
• It did not focus on the impact of indebtedness on land ownership and agricultural efficiency.

Q72: Which of the following inscription records the entrusting of two sums of money to two shrenis of weavers of the town of Govardhana for providing the costs of clothing, etc., for a set of twenty monks ? 

(a) Mathura inscription of year 28 of Kanishka era

(b) Inscription of Ushavadata in the Nasik caves

(c) Bandhogarh inscription of the year 51

(d) Kausambi inscription of year 81

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Inscription of Ushavadata in the Nasik caves

Inscription of Ushavadata in the Nasik caves

• This inscription records the donation of two sums of money to two shrenis (guilds) of weavers in the town of Govardhana.
• The money was entrusted for the purpose of providing clothing and other necessities for a group of twenty monks.
• Ushavadata was a prominent figure, known for his charitable activities, and the Nasik caves inscriptions provide valuable insights into the socio-economic conditions of that period.
• The inscriptions are a significant source of information about the charitable practices and the functioning of guilds (shrenis) in ancient India.

Other Related Points

Mathura inscription of year 28 of Kanishka era

• This inscription belongs to the period of Kanishka, the famous Kushan ruler.
• It provides information about the reign and religious activities during Kanishka's era, but does not mention the donation to weavers or monks.

Bandograh inscription of the year 51

• The Bandograh inscription is another significant record from ancient India.
• It primarily deals with land grants and administrative details rather than donations to weavers or monks.

Kausambi inscription of year 81

• This inscription is related to the ancient city of Kausambi, an important urban center in ancient India.
• It provides details about various administrative and religious activities but does not specifically mention the entrusting of money to weavers for monks.

Q73: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

(b) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

(c) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV

(d) A - II, B - IV, C - III, D - I

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

Bhumi (the earth) - 1

• The word "Bhumi" is often associated with the earth, which is singular in nature, thus it stands for the number 1.

Kara (hand) - 2

• "Kara" refers to a hand, and a human typically has two hands, thus it stands for the number 2.

Loka (the worlds) - 3

• "Loka" is a term that often refers to the three worlds in Hindu mythology: heaven, earth, and the underworld, thus it stands for the number 3.

Veda - 4

• There are four Vedas in Hinduism: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, thus it stands for the number 4.

Other Related Points

Bhumi (the earth)

• In many ancient texts and scriptures, "Bhumi" is used to represent the earth, often in a singular context, aligning it with the number 1.

Kara (hand)

• The human body is generally considered in pairs when it comes to limbs, making the number 2 a symbolic representation of hands.

Loka (the worlds)

• In Hindu cosmology, the universe is divided into three primary realms or worlds, which are often collectively referred to as the "three lokas."

Veda

• The Vedas are the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism and are traditionally divided into four distinct collections.

Q74: Who among the following painted the stork in water colour for Lady Impey? 

(a) Sheikh Zayn al - Din

(b) Bhawani das

(c) Ram Das

(d) Ghulam Ali Khan

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Sheikh Zayn al-Din

Sheikh Zayn al-Din

• Sheikh Zayn al-Din was an Indian artist known for his work during the late 18th century.
• He was employed by Lady Impey, the wife of Sir Elijah Impey, Chief Justice of Bengal.
• Sheikh Zayn al-Din is renowned for his detailed and accurate watercolour paintings of flora and fauna.
• One of his most famous works includes the painting of a stork, which was part of Lady Impey's collection.
• These paintings were created under the patronage of Lady Impey and are an important part of the Impey Album.

Other Related Points

Bhawani Das

• Bhawani Das was another Indian artist known for his work in the Company style of painting.
• He was also associated with the British East India Company and produced a variety of natural history illustrations.

Ram Das

• Ram Das was an Indian painter known for his contributions to the Mughal school of art.
• His work primarily involved miniature paintings and illustrations in manuscripts.

Ghulam Ali Khan

• Ghulam Ali Khan was a prominent Indian painter in the 19th century.
• He was known for his portraits and architectural paintings, particularly those related to the Mughal court.

Q75: Which of the following merchandise was Not imported to India from the western world? 

(a) Glassware

(b) Timber

(c) Coral

(d) Mediterranean wines

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Timber

Timber

• Timber was not a commodity imported to India from the western world.
• India had abundant forest resources and did not need to import timber from the West.
• In fact, India has been a significant exporter of timber and other forest products.

Other Related Points

Glassware

• India imported high-quality glassware from Western countries, known for their superior manufacturing techniques.
• Western glassware was often used by the elite and in royal courts due to its refined craftsmanship.

Coral

• Coral, especially red coral, was highly valued in India for jewelry and decorative items.
• It was primarily imported from the Mediterranean region.

Mediterranean wines

• Mediterranean wines were imported by the British and other Europeans living in India, as well as by wealthy Indians.
• These wines were considered a luxury item and symbolized status and sophistication.

Q76: In which country Historism/Historicism developed as a doctrine in the nineteenth century which holds that history is the key to all knowledge? 

(a) France

(b) Germany

(c) U.S.A

(d) Britain

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Germany

Historicism in Germany

• Historicism, also known as Historism, developed as a prominent doctrine in Germany during the nineteenth century.
• It posits that history is the fundamental source of all human knowledge and understanding.
• The doctrine emphasizes the importance of historical context in interpreting events, ideas, and social phenomena.
• Key figures associated with this movement include Leopold von Ranke, a German historian who advocated for the empirical study of history.
• Ranke's approach to historiography emphasized the need to understand the past "as it actually was," free from contemporary biases.

Other Related Points

France

• While France had significant intellectual movements, Historicism as a doctrine did not develop predominantly here.
• France was more influenced by Enlightenment ideas and later by existentialism and structuralism.

U.S.A

• The United States, during the nineteenth century, was more focused on developing its own identity and philosophical contributions such as pragmatism.

Historicism was not a major doctrine in American intellectual history.

• Britain
  • In Britain, intellectual movements such as empiricism and utilitarianism were more prominent during the nineteenth century.
  • Historicism did not take root as a primary doctrine in British academic or philosophical circles.

Q77: Which of the following king is Not mentioned among the kings of Aryavarta in Line 21 of the Allahabad Prashasti? 

(a) Rudradeva

(b) Meghavarna

(c) Chandravarman

(d) Ganapatinaga

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Meghavarna

Meghavarna

• Meghavarna is not mentioned among the kings of Aryavarta in Line 21 of the Allahabad Prashasti.
• The Allahabad Prashasti is an inscription composed by Harishena, the court poet of Samudragupta, which details the conquests and achievements of the Gupta emperor.
• This prashasti lists various kings and rulers defeated or acknowledged by Samudragupta. However, Meghavarna is not one of them.

Other Related Points

Allahabad Prashasti

• The Allahabad Prashasti, also known as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription, is a significant historical record from the Gupta period.
• It provides valuable insights into the political and military history of ancient India, particularly the reign of Samudragupta.

Rudradeva

• Rudradeva is mentioned as one of the rulers who were vanquished by Samudragupta.
• He was a ruler in the Aryavarta region during Samudragupta’s time.

Chandravarman

• Chandravarman is also listed among the defeated kings in the Allahabad Prashasti.
• He was a prominent ruler in Eastern India.

Ganapatinaga

• Ganapatinaga was one of the Naga rulers mentioned in the inscription.
• The Naga dynasty had several rulers who opposed Samudragupta but were eventually defeated.

Q78: Arrange the following chapters in the book 'What is History' by E.H.Carr in the chronological order: 

A. The Historian and His Facts

B. Society and the Individual

C. History, Science and Morality

D. Causation in History

E. History as Progress

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) D, A, B, E, C

(b) A, B, D, C, E

(c) A, B, C, D, E

(d) B, A, E, C, D

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 'A, B, C, D, E'.

A. The Historian and His FactsThis chapter introduces the central theme of the book, focusing on the relationship between historians and historical facts.

• Carr argues that facts do not speak for themselves but are shaped and interpreted by historians, making history a subjective construct.

B. Society and the Individual

• This chapter examines the interaction between society and the individual in shaping historical events.
• Carr highlights that neither individuals nor societal forces act in isolation; history emerges from their complex interplay.

C. History, Science and Morality

• This chapter addresses the philosophical underpinnings of history, discussing its relationship with science and morality.
• Carr debates whether history is a science and explores its role in moral and ethical considerations.

D. Causation in History

• In this chapter, Carr delves into the challenges of attributing causation in historical narratives.
• He emphasizes the importance of understanding multiple factors and interconnections rather than singular causal explanations.

E. History as Progress

• The concluding chapter reflects on the concept of progress in history, questioning whether history moves toward a linear improvement or follows a more complex trajectory.
• Carr discusses the philosophical implications of viewing history through the lens of progress and its impact on human understanding.

Other Related Points

Key Themes in E.H. Carr's Book:

• History is not an objective recounting of facts but a dynamic interpretation shaped by historians and their contexts.
• The role of individual agency versus societal forces is central to understanding historical events.
• Historical causation is complex and multi-faceted, requiring careful consideration of interconnected factors.
• The philosophical debate about progress in history underpins the narrative of human development.

Significance of the Book:

• "What is History" is a seminal work that reshaped the study of historiography by challenging the objectivity and neutrality of historical narratives.
• It continues to influence the philosophy and methodology of history, encouraging critical engagement with historical sources and interpretations.

Q79: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III

(b) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

(c) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

(d) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

Fortress of Akbar

• Jaunpur (A) - 1566 (III): The fortress at Jaunpur was constructed in 1566 during Akbar's reign as a strategic military base.
• Ajmer (B) - 1570 (I): Akbar built the fort in Ajmer in 1570, primarily to strengthen his control over Rajasthan and to provide a base for further military campaigns in the region.
• Allahabad (C) - 1583 (IV): The fortress in Allahabad was built in 1583, serving as a critical military and administrative center due to its strategic location at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.
• Attock (D) - 1581 (II): The fort at Attock was constructed in 1581 to protect the northwestern frontier of the Mughal Empire and to secure the routes to Kabul and Kandahar.

Other Related Points

Akbar's Military Strategy

• Akbar the Great (1542-1605) was known for his extensive military campaigns and fort construction to consolidate and expand the Mughal Empire.
• These forts not only served as military strongholds but also as administrative centers to maintain law and order in the conquered territories.
• His strategic placement of forts in key locations helped in efficient governance and protection of trade routes.

Significance of Forts

• Forts were crucial in the medieval period for defense against invasions and rebellions.
• They often housed garrisons, armories, and were centers for local administration.
• Architecturally, these forts showcased the grandeur and might of the Mughal Empire, often incorporating advanced engineering and architectural techniques of the time.

Q80: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

(b) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

(c) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

(d) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

Dashavatara Temple

• Located in Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh.
• One of the earliest surviving Hindu temples, dating back to the Gupta period.
• Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and features exquisite sculptures depicting various avatars of Vishnu.

Mahadeva Temple

• Situated in Nachna Kuthara, Madhya Pradesh.
• An early example of North Indian temple architecture.
• Dedicated to Lord Shiva and showcases intricate carvings and sculptures.

Lakshaman Temple

• Located in Sirpur, Chhattisgarh.
• Noted for its architectural and sculptural elegance.
• Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and features elaborate carvings.

Meguti Temple

• Situated in Aihole, Karnataka.
• An example of early Chalukyan architecture.
• Known for its historical significance and inscriptions.

Other Related Points

Deogarh

• Famous for the Dashavatara Temple, an important archaeological and historical site.
• The temple's sculptures are significant for understanding the Gupta style of art and architecture.

Nachna Kuthara

• Home to the Mahadeva Temple, one of the earliest Hindu temples in India.
• The temple is significant for its early representation of temple architecture in central India.

Sirpur

• An important archaeological site in Chhattisgarh, known for its ancient temples and monasteries.
• The Lakshaman Temple is one of the finest examples of brick temples in India.

Aihole

• Often referred to as the "Cradle of Indian Architecture" due to its numerous early Chalukyan monuments.
• The Meguti Temple is notable for its historical inscriptions and architectural style.

Q81: Arrange the following events in the chronological order: 

A. Muslim League begins the 'Direct Action Day'.

B. Interim government takes office.

C. Indian Independence Bill passed by the House of Commons.

D. Indian Independence Bill passed by the House of Lords.

E. Indian Independence Bill received Royal assent.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B, D, C, E

(b) B, A, D, C, E

(c) A, B, C, D, E

(d) B, A, C, D, E

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C, D, E

Muslim League begins the 'Direct Action Day'.

• The All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for Direct Action Day on August 16, 1946.
• This day marked the demand for a separate Muslim-majority nation, which later became Pakistan.
• It resulted in widespread communal riots in various parts of India, notably in Calcutta.

Interim government takes office.

• The Interim Government of India was formed on September 2, 1946.
• It was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru and included members of the Indian National Congress as well as the Muslim League.
• This government was a step towards India's independence and preparation for the transition of power from British rule.

Indian Independence Bill passed by the House of Commons.

• The Indian Independence Bill was passed by the House of Commons on July 15, 1947.
• This bill outlined the partition of India and the establishment of the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan.
• The bill also set the date for independence as August 15, 1947.

Indian Independence Bill passed by the House of Lords.

• The Indian Independence Bill was passed by the House of Lords on July 16, 1947.
• This was a necessary step for the bill to become law after it was passed by the House of Commons.

Indian Independence Bill received Royal assent.

• The Indian Independence Bill received Royal Assent on July 18, 1947.
• This was the final step in the legislative process, making the bill an official law.
• The Royal Assent was given by King George VI, which paved the way for the formal independence of India and Pakistan.

Other Related Points

Direct Action Day

• Also known as the Calcutta Killings, it marked a significant point of communal tension in British India.
• The violence and riots during Direct Action Day highlighted the urgency for a solution to the Hindu-Muslim divide, leading to the acceptance of partition.

Interim Government

• The interim government was a coalition that included representatives of different political parties and communities, reflecting the pluralistic nature of Indian society.
• The formation of the interim government was crucial in managing the transition from colonial rule to independence.

Indian Independence Bill

• The bill was introduced by the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.
• It facilitated the legal framework for the partition and independence of India and Pakistan.
• The bill's passing in both houses of the British Parliament and receiving Royal Assent marked the end of British rule in India.

Q82: Match the List - I with List - II 

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

(b) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

(c) A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II

(d) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

Balaji Vishwanath

• Worked as Sabhasad of Poona.
• He was the first Peshwa of the Maratha Empire and played a key role in stabilizing the empire.

Baji Rao I

• Popularised the ideal of Hindu-Pad-Padshahi.
• He was known for his military campaigns and expanded the Maratha Empire significantly.

Balaji Baji Rao

• Helped English in crushing the Maratha naval force under Tulaji.
• Also known as Nana Saheb, he was the Peshwa during the third battle of Panipat.

Baji Rao II

• Signed Treaty of Bassein with the English.
• His treaty with the British marked a significant point in the decline of Maratha power.

Other Related Points

Balaji Vishwanath:

• He was instrumental in the rise of the Peshwa family and laid the foundation for the Maratha Empire's administration.

Baji Rao I:

• Known for his swift cavalry tactics and undefeated record in battle, he expanded Maratha influence in northern India.

Balaji Baji Rao:

• His tenure saw the Marathas' peak and decline, culminating in the disastrous third battle of Panipat.

Baji Rao II:

• He sought British help to regain his position, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Bassein, which eventually led to British dominance over Maratha territories.

Q83: The Kubrawiya Silsilah was active in the region of: 

(a) Bengal

(b) Kashmir

(c) Gujarat

(d) Punjab

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - Kashmir

Kubrawiya Silsilah

• The Kubrawiya Silsilah is a Sufi order founded by Najmuddin Kubra in the 13th century.
• The order is known for its deep spiritual practices and contributions to Islamic mysticism.
• It gained significant traction in the region of Kashmir, where it became deeply rooted and influential.
• The Sufi order played an essential role in the spiritual and cultural landscape of Kashmir, contributing to the spread of Islam in the region.

Other Related Points

Bengal

• Bengal was a prominent region for several other Sufi orders but not for the Kubrawiya Silsilah.
• The Chishti and Suhrawardi orders were more influential in this region.

Gujarat

• Gujarat also had a rich history of Sufi traditions, particularly with the Shattari and Qadiri orders.
• The Kubrawiya order did not have a significant presence here.

Punjab

• Punjab was more influenced by the Qadiri and Chishti Sufi orders.
• The Kubrawiya Silsilah did not have a major influence in this region.

Q84: Which of the following universities, established on the basis of Wood's Education Dispatch of 1854, were based on the model of London University? 

A. Calcutta

B. Bombay

C. Madras

D. Punjab

E. Patna

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and B only

(b) A, B and C only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, B, C, D, E

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B and C only

Wood's Education Dispatch of 1854

• Also known as the "Magna Carta of English Education in India," this dispatch laid the foundation for the establishment of universities in India.
• It recommended the establishment of universities in major Indian cities on the model of the University of London.

Universities Established

Calcutta University (1857)

• One of the first modern universities in India, following the model of the University of London.

Bombay University (1857)

• Established in the same year as Calcutta University, also based on the London University model.

Madras University (1857)

• Founded in the same period as Calcutta and Bombay Universities, adhering to the London University model.

Other Related Points

Punjab University

• Established later in 1882, it was not one of the universities founded based on the Wood's Education Dispatch of 1854.

Patna University

• Established in 1917, it also does not fall under the universities recommended by the Wood's Education Dispatch of 1854.

Q85: Which of the following sites have yielded cylindrical stone drills in the Harappan contexts? 

A. Chanhudaro

B. Harappa

C. Dholavira

D. Mohenjodaro

E. Kalibangan

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A, B and E only

(b) B, C and E only

(c) A, B, C and D only

(d) A, C and E only

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is - A, B, C and D only

Cylindrical Stone Drills in Harappan Contexts

Chanhudaro

• Cylindrical stone drills have been discovered at Chanhudaro, highlighting its importance as a manufacturing center in the Harappan civilization.

Harappa

• Harappa, one of the major urban centers of the Harappan civilization, has also yielded cylindrical stone drills, indicating advanced tool-making techniques.

Dholavira

• Excavations at Dholavira have unearthed cylindrical stone drills, shedding light on the technological advancements of the Harappan people.

Mohenjodaro

• Mohenjodaro, another significant site of the Harappan civilization, has revealed cylindrical stone drills, further confirming the widespread use of such tools.

Other Related Points

Kalibangan

• While Kalibangan is an important Harappan site known for its distinct fire altars and early plowed fields, there is no prominent evidence of cylindrical stone drills found at this location.

Q86: Which among the following objects was Not typically found in the copper hoards? 

(a) Celts

(b) Harpoons

(c) Antenna Swords

(d) Hand axes

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - Hand axes

Hand axes

• Hand axes are prehistoric tools that were primarily used during the Stone Age.
• They are typically made of stone and were not usually part of the copper hoards.
• Copper hoards refer to collections of metal artifacts, predominantly made of copper, dating back to the Copper Age or Chalcolithic period.
• These hoards primarily consisted of various tools and weapons used for different purposes.

Other Related Points

Celts

• Celts are ancient tools or weapons, often made of metal, including copper.
• They were primarily used for cutting or as agricultural tools.
• Celts are commonly found in copper hoards, indicating their significant role in the Chalcolithic period.

Harpoons

• Harpoons are pointed tools used for hunting and fishing.
• These tools could be made from various materials, including copper.
• Harpoons found in copper hoards suggest their use in hunting and fishing activities during the period.

Antenna Swords

• Antenna swords are a type of weapon characterized by their hilt design, which resembles antennae.
• These swords were predominantly made of metal, including copper.
• The presence of antenna swords in copper hoards highlights their use in combat and ceremonial practices.

Q87: Which of the following statements are correct? 

A. A striking feature of Tughlaq architecture was the sloping walls called "batter"

B. It was used in all the buildings of the Tughlaq dynasty.

C. The Tughlaqs used only greystone in their buildings.

D. In the buildings of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, rubble is finished by thick coat of lime plaster which was colour washed

E. Decorative motif found in all the buildings of Firuz Shah Tughlaq is bell and chain.

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A and C only

(b) B and D only

(c) C and E only

(d) A and D only

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is - A and D only

A striking feature of Tughlaq architecture was the sloping walls called "batter"

• The Tughlaq dynasty is noted for introducing the architectural feature of sloping walls, known as "batter".
• This feature was used to give the structures a solid and formidable appearance.
• The batter walls are typically thicker at the base and taper as they rise, providing better stability and strength.

In the buildings of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, rubble is finished by thick coat of lime plaster which was colour washed

• Firuz Shah Tughlaq's buildings often featured rubble masonry finished with a thick coat of lime plaster.
• This lime plaster was typically color washed, adding an aesthetic appeal to the rugged construction.
• This method was used to protect the structures and provide a smooth finish.

Other Related Points

Tughlaq Dynasty

• The Tughlaq dynasty ruled over the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India, known for their architectural innovations and military campaigns.
• They introduced several new architectural elements such as the use of batter walls and the incorporation of both Islamic and Indian styles.

Firuz Shah Tughlaq

• Firuz Shah Tughlaq was one of the notable rulers of the Tughlaq dynasty, known for his administrative reforms and building activities.
• He constructed several buildings and canals and was known for his patronage of architecture and infrastructure.

Decorative Motifs

• While Firuz Shah Tughlaq's buildings had various decorative elements, the "bell and chain" motif was not universally found in all his structures.
• The Tughlaq architecture was more focused on functionality and strength, often using minimalistic decoration compared to other dynasties.

Q88: Arrange the following Sikh Gurus in chronological order: 

A. Guru Arjun

B. Guru Amardas

C. Guru Har Rai

D. Guru Angad

E. Guru Ramdas

Choose the Correct answer from the options given below:

(a) D, E, B, A, C

(b) C, B, E, A, D

(c) D, B, E, A, C

(d) B, E, A, D, C

Ans: C

Sol: The correct answer is - D, B, E, A, C

Explanation

Guru Angad (D)

• He was the second Sikh Guru, succeeding Guru Nanak.
• Guru Angad standardized the Gurmukhi script, which became the medium for the scriptures of the Sikhs.
• He served as the Guru from 1539 to 1552.

Guru Amardas (B)

• He was the third Sikh Guru and succeeded Guru Angad.
• Guru Amardas established the practice of "Langar" (community kitchen) as a part of Sikh service.
• He served as the Guru from 1552 to 1574.

Guru Ramdas (E)

• He was the fourth Sikh Guru, succeeding Guru Amardas.
• Guru Ramdas founded the city of Amritsar, which became the spiritual center of Sikhism.
• He served as the Guru from 1574 to 1581.

Guru Arjun (A)

• He was the fifth Sikh Guru, succeeding Guru Ramdas.
• Guru Arjun compiled the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of Sikhism, and built the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple).
• He served as the Guru from 1581 to 1606.

Guru Har Rai (C)

• He was the seventh Sikh Guru, succeeding Guru Hargobind.
• Guru Har Rai is known for his compassion and care for the environment and animals.
• He served as the Guru from 1644 to 1661.

Additional Information

Guru Angad (D)

• He was originally known as Lehna before being named Angad by Guru Nanak.
• His contributions to Sikhism included organizing the community and promoting the teachings of Guru Nanak.

Guru Amardas (B)

• He was instrumental in strengthening the Sikh community by establishing Manji (dioceses) system for better administration.
• He also advocated for social reforms, including the abolishment of the Sati practice and the promotion of widow remarriage.

Guru Ramdas (E)

• He composed many hymns that are included in the Guru Granth Sahib.
• Guru Ramdas established the institutions of Masands (representatives) to collect donations for the community's welfare.

Guru Arjun (A)

• He faced persecution and was martyred under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
• His martyrdom is considered a pivotal event in Sikh history, symbolizing the struggle against oppression.

Guru Har Rai (C)

• He maintained the military tradition initiated by Guru Hargobind but avoided direct conflict with the Mughal Empire.
• Guru Har Rai also established several hospitals and herbal gardens.

Q89: Which of the following site was famed in Sangam texts for gem and jewellery work?

(a) Vanji

(b) Kodumanal

(c) Kanchi

(d) Uraiyur

Ans: B

Sol: The correct answer is - Kodumanal

Explanation

Kodumanal

• Kodumanal was a significant industrial and trading center during the Sangam period, particularly known for its gem and jewellery work.
• Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of extensive bead-making activities, including the presence of semi-precious stones like carnelian, quartz, jasper, and agate.
• The site also yielded artifacts like stone tools, pottery, and other materials indicating a thriving craft industry.
• Kodumanal's prominence in gem and jewellery work is well-documented in Sangam literature, highlighting its importance in ancient trade networks.

Other Related Points

Vanji

• Vanji, also known as Vanchi, was the capital city of the Chera dynasty.
• It was a major political and cultural center but not specifically renowned for gem and jewellery work in Sangam texts.

Kanchi

• Kanchi, or Kanchipuram, was a significant urban center known for its temples and educational institutions.
• It was more famous for its religious and scholarly contributions rather than gem and jewellery work.

Vraiyur

• Vraiyur (also known as Uraiyur) was a prominent city under the Chola dynasty.
• It was known for its trade and administrative significance but not specifically for gem and jewellery work in Sangam literature.

Q90: The term 'Positivism' is originally derived from the 'Positivist Philosophy' enunciated by _______ 

(a) Auguste Comte

(b) Theodor Mommsen

(c) Peter Burke

(d) Eric Cochrane

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is - Auguste Comte

Auguste Comte

• Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a French philosopher known as the father of sociology and positivism.
• He developed the theory of positivism, which asserts that only scientific knowledge derived from empirical observation is valid.
• Comte's philosophy aimed to apply the scientific method to the study of society and human behavior.
• His works, such as "The Course in Positive Philosophy," laid the foundation for modern social sciences.

Other Related Points

Theodor Mommsen

• A German classical scholar, historian, and legal expert.
• Best known for his work "History of Rome," which earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902.

Peter Burke

• A British historian known for his work on the social and cultural history of early modern Europe.
• His notable works include "The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy."

Eric Cochrane

• An American historian specializing in the Italian Renaissance.
• Author of "Florentine Histories," focusing on historical methodologies.

Q91: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 The work begins with the origin of the Chalukya dynasty and goes on to describe in the usual style of a Mahakavya, the battles fought and the pleasure enjoyed by king Vikramaditya. The last canto, like the first Uchchhvasa of the Harsha - Charita, gives us an account of the author himself and his literary adventures, of his family, his country and its rulers. As a piece of history the work is full of blemishes. It seeks the intervention of Shiva to explain away certain unhappy incidents in the life of the king. Accurate chronology is also lost in the medley of vague expressions. 

 The author belonged to which region? 

(a) Kashmir

(b) Ujjain

(c) Kanyakubja

(d) Kalyana

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 1) Kashmir

The author is Bilhana

• Bilhana, an 11th-century poet, wrote the famous Sanskrit work "Vikramankadevacharita".
• This literary composition celebrates the life and achievements of King Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukya dynasty.

Bilhana's Origin

• Bilhana was originally from Kashmir.
• His work reflects his journey from Kashmir to the court of the Chalukya king in South India.
• He mentions his Kashmiri heritage and his literary contributions in the concluding canto of his work.

Other Related Points

Historical Context

• Vikramankadevacharita: This work is a Mahakavya-style poem chronicling the life of King Vikramaditya VI.
• Literary Style: As with many works of the Mahakavya genre, it blends historical events with poetic embellishments and mythological narratives.
• Inaccuracies: The historical accuracy of the work can be questionable as it employs supernatural explanations and lacks precise chronological order.

Other Options

• Ujjain: A significant ancient city in Indian history but not directly related to Bilhana.
• Kanyakubja: Also known as Kannauj, it was a major center of power and culture in ancient India but not where Bilhana was from.
• Kalyana: The capital of the Western Chalukyas, where Bilhana eventually migrated to seek patronage, but not his place of origin.

Q92: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 The work begins with the origin of the Chalukya dynasty and goes on to describe in the usual style of a Mahakavya, the battles fought and the pleasure enjoyed by king Vikramaditya. The last canto, like the first Uchchhvasa of the Harsha - Charita, gives us an account of the author himself and his literary adventures, of his family, his country and its rulers. As a piece of history the work is full of blemishes. It seeks the intervention of Shiva to explain away certain unhappy incidents in the life of the king. Accurate chronology is also lost in the medley of vague expressions. 

 Who was the patron of the author of the text? 

(a) Mahendravikramavarman of Pallava dynasty

(b) Harshvardhana of Vardhana dynasty

(c) Vikramaditya VI, the Chalukya king of Kalyana

(d) Chandragupta II of Gupta dynasty

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 3) Vikramaditya VI, the Chalukya king of Kalyana

Patron of the Author:

• The author, Bilhana, was patronized by Vikramaditya VI, the Chalukya king of Kalyana.
• The text, "Vikramankadevacharita," is a Mahakavya that celebrates the life and achievements of King Vikramaditya VI.

Context of the Work:

• The work starts with the origin of the Chalukya dynasty and elaborates on the victories and pleasures of King Vikramaditya VI.
• The final canto provides details about the author's own life, his family, and his literary journey.
• Although the work is historical, it contains embellishments and mythical elements, such as the intervention of Shiva, which affect its historical accuracy.

Other Related Points

Other Options:

• 1) Mahendravikramavarman of Pallava dynasty: Not related to Bilhana's work.
• 2) Harshvardhana of Vardhana dynasty: Patronized Bana, the author of "Harsha-Charita," but not related to Bilhana.
• 4) Chandragupta II of Gupta dynasty: Not related to Bilhana's work.

Q93: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 The work begins with the origin of the Chalukya dynasty and goes on to describe in the usual style of a Mahakavya, the battles fought and the pleasure enjoyed by king Vikramaditya. The last canto, like the first Uchchhvasa of the Harsha - Charita, gives us an account of the author himself and his literary adventures, of his family, his country and its rulers. As a piece of history the work is full of blemishes. It seeks the intervention of Shiva to explain away certain unhappy incidents in the life of the king. Accurate chronology is also lost in the medley of vague expressions. 

 Which text is the passage referring to? 

(a) Vikramorvashi

(b) Kathasarita - sagar

(c) Vikramankadevacharita

(d) Devicandragupta

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 3) Vikramankadeva-Charita

Vikramankadeva-Charita:

• Authored by Bilhana, the "Vikramankadeva-Charita" is a Mahakavya dedicated to the life and achievements of King Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukya dynasty.
• The passage mentions several key aspects of the work, including the origin of the Chalukya dynasty, the battles, and pleasures of King Vikramaditya, and the author’s literary account of his own life, confirming that the text in question is "Vikramankadeva-Charita".

Other Related Points

Other Options:

• Vikramorvashi: A play by the classical Sanskrit playwright Kalidasa, not related to the description given in the passage.
• Kathasarita-sagar: A famous 11th-century collection of Indian legends, fairy tales, and folklore retold in Sanskrit by Somadeva, unrelated to the description provided.
• Devicandragupta: An ancient Indian historical play attributed to Vishakhadatta, also unrelated to the passage above.

Q94: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
The work begins with the origin of the Chalukya dynasty and goes on to describe in the usual style of a Mahakavya, the battles fought and the pleasure enjoyed by king Vikramaditya. The last canto, like the first Uchchhvasa of the Harsha - Charita, gives us an account of the author himself and his literary adventures, of his family, his country and its rulers. As a piece of history the work is full of blemishes. It seeks the intervention of Shiva to explain away certain unhappy incidents in the life of the king. Accurate chronology is also lost in the medley of vague expressions. 

 Who is the author of the text? 

(a) Somadeva

(b) Bilhana

(c) Vishakhadatta

(d) Kalidasa

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 2) Bilhana

Bilhana:

• The author of the text referenced in the passage is Bilhana.
• He wrote the "Vikramankadeva-Charita," a Mahakavya that celebrates the life and achievements of King Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukya dynasty.
• This work describes the origin of the Chalukya dynasty, the battles, and pleasures enjoyed by King Vikramaditya, and the author's own life and literary endeavors.

Other Related Points

Other Options:

• Somadeva: Author of the "Kathasaritsagara," a famous collection of Indian legends and folklore.
• Vishakhadatta: Known for writing the play "Mudrarakshasa" and possibly "Devichandragupta," but not related to the text in the passage.
• Kalidasa: A classical Sanskrit playwright and poet known for works like "Shakuntala," "Meghaduta," and "Vikramorvashi," but not the author of the referenced text.

Q95: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 The work begins with the origin of the Chalukya dynasty and goes on to describe in the usual style of a Mahakavya, the battles fought and the pleasure enjoyed by king Vikramaditya. The last canto, like the first Uchchhvasa of the Harsha - Charita, gives us an account of the author himself and his literary adventures, of his family, his country and its rulers. As a piece of history the work is full of blemishes. It seeks the intervention of Shiva to explain away certain unhappy incidents in the life of the king. Accurate chronology is also lost in the medley of vague expressions. 

 Which of the following work is also written by the same author? 

(a) Pratijnayaugandharayana

(b) Mudra - rakshasa

(c) Brhatkatha

(d) Caurapancashika

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: 4) Caurapancashika

Caurapancashika:

• The author of "Vikramankadeva-Charita," Bilhana, is also known for writing "Caurapancashika."
• "Caurapancashika" is a lyrical work that deals with the love story of a thief for a princess and is written in a highly emotional and descriptive style.

Other Related Points

Other Options:

• Pratijnayaugandharayana: A Sanskrit play attributed to Bhasa.
• Mudra-rakshasa: A historical play written by Vishakhadatta.
• Brhatkatha: An ancient Indian epic attributed to Gunadhya.

Q96: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 Although Savarkar himself proceeded to London in 1906, his organisation continued to flourish in India. It seriously took up the revolutionary activities and tried to spread its branches all over Maharashtra. It preached the gospel of freedom and sang songs and ballads of freedom, the refrain of which was "Free India from the foreigners' yoke".... There was at that time a network of secret societies all over the province. Many colleges and higher education institutions had at least one secret society.... The society's activities included collection of and training in arms and explosives wherever and whenever possible. Arms were surreptitiously sent from London by Savarkar when he settled there in 1906. 

 Which organisation of VD Savarkar is being talked about in the passage? 

(a) Abhudaya Bharat

(b) Adbhut Bharat

(c) Abhinav Bharat

(d) Anushilan Samiti

Ans: c

Sol: The correct answer is: 3) Abhinav Bharat

Abhinav Bharat:

• The passage refers to the revolutionary activities and the network of secret societies associated with VD Savarkar, which point towards "Abhinav Bharat."
• Abhinav Bharat was a secret society formed by VD Savarkar and his brother in 1904, aimed at Indian independence through armed struggle.
• The organisation was active in revolutionary activities and had a broad network, as mentioned in the passage.

Other Related Points

Other Options:

• Abhudaya Bharat: Not related to VD Savarkar's revolutionary activities.
• Adbhut Bharat: No historical reference or connection to VD Savarkar's organisation.
• Anushilan Samiti: Another revolutionary society active during the same period, but it was primarily based in Bengal and not directly associated with VD Savarkar.

Q97: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 Although Savarkar himself proceeded to London in 1906, his organisation continued to flourish in India. It seriously took up the revolutionary activities and tried to spread its branches all over Maharashtra. It preached the gospel of freedom and sang songs and ballads of freedom, the refrain of which was "Free India from the foreigners' yoke".... There was at that time a network of secret societies all over the province. Many colleges and higher education institutions had at least one secret society.... The society's activities included collection of and training in arms and explosives wherever and whenever possible. Arms were surreptitiously sent from London by Savarkar when he settled there in 1906. 

 Savarkar translated the life of which personality in Marathi of which 2000 copies were sold in three months? 

(a) Napoleon

(b) Mazzini

(c) Hitler

(d) Mussolini

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 2) Mazzini

Savarkar's translation:

• VD Savarkar translated the life of Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary leader, into Marathi.
• Mazzini's life and works were inspirational for many Indian freedom fighters, including Savarkar.
• The Marathi translation of Mazzini's biography by Savarkar saw great popularity, with 2000 copies sold within three months of its publication.

Other Related Points

Other Options:

• Napoleon: While Napoleon's life has been of interest to many, Savarkar did not focus on translating his biography.
• Hitler: Savarkar did not focus on Hitler's life for translation work.
• Mussolini: Mussolini was not a subject of Savarkar's translation efforts.

Q98: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 Although Savarkar himself proceeded to London in 1906, his organisation continued to flourish in India. It seriously took up the revolutionary activities and tried to spread its branches all over Maharashtra. It preached the gospel of freedom and sang songs and ballads of freedom, the refrain of which was "Free India from the foreigners' yoke".... There was at that time a network of secret societies all over the province. Many colleges and higher education institutions had at least one secret society.... The society's activities included collection of and training in arms and explosives wherever and whenever possible. Arms were surreptitiously sent from London by Savarkar when he settled there in 1906. 

 Which member of the society mentioned in the passage, was sent to Paris to learn the art of bomb making from Russian revolutionaries? 

(a) PN Bapat

(b) Sachindra Sanyal

(c) Amba Prasad

(d) Ram Chandra

Ans: a

Sol: The correct answer is: 1) PN Bapat

PN Bapat:

• PN Bapat, also known as Pandurang Mahadev Bapat, was a key figure in the revolutionary activities inspired by VD Savarkar.
• He was specifically sent to Paris to learn the art of bomb making from Russian revolutionaries, which underlines his significant role in the network of secret societies mentioned in the passage.
• This move was a part of a broader strategy to equip the revolutionaries with the necessary skills to fight against British colonial rule.

Other Related Points
The passage details the efforts of VD Savarkar and his organisation to promote revolutionary activities across Maharashtra. It explicitly mentions the collection and training in arms and explosives, implying the technical training necessary for such tasks. Among the revolutionaries, PN Bapat was the one who specialized by learning bomb-making techniques from Russian revolutionaries in Paris.

Q99: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 Although Savarkar himself proceeded to London in 1906, his organisation continued to flourish in India. It seriously took up the revolutionary activities and tried to spread its branches all over Maharashtra. It preached the gospel of freedom and sang songs and ballads of freedom, the refrain of which was "Free India from the foreigners' yoke".... There was at that time a network of secret societies all over the province. Many colleges and higher education institutions had at least one secret society.... The society's activities included collection of and training in arms and explosives wherever and whenever possible. Arms were surreptitiously sent from London by Savarkar when he settled there in 1906. 

 In London, VD Savarkar was associated with which organisation? 

(a) London House

(b) India House

(c) Ghadar House

(d) Independence House

Ans: b

Sol: The correct answer is: 2) India House

India House:

• In London, VD Savarkar was prominently associated with "India House."
• India House was a student residence in North London that became a hub for Indian revolutionary activities during the early 20th century.
• It played a significant role in nurturing and supporting freedom fighters who were advocating for Indian independence from British rule.
• Savarkar used this platform to organize revolutionary activities and support the freedom movement from abroad.

Other Related Points

Other Options:

• London House: No significant connection with VD Savarkar’s revolutionary activities.
• Ghadar House: Associated with the Ghadar Party, which was primarily active in the United States and Canada, not with Savarkar in London.
• Independence House: There is no historical reference to an "Independence House" linked with VD Savarkar or his activities in London.

Q100: Read the following passage and answer the questions.
 Although Savarkar himself proceeded to London in 1906, his organisation continued to flourish in India. It seriously took up the revolutionary activities and tried to spread its branches all over Maharashtra. It preached the gospel of freedom and sang songs and ballads of freedom, the refrain of which was "Free India from the foreigners' yoke".... There was at that time a network of secret societies all over the province. Many colleges and higher education institutions had at least one secret society.... The society's activities included collection of and training in arms and explosives wherever and whenever possible. Arms were surreptitiously sent from London by Savarkar when he settled there in 1906. 

 VD Savarkar graduated from which college? 

(a) St. Xavier's College

(b) Deccan College

(c) Narsee Monjee College

(d) Fergusson College

Ans: d

Sol: The correct answer is: 4) Fergusson College

Fergusson College:

• VD Savarkar, also known as Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, was an influential figure in the Indian freedom movement and a prominent revolutionary.
• He completed his education at Fergusson College, which is located in Pune, Maharashtra.
• Fergusson College is one of the oldest and most prestigious higher education institutions in India, established in 1885.
• The college has a notable history of educating several freedom fighters and prominent personalities, fostering a strong sense of nationalism and revolutionary zeal among its students.

Other Related PointsIn the context of the passage, it is important to identify the college from which VD Savarkar graduated. This information aligns with historical accounts of Savarkar's life and education:

Fergusson College played a significant role in shaping Savarkar’s revolutionary ideas and activities during his formative years. The atmosphere of the college and its connection to the nationalist movement likely influenced his commitment to the cause of Indian independence.

St. Xavier's College:

• St. Xavier's College is a well-known institution in Mumbai, but there is no historical record linking VD Savarkar to it for his higher education.

Deccan College:

• Deccan College is another notable institution in Pune, but Savarkar did not graduate from there.

Narsee Monjee College:

• Narsee Monjee College, now known as NM College, is located in Mumbai and was established much later. It was not associated with Savarkar's education.