Worksheet Solutions: Change and Development in Industrial Society | Sociology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim established a link between urbanization and the decrease in face-to-face interactions with the rise of _______.
Ans: industry
Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim established a link between urbanization and the decrease in face-to-face interactions with the rise of industry - They highlighted how industrialization impacted social interactions.

Q2: Marx described the situation where people see work as a means of survival and not something enjoyable as _______.
Ans: alienation
Marx described the situation where people see work as a means of survival and not something enjoyable as alienation - He explained how the dehumanizing effects of work in industrial society lead to a lack of fulfillment.

Q3: India's first modern industries included cotton, jute, coal mines, and _______.
Ans: railroads
India's first modern industries included cotton, jute, coal mines, and railroads - These were key industries during the initial stages of industrialization in India.

Q4: The organised sector refers to businesses that employ at least _______ people on a regular basis.
Ans: ten
The organized sector refers to businesses that employ at least ten people on a regular basis - It characterizes larger, more formalized businesses.

Q5: Scientific Management, also known as Taylorism, was developed by _______ in the 1890s.
Ans: Frederick Winslow Taylor
Scientific Management, also known as Taylorism, was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1890s - It's a management methodology that emphasized efficiency and productivity.

Q6: The Mines Act of _______ specifies safety regulations for coal miners' jobs.
Ans: 1952
The Mines Act of 1952 specifies safety regulations for coal miners' jobs - It aims to improve working conditions and safety in the mining industry.

Q7: Home-based work includes producing products like carpets, bidis, agarbattis, lace, and _______.
Ans: zari or brocade
Home-based work includes producing products like carpets, bidis, agarbattis, lace, and zari or brocade - This type of work is common in various crafts and industries.

Q8: Workers do not report to work during a _______.
Ans: strike
Workers do not report to work during a strike - Strikes are a form of labor protest where employees refuse to work.

Q9: Globalisation and liberalisation in India started in the _______.
Ans: 1990s
Globalization and liberalization in India started in the 1990s - These policies opened up the Indian economy to foreign investment and trade.

Q10: In developed nations, the majority are employed in _______ sectors.
Ans: services and manufacturing
In developed nations, the majority are employed in services and manufacturing sectors - These sectors dominate the economies of developed countries.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion: Marx viewed work in industrial society as a means of survival.
Reason: Industrialization brought about a complex division of labor.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Marx did view work in industrial society as a means of survival, and this perspective was influenced by the complex division of labor brought about by industrialization. The Reason accurately explains why Marx held this view.

Q2: Assertion: Globalisation in India led to the acquisition of many Indian businesses by multinational corporations.
Reason: Liberalisation policies allowed foreign businesses to invest in sectors controlled by the government.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Globalization in India, facilitated by liberalization policies, indeed led to the acquisition of Indian businesses by multinational corporations. The Reason correctly explains how liberalization policies opened doors for foreign businesses to invest, resulting in the acquisition of Indian companies.

Q3: Assertion: Working conditions in underground mines are generally safe due to strict safety regulations.
Reason: The Mines Act of 1952 ensures proper safety measures in mining operations.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.
Ans: (b)
While the Mines Act of 1952 does set safety regulations, working conditions in underground mines are generally not considered safe due to various hazards. The strictness of regulations does not necessarily ensure complete safety, making Option B the correct choice.

Q4: Assertion: Home-based work mainly involves male workers producing items like bidis and agarbattis.
Reason: Women and children are the main workers in this field.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.
Ans: (c)
Home-based work indeed involves women and children as the main workers producing items like bidis and agarbattis. However, the Assertion incorrectly states that home-based work mainly involves male workers.

Q5: Assertion: Strikes in the organized sector have no impact on workers' financial stability.
Reason: Workers struggle to support themselves without pay during strikes.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.
Ans: (d)
Strikes in the organized sector do impact workers' financial stability because they do not receive pay during the strike period. The Assertion is false as strikes have a significant impact on financial stability, which is correctly explained in the Reason.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: What is the organized sector in India?
Ans: Businesses employing at least ten people with government registration, job security, and benefits.

Q2: What is Taylorism?
Ans: A management methodology involving time measurement and daily production goals.

Q3: Name two hazardous conditions in underground mines.
Ans: Flooding and roof collapses.

Q4: What percentage of Indians work in the primary sector?
Ans: Nearly 60%.

Q5: What is the primary concern during strikes for workers?
Ans: Financial stability due to lack of pay.

Q6: What is the Mines Act of 1952?
Ans: Legislation specifying safety regulations and maximum work hours for miners.

Q7: Who are the main workers in home-based industries?
Ans: Women and children.

Q8: What do strikes involve?
Ans: Workers not reporting to work as a form of protest.

Q9: What is the impact of liberalisation on Indian businesses?
Ans: Acquisition by multinational corporations increased.

Q10: What does the government aim to achieve through the licensing policy?
Ans: Regional dispersion of industries.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain Marx's concept of alienation in industrial society.
Ans: Marx's concept of alienation in industrial society is characterized by the separation of workers from the products they create and the control over their work conditions. This is caused by the complex division of labor, where workers see work as a means of survival rather than enjoyment.

Q2: Describe India's approach to industrialization after independence.
Ans: India's approach to industrialization after independence involved the government taking control of key sectors such as defense, transportation, and power. It also implemented a mixed economy policy, allowing the private sector to operate in some areas. The aim was to achieve regional dispersion of industries through a licensing policy.

Q3: How did liberalization policies in the 1990s impact Indian industries?
Ans: Liberalization policies in the 1990s encouraged foreign and private investment in previously controlled sectors. This led to the acquisition of Indian businesses by multinational corporations, bringing in new technologies and boosting economic growth.

Q4: What are the challenges faced by workers in the organized sector during strikes?
Ans: Workers in the organized sector face challenges such as loss of pay, which can impact their financial stability. Managers may also hire substitute labor during strikes, making it difficult for workers to achieve their demands.

Q5: Explain the working conditions of coal miners in India.
Ans: Coal miners in India face dangerous working conditions, including the risk of flooding, roof collapses, and gas releases. They are also at risk of breathing issues, injuries, and illnesses due to hazards present in mines.

Q6: What is the significance of the Mines Act of 1952?
Ans: The Mines Act of 1952 specifies safety regulations and maximum work hours for miners in India. It ensures proper working conditions and safety measures in mining operations, protecting the well-being of miners.

Q7: How do home-based workers in India operate?
Ans: Home-based workers in India receive raw materials and produce goods like carpets, bidis, and agarbattis (incense sticks) at home. They are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of items they produce.

Q8: What are the social implications of the limited size of the organized sector in India?
Ans: The limited size of the organized sector in India means that only a few individuals have access to stable, well-paying employment. This leads to a lack of opportunities for many workers and limited experience of unionization for fair pay and secure working conditions.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Analyze the impact of globalization on the Indian economy, considering the acquisition of Indian businesses by multinational corporations and its effects on local employment and industries.
Ans: Globalization has had a significant impact on the Indian economy, particularly through the acquisition of Indian businesses by multinational corporations (MNCs). While this process has brought in foreign investment and technology, it has also raised concerns regarding local employment and industries.

• The acquisition of Indian businesses by MNCs has led to the consolidation of industries, with larger corporations dominating the market. This has resulted in the closure or downsizing of some local businesses, leading to job losses for workers. The competition from MNCs has also put pressure on local industries to improve efficiency and productivity.
• However, globalization has also brought in opportunities for Indian workers. MNCs often bring advanced technologies and management practices, which can enhance productivity and create new job opportunities in sectors such as IT, manufacturing, and services. The inflow of foreign investment has also boosted economic growth and increased export opportunities for Indian businesses
• Overall, the impact of globalization on local employment and industries in India is complex. While some sectors have thrived and created employment opportunities, others have faced challenges and job losses. It is crucial for the government to implement policies that support local industries, promote skill development, and ensure a balance between domestic and foreign businesses.

Q2: Discuss the challenges faced by workers in the unorganized sector in India, focusing on the lack of job security, fair pay, and proper working conditions.
Ans: Workers in the unorganized sector in India face various challenges, including the lack of job security, fair pay, and proper working conditions. The unorganized sector includes informal and small-scale enterprises, agriculture, construction, and domestic work, among others.

• One of the major challenges faced by workers in the unorganized sector is the lack of job security. Most of these workers are employed on a temporary or contractual basis, making them vulnerable to sudden job losses and income insecurity. They often lack social security benefits such as pension, health insurance, and maternity leave.
• Fair pay is another significant issue faced by workers in the unorganized sector. Many of them earn below the minimum wage, with long working hours and no overtime pay. Due to the absence of formal employment contracts, they are often exploited by employers who take advantage of their vulnerable position.
• Proper working conditions are also a concern for workers in the unorganized sector. They often work in hazardous environments without adequate safety measures, risking their health and wellbeing. Moreover, they lack access to basic facilities such as clean drinking water, sanitation, and restrooms.
• Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive measures. The government needs to strengthen labor laws and regulations to ensure fair wages, job security, and better working conditions for workers in the unorganized sector. Additionally, providing social security benefits, promoting skill development, and creating awareness among workers about their rights can contribute to improving their overall well-being.

Q3: Compare the working conditions of employees in the organized sector with those in the unorganized sector in India, highlighting differences in job security, benefits, and workplace safety.
Ans: The working conditions of employees in the organized sector in India are generally better compared to those in the unorganized sector. Here are the key differences in job security, benefits, and workplace safety:

• Job Security: Employees in the organized sector typically have more job security as they are covered by formal contracts and labor laws. They enjoy regular employment with fixed working hours and the expectation of long-term employment. In contrast, workers in the unorganized sector often face temporary or contractual employment, making them more vulnerable to job losses and income insecurity.
• Benefits: Employees in the organized sector are entitled to various benefits such as provident fund, gratuity, health insurance, and maternity leave. These benefits provide social security and financial stability to employees and their families. Conversely, workers in the unorganized sector often lack access to such benefits, leaving them without any safety net in times of need.
• Workplace Safety: Workplace safety measures are more prevalent in the organized sector. Employers in this sector are legally obligated to provide a safe and healthy working environment, including proper safety equipment, training, and compliance with safety regulations. On the other hand, workers in the unorganized sector often work in hazardous conditions without adequate safety measures, exposing them to risks to their health and safety.

While the organized sector generally offers better working conditions and benefits, it is important to bridge the gap between the organized and unorganized sectors. The government should extend labor laws and regulations to cover workers in the unorganized sector, ensuring job security, benefits, and workplace safety for all employees.

Q4: Evaluate the effectiveness of government policies in improving the working conditions of laborers in hazardous industries like mining. Discuss the challenges faced in enforcing these policies and suggest potential solutions.
Ans: Government policies aimed at improving the working conditions of laborers in hazardous industries like mining have had some positive impact, but challenges remain in their enforcement. Here is an evaluation of the effectiveness of these policies and potential solutions to address the challenges:

Effectiveness of Government Policies: Government policies have introduced certain regulations and safety measures to protect workers in hazardous industries. These include guidelines for safety equipment, regular inspections, and penalties for non-compliance. As a result, there has been some improvement in the working conditions and safety standards in mining industries.

However, the effectiveness of these policies is limited due to several challenges:

• Lack of enforcement: Despite the existence of policies, enforcement remains weak in many cases. Corruption, inadequate resources, and the influence of powerful industrial interests hinder effective implementation.
• Informal and unregistered mines: A significant number of mines operate informally or without proper registration, making it difficult for the government to regulate and enforce safety measures in such settings.
• Lack of awareness and training: Many laborers in hazardous industries are unaware of their rights and safety protocols. Lack of proper training and awareness programs prevents them from demanding better working conditions and exercising their rights.
• Resistance from industry stakeholders: Some mining companies may resist implementing safety measures due to concerns about additional costs and reduced profitability. This poses a challenge to the effective enforcement of government policies.

To address these challenges, the following solutions can be considered:

• Strengthen enforcement mechanisms: The government should allocate sufficient resources and enhance monitoring and inspection systems to ensure strict enforcement of safety regulations. Transparency, accountability, and strict penalties for non-compliance should be enforced.
• Regularization of informal mines: Efforts should be made to formalize and register informal mines, bringing them under the purview of regulations. This will help in enforcing safety measures and improving the working conditions of laborers.
• Enhanced training and awareness programs: Government and industry bodies should conduct regular training programs to educate workers about safety measures, their rights, and the importance of following safety protocols.
• Engagement with industry stakeholders: Collaboration and dialogue with mining companies and industry associations are crucial for creating a shared responsibility towards improving working conditions. Incentives can be provided to encourage compliance with safety measures.

By addressing these challenges and implementing these solutions, government policies can be more effective in improving the working conditions of laborers in hazardous industries like mining.