Class 8 Exam > Class 8 Notes > English Class 8 > Vocabulary: Glimpses of the Past
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1. The Martyrs
(At Delhi. Lata Mangeshkar can be seen singing a song. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, and Indira Gandhi can be seen sitting beside her)Narrator: At a function in Delhi.
Lata Mangeshkar (singing a song): "Oh my countrymen! Let your eyes fill with tears, as you recall the sacrificesof India’s martyrs."
Meaning of Difficult Words
2. The Company’s conquests (1757-1849)
(Scene 1:A Map of India)Narrator: With its superior weapons, the British East India Company was extending its power in 18th century India.
(Scene 2: Inside a palace)
Narrator: Indian princes were short-sighted.
Indian princes:That upstart Rajah Bah! Call the English merchants. They will help me to defeat him.
Narrator:The people had no peace due to such constant fights.
(Scene 3:At war)
Narrator: The rivalries helped the East India Company and it could easily subdue Indian princes one by one.
(Scene 4: Sacrifice of Tipu Sultan)
(Scene 4: Sacrifice of Tipu Sultan)
Narrator: A far-seeing ruler like the brave Tipu of Mysore fought the British till he died fighting!
Meaning of Difficult Words
Scene 5-6
Narrator: How did Indians react to these conquests? (People with varied opinions can be seen discussing the conquests of Britishers)(Scene 5: Three royal men can be seen discussing inside a palace)
Royal man 1: Thank God, there is peace in the country now! No more wars and no looting by thugs!
Royal man 2:It is God who sent the British!
Royal man 3: Our destiny is linked with them!
(Scene 6: Four common people can be seen reacting to the conquest of Britishers)
Man 1:The white man has killed or dethroned our kings.
Man 2: Some kings were not good, but after all, they were of this land.
Man 3: Now we have become slaves of foreigners!
Meaning of Difficult Words
3. British Rule (1765-1836)
(Scene 1-2: Religious leaders can be seen speaking to a crowd of people)
Narrator: Religious leaders preached ideas like untouchability and child marriage.
Religious leader 1: Anyone who crosses the seas loses his religion.
Religious leader 2: All the misery in the world is due to women.
(Scene 3: Britishers can be seen having conversations with each other)
Narrator: The truth was that Indians had lost self-respect. The British scorned them.
British man 1 (addressing to another English man): The natives are unworthy of trust, incapable of honesty–
Indian man: True, your honour, but I am honest.
(Scene 4: A British man speaks to a poor farmer)
Narrator: Being merchants, the British wanted quick profits, their heavy taxes forced farmers to abandon their fields.
British man : You are still in arrears. If you don’t pay next week. I will send you to jail.
Farmer: But your men are taking all my crop!
(Scene 5: The Britishers can be seen discussing to each other)
Narrator: Still, the British invented other methods which gave them more profits.
British man 1: The goods manufactured in England should not have any import duty when brought into India.
British man 2: A good idea!
Narrator: The East India Company’s laws began to cripple Indian industries.
(Scene 6: Starvation of Indians)
Narrator: Inevitably famines followed. Between 1822 and 1836 fifteen lakh Indians died of starvation.
Narrator: The British policies ruined the expert artisans and their business.
Meaning of Difficult Words
4. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)
(Scene 1: Raja Ram Mohan Roy's conversation with a political member)Narrator: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a learned man from Bengal, understood what was wrong with the country.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (to a political member): Let us not despise ourselves, our ancient culture is great. And we are capable of greater achievements. We must first reform our society. Superstitions have been ruining us.
(Scene 2: At Roy's house)
(Scene 2: At Roy's house)
Narrator: He told his wife Uma–
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (told his wife): Cows are of different colours, but the colour of their milk is the same. Different teachers have different opinions but the essence of every religion is the same.
(Scene 3: Roy's meeting with common people)
(Scene 3: Roy's meeting with common people)
Narrator: He was attracted by science and modern knowledge.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Knowledge should be practical and scientific.
Narrator: He started newspapers but the suspicious British stopped them in 1823.
(Scene 4: In England)
(Scene 4: In England)
Narrator: He crossed the seas and went to England to see what made the British powerful. There he told them–
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (to the Britishers): We accept you as rulers, and you must accept us as subjects. But you must remember the responsibility a ruler owes to his subjects.
Meaning of Difficult Words
5. Oppression (1765-1835)
(Scene 1: Indians at jail)Narrator: But the British continued to oppress Indians. In 1818, they had passed Regulation III. Under it, an Indian could be jailed without trial in a court.
(Scene 2: Three Britishmen can be seen enjoying their party)
(Scene 2: Three Britishmen can be seen enjoying their party)
Narrator: All the time British officers in India drew big salaries and also made fortunes in private business.
(Scene 3: Exporting goods)
(Scene 3: Exporting goods)
Narrator: By 1829, Britain was exporting British goods worth seven crore rupees to India.
Narrator: The British prospered on the Company’s loot while Indian industries began to die.
(Scene 4: The life of Indian weavers)
Narrator: Governor-General Bentinck reported back home –
Bentinck: “The bones of cotton weavers are bleaching the plains of India.”
Meaning of Difficult Words
6. Dissatisfaction (1835-56)
(Scene 1: Macaulay and Bentinck can be seen having a conversation with each other)Narrator: Education in India was in Persian and Sanskrit. In 1835, a Englishman named Macaulay suggested a change.
Macaulay: We should teach the natives through the English language.
Bentinck: I agree.
(Scene 2: Common people having conversation with each other)
(Scene 2: Common people having conversation with each other)
Narrator: English education produced clerks to whom the British gave petty jobs under them. Incidentally, it also produced a new generation of intellectuals.
Indian man 1: We must educate our brothers.
Indian man 2: And try to improve their material conditions.
Indian man 3: For that we must convey our grievances to the British Parliament.
(Scene 3: A Map of India- 1856)
(Scene 3: A Map of India- 1856)
Narrator: By 1856, the British had conquered the whole of India.
(Scene 4: Several people can be seen sitting under a tree and discussing how to drive the Britishers out)
(Scene 4: Several people can be seen sitting under a tree and discussing how to drive the Britishers out)
Narrator: They cared little about the needs of Indians.
Man 1: Our kings have become puppets, and we have lost our old jobs.
Man 2: And lands.
Man 3: They are converting, our brothers!
Man 4: You only talk! Do something to drive then out!
Meaning of Difficult Words
7. The Sparks (1855-57)
(Scene 1: A terrific war)Narrator:Taxes continued to ruin the peasants. In Bengal, the Santhals who had lost their lands under new land rules, became desperate. In 1855, they rose in rebellion and massacred Europeans and their supporters alike.
(Scene 2: Soldiers can be seen talking to each other)
(Scene 2: Soldiers can be seen talking to each other)
Narrator: Discontent was brewing in the East India Company’s army too.
Soldier 1: The white soldier gets huge pay, mansions to live in, servants.
Soldier 2: While we get a pittance and slow promotions!
Soldier 3 & 4: The Angrez asks us to cross the sea which is against our religion. Who is the topiwala to abolish our age-old customs?
Sepoy Mangal Pande (to himself): We must drive out the Angrez.
Narrator: Sepoy Mangal Pande attacked the adjutant of his regiment and was executed.
(Scene 3: Sepoys revolted against the Europeans)
(Scene 3: Sepoys revolted against the Europeans)
Narrator: Thousands of other sepoys revolted. They were stripped of their uniforms, humiliated and put in irons.
(Scene 4: Three men can be seen having conversation with each other)
(Scene 4: Three men can be seen having conversation with each other)
Narrator: Few Englishmen had care to understand Indian customs or the people’s mind.
Indian man: Oh, proud Brahmin soldiers, do you know that the grease on the bullet you have to bite is made from the fat of cows and pigs?
Brahmin soldier: What ?
Muslim man: The white man has deceived us too!
(Scene 5: People were sending chapaties from one village to another village)
(Scene 5: People were sending chapaties from one village to another village)
Narrator: Soon, chapaties were sent from village to village to tell the people that their emperor would want their services.
Man 8:Yes, all my village men will be ready.
(Scene 6: Indian soldiers circulates lotus flowers)
(Scene 6: Indian soldiers circulates lotus flowers)
Narrator: Similarly lotus flowers circulated among Indian soldiers.
Soldier 5:Death to the foreigner!
Narrator: The masses gave all help and shelter to the patriots.
Meaning of Difficult Words
8. Revolt (1857)
(Scene 1: War at Meerut)Narrator:Then there was a violent outbreak at Meerut.
(Scene 2: At Delhi)
(Scene 2: At Delhi)
Narrator: The sepoys marched to Delhi.
Sepoys (in chorus): Long live our Emperor Bahadur Shah!
(Scene 3: A war spread wider)
(Scene 3: A war spread wider)
Narrator:The rebellion spread wider.
(Scene 4: A few men can be seen talking to each other)
(Scene 4: A few men can be seen talking to each other)
Narrator:Many landlords had lost their lands because of the British policies, and they were sore.
Landlord 1: The white man’s rule must end!
Landlord 2: Yes, we will help you.
Meaning of Difficult Words
9. The Fight for Freedom (1857)
(Scene 1: Begum Hazrat Mahal at her palace)Narrator: Many former rulers like Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow were bitter.
Begum Hazrat Mahal: The white man has taken away my kingdom!
Narrator: They joined the upsurge against the foreigner.
(Scene 2: A large group of people can be seen listening to Maulvi Ahmedulla of Faizabad)
Narrator: Popular leaders like Maulvi Ahmedulla of Faizabad told the people –
Maulvi Ahmedulla: Rise, brothers, rise! The Angrez is ruining our land!
Narrator: The people rose everywhere, in Bareilly, Kanpur and Allahabad.
(Scene 3: At a palace)
Maulvi Ahmedulla: Rise, brothers, rise! The Angrez is ruining our land!
Narrator: The people rose everywhere, in Bareilly, Kanpur and Allahabad.
(Scene 3: At a palace)
Narrator: Azimulla Khan told Tatya Tope
Azimulla Khan: We should have Peshwa Nana Saheb as our leader in this war of independence.
Narrator: The patriots pounced upon the British and fought pitched battles all over North India.
(Scene 4: At river Ganges)
Azimulla Khan: We should have Peshwa Nana Saheb as our leader in this war of independence.
Narrator: The patriots pounced upon the British and fought pitched battles all over North India.
(Scene 4: At river Ganges)
Narrator: Eighty-year old Kunwar Singh of Bihar received a bullet in his wrist.
Kunwar Singh: Mother Ganga! This is my last offering to you!
Kunwar Singh: Mother Ganga! This is my last offering to you!
Meaning of Difficult Words
The document Vocabulary: Glimpses of the Past | English Class 8 is a part of the Class 8 Course English Class 8.
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FAQs on Vocabulary: Glimpses of the Past - English Class 8
| 1. What is the meaning of Martyrs? |  |
Ans. Martyrs refer to people who willingly suffer or die for their beliefs or principles.
| 2. Who were the Company's conquests during 1757-1849? | |
Ans. The Company's conquests during 1757-1849 refer to the British East India Company's expansion of its territories and control over various parts of India.
| 3. What was the period of British Rule in India? | |
Ans. The British Rule in India lasted from 1765 to 1836.
| 4. Who was Raja Ram Mohan Roy? | |
Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer, religious leader, and founder of the Brahmo Samaj, who played a significant role in the Indian Renaissance during the early 19th century.
| 5. What was the impact of oppression in India during 1765-1835? | |
Ans. The oppression in India during 1765-1835 resulted in the exploitation of Indian resources, culture, and labor, causing significant damage to the Indian economy and social fabric. It also led to widespread poverty, starvation, and loss of life.
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