Worksheet Solutions: Mineral and Energy Resources | Geography Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: Minerals are defined as __________, naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure.
Ans: Elements
Minerals are defined as homogeneous, naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure, forming the building blocks of rocks and Earth's crust.

Q2: Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called __________.
Ans: Minerals
Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called minerals, which are naturally occurring and have a distinct composition and structure.

Q3: Metallic minerals can be classified into __________ types.
Ans: Three
Metallic minerals can be classified into three types: ferrous, non-ferrous, and energy minerals, based on their metal content and uses in various industries.

Q4: __________ is the finest iron ore with a very high iron content.
Ans: Magnetite
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high iron content, making it a valuable resource for the iron and steel industry.

Q5: __________ is used in electrical cables, electronics, and chemical industries.
Ans: Copper
Copper is used in electrical cables, electronics, and chemical industries, owing to its excellent conductivity and versatility in various applications.

Q6: Mica is used in electric and electronic industries due to its excellent __________ properties.
Ans: Dielectric
Mica is used in electric and electronic industries due to its excellent dielectric properties, making it indispensable for insulating electrical equipment.

Q7: Limestone is the basic raw material for the __________ industry.
Ans: Cement
Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry, essential for producing cement through the process of calcination and clinker formation.

Q8: The agency involved in the exploration of minerals in India is the __________.
Ans: Geological Survey of India
The agency involved in the exploration of minerals in India is the Geological Survey of India, responsible for surveying, exploring, and assessing the mineral resources of the country.

Q9: Conventional sources of energy include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and __________.
Ans: Uranium
Conventional sources of energy include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and uranium, which are widely used for power generation, transportation, and industrial applications.

Q10: __________ is produced by altering the structure of atoms and is used for generating nuclear power.
Ans: Nuclear
Nuclear energy is produced by altering the structure of atoms and is used for generating nuclear power, a crucial source of electricity with applications in various sectors.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion: Metallic minerals are essential for the development of metallurgical industries.
Reason: Metallic minerals contain valuable metals used in various industries.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Metallic minerals indeed contain valuable metals essential for various industries, especially metallurgical industries. The presence of valuable metals in metallic minerals forms the basis of the development of metallurgical industries.

Q2: Assertion: Coal is found in the Himalayan region.
Reason: Anthracite, a type of coal, is found in the Himalayan region.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (c)
Coal is not primarily found in the Himalayan region. Anthracite, a type of coal, is indeed found in the Himalayan region, but coal reserves are more prominently located in other regions like the Gondwana field, DVC, Godavari Valley, Sone Valley, Jharia, Raniganj, Mahanadi Valley, and Chanda Wardha Valley.

Q3: Assertion: Wind power is harnessed using wind turbines.
Reason: Wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Wind power is harnessed using wind turbines, which indeed convert wind energy into electricity. The explanation provides the correct relationship between the Assertion and the Reason.

Q4: Assertion: Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
Reason: Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear power.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms, and uranium and thorium are indeed used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Reason explains the process behind the Assertion.

Q5: Assertion: Solar energy is produced by the Sun’s light.
Reason: Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Solar energy is produced by the Sun’s light, and photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. The Reason explains how solar energy is converted into usable electricity, supporting the Assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Name two types of ferrous minerals.
Ans: Iron ore and manganese

Q2: What is the major use of copper in industries?
Ans: Copper is primarily used for electrical wiring and plumbing.

Q3: Where is uranium found in India?
Ans: Uranium is found in the states of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh in India.

Q4: What are the types of coal based on carbon content?
Ans: The types of coal based on carbon content are anthracite, bituminous, and lignite.

Q5: Name a non-metallic mineral used in the electric industry.
Ans: Quartz is a non-metallic mineral used in the electric industry.

Q6: Which region in India has the largest wind farm cluster?
Ans: Gujarat has the largest wind farm cluster in India.

Q7: What is the primary use of bauxite?
Ans: Bauxite is primarily used for the production of aluminum.

Q8: Name two agencies involved in the exploration of minerals in India.
Ans: Geological Survey of India (GSI) and Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL) are two agencies involved in the exploration of minerals in India.

Q9: What is the basic raw material for the cement industry?
Ans: Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry.

Q10: Which minerals are found in the Himalayan belt?
Ans: The Himalayan belt is rich in minerals such as coal, mica, limestone, gypsum, and iron ore.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain the role of ferrous minerals in the development of metallurgical industries in India.
Ans: Ferrous minerals, which include iron ore, are crucial for the development of metallurgical industries in India. Iron ore is the primary raw material used in the production of iron and steel. India is blessed with abundant reserves of high-grade iron ore, which has played a significant role in the growth of the metallurgical industries in the country. The availability of these minerals has led to the establishment of numerous iron and steel plants in India, contributing to economic development, job creation, and infrastructure growth. The iron and steel industry also has forward and backward linkages with several other sectors, such as construction, automotive, and machinery, further boosting industrial development in India.

Q2: Describe the major uses of copper in industries.
Ans: Copper, a versatile metal, finds extensive use in various industries due to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and malleability. Some major uses of copper in industries are:

• Electrical and Electronics: Copper is widely used in electrical wiring, cables, transformers, motors, generators, printed circuit boards, and other electronic components.
• Construction: Copper is utilized in plumbing systems, roofing materials, electrical fittings, heating systems, and decorative elements in buildings.
• Transportation: Copper is used in the production of automotive components, such as radiators, connectors, wiring harnesses, and brake systems, due to its durability and conductivity.
• Machinery and Equipment: Copper is employed in various machinery and equipment, including pumps, valves, bearings, heat exchangers, and industrial machinery parts.
• Renewable Energy: Copper is essential in the renewable energy sector as it is used in solar panels, wind turbines, and electrical connections in renewable energy systems.
• Consumer Goods: Copper is used in the manufacturing of kitchenware, cookware, coins, jewelry, and other consumer goods due to its aesthetic appeal and antimicrobial properties.

Q3: Explain the significance of limestone in the cement industry and smelting iron ore.
Ans: Limestone plays a vital role in both the cement industry and smelting iron ore. Here's its significance in each sector:

• Cement Industry: Limestone is a key raw material in the production of cement. It provides the necessary calcium carbonate, which reacts with other materials like clay to form a compound called clinker. This clinker is then ground into a fine powder and mixed with gypsum to produce cement. Limestone acts as a flux, reducing the melting temperature of the materials and facilitating the formation of the desired compounds during the cement manufacturing process.
• Smelting Iron Ore: Limestone is used as a flux in the smelting of iron ore. During the iron-making process, limestone reacts with impurities present in the iron ore, such as silica, to form a slag. The slag floats on top of the molten iron and acts as a protective layer, preventing the oxidation of iron and facilitating the removal of impurities. Limestone also acts as a flux by lowering the melting point of the iron ore, making the process more efficient.

Q4: Discuss the types of coal based on carbon content and their locations in India.
Ans: Coal in India is classified into four types based on carbon content:

• Anthracite Coal: Anthracite coal has the highest carbon content and is known for its high energy content and low moisture content. It has limited reserves in India and is mainly found in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Bituminous Coal: Bituminous coal is the most abundant type of coal in India. It has a moderate carbon content, making it suitable for industrial uses. Bituminous coal is found in regions like Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Sub-Bituminous Coal: Sub-bituminous coal has a lower carbon content compared to bituminous coal. It has higher moisture content and is primarily used for electricity generation. Sub-bituminous coal deposits can be found in states like Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland.
• Lignite Coal: Lignite coal has the lowest carbon content and is often referred to as brown coal. It has high moisture content and low energy value. Lignite coal reserves are mainly found in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir.

Q5: Explain the sources and locations of natural gas in India.
Ans: Natural gas in India is primarily sourced from domestic production and imported through liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals. The major sources and locations of natural gas in India are as follows:

• Domestic Production: Natural gas is produced from various fields located in different parts of India. The major natural gas-producing regions include the Krishna-Godavari Basin (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai High Basin (offshore Maharashtra and Gujarat), Cambay Basin (Gujarat), Cauvery Basin (Tamil Nadu), Assam and Assam-Arakan Basin (Northeast India), and Rajasthan.
• Imported LNG: India also imports natural gas in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG) through terminals located in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha. LNG is transported by ships and regasified at these terminals for distribution through pipelines.
• Cross-Border Pipelines: India has cross-border natural gas pipelines connecting neighboring countries. For example, the Indo-Bangladesh gas pipeline imports natural gas from Bangladesh, while the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline project aims to transport natural gas from Turkmenistan to India via Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Q6: Describe the major types of non-conventional energy sources.
Ans: Non-conventional energy sources, also known as renewable energy sources, are becoming increasingly important due to their sustainability and environmental benefits. The major types of non-conventional energy sources are:

• Solar Energy: Solar energy harnesses the power of the sun using photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar thermal systems to generate electricity or heat. It is a clean and abundant source of energy.
• Wind Energy: Wind energy uses wind turbines to convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. It is a mature technology and widely used for electricity generation.
• Hydropower: Hydropower utilizes the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. It is obtained from dams, rivers, and tidal movements.
• Biomass Energy: Biomass energy is derived from organic matter, such as agricultural residues, forest waste, and dedicated energy crops. It can be converted into heat, electricity, or biofuels.
• Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy harnesses the heat stored in the Earth's crust to generate electricity or for direct use in heating and cooling systems.
• Tidal Energy: Tidal energy captures the kinetic energy of ocean tides to generate electricity. It is a predictable and renewable source of energy.

Q7: Discuss the importance of nuclear energy resources in India.
Ans: Nuclear energy plays a significant role in India's energy mix and has several important aspects:

• Electricity Generation: Nuclear power plants contribute to India's electricity generation, providing a reliable and continuous source of power. Nuclear energy helps meet the growing energy demand and reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
• Energy Security: Nuclear energy enhances India's energy security by diversifying the energy sources. It reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels, ensuring a stable and independent supply of electricity.
• Low Carbon Footprint: Nuclear power generation emits negligible greenhouse gases, making it a clean energy source. It helps in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change.
• Technological Development: Nuclear energy requires advanced technology, which promotes research, innovation, and technological development in the country. It contributes to the growth of the scientific and engineering sectors.
• Medical and Industrial Applications: Nuclear technology has applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, industry, and research. It is used for cancer treatment, sterilization of medical equipment, food preservation, and material analysis.

Q8: Explain the ways to conserve energy resources.
Ans: Conserving energy resources is crucial for sustainable development and reducing environmental impact. Here are some ways to conserve energy resources:

• Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency in buildings, industries, and transportation sectors can significantly reduce energy consumption. This can be achieved through proper insulation, use of energy-efficient appliances, LED lighting, and adopting energy-efficient practices.
• Renewable Energy Adoption: Increasing the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate carbon emissions.
• Conservation Awareness: Promoting awareness about energy conservation through education, campaigns, and incentives can encourage individuals and businesses to adopt energy-saving habits and technologies.
• Smart Grids and Energy Management Systems: Implementing smart grids and energy management systems can optimize energy distribution, reduce transmission losses, and enable better monitoring and control of energy consumption.
• Transportation Efficiency: Encouraging public transportation, carpooling, and the use of fuel-efficient vehicles can help reduce energy consumption in the transportation sector.
• Industrial Process Optimization: Industries can optimize their processes and adopt energy-efficient technologies to minimize energy wastage and improve overall energy efficiency.
• Policy and Regulations: Governments can implement and enforce energy conservation policies, set energy efficiency standards, and provide incentives for energy-saving practices to drive conservation efforts.

Remember, these are just some ways to conserve energy resources, and a comprehensive approach involving various stakeholders is crucial for effective energy conservation.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain the mode of occurrence of minerals in different types of rocks.
Ans: Minerals are naturally occurring substances that are found in rocks. The mode of occurrence of minerals in different types of rocks can vary based on various factors such as the geological processes involved, the composition of the rock, and the environmental conditions.

• In igneous rocks, minerals are formed when molten magma cools and solidifies. During the cooling process, minerals crystallize and become part of the rock. The type of minerals formed depends on the chemical composition of the magma. For example, granite, which is a common igneous rock, contains minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica.
• Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and compaction of sediments over time. Minerals in sedimentary rocks are usually derived from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks. These minerals are transported by water, wind, or ice and are deposited in layers. Common minerals found in sedimentary rocks include calcite, dolomite, and gypsum.
• Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks undergo intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. As a result of these changes, the minerals in the original rocks undergo recrystallization and rearrangement. The minerals in metamorphic rocks are often aligned in layers or elongated shapes. Examples of minerals found in metamorphic rocks include garnet, mica, and graphite.

The mode of occurrence of minerals in rocks can also be influenced by secondary processes such as hydrothermal activity and weathering. Hydrothermal activity involves the circulation of hot fluids that deposit minerals in the cracks and cavities of rocks. Weathering, on the other hand, leads to the breakdown of rocks and the release of minerals. These minerals may then be transported and deposited in different locations. Overall, the mode of occurrence of minerals in different types of rocks is a complex process that is influenced by geological factors, environmental conditions, and the history of the Earth's crust.

Q2: Discuss the distribution of metallic minerals in India with a focus on major regions.
Ans: India is rich in metallic minerals and has a diverse distribution of these resources across different regions of the country. Here is a discussion on the distribution of metallic minerals in India with a focus on major regions:

• Eastern Belt: The eastern part of India, particularly the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh, is known for its abundant reserves of iron ore, coal, manganese, and bauxite. The region is home to major iron and steel industries due to the availability of high-quality iron ore deposits.
• Southern Belt: The southern part of India, especially the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, is rich in metallic minerals like iron ore, manganese, and chromite. Bellary-Hospet region in Karnataka is known for its vast iron ore reserves and is one of the largest iron ore producing areas in India.
• Western Belt: The western region, comprising the states of Maharashtra and Goa, is known for its extensive reserves of iron ore, manganese, and bauxite. Goa is famous for its iron ore deposits, which have been extensively mined.
• Central Belt: The central region, including the states of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, is known for its deposits of lead, zinc, and copper. The Zawar mines in Rajasthan are one of the oldest and largest lead-zinc mines in the world.
• Northern Belt: The northern part of India, particularly the state of Jammu and Kashmir, is rich in metallic minerals like copper, lead, and zinc. The Khetri mines in Rajasthan are known for their copper deposits.

Apart from these major regions, there are several other areas in India where metallic minerals are found in significant quantities. These include parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, and Himachal Pradesh. The distribution of metallic minerals in India has played a crucial role in the development of various industries such as iron and steel, automobile, construction, and manufacturing. The availability of these resources has contributed to economic growth and employment generation in the country.

Q3: Explain the significance of energy resources in various sectors of the national economy.
Ans: Energy resources play a vital role in the various sectors of the national economy. Here is an explanation of the significance of energy resources in different sectors:

• Industrial Sector: Energy resources, especially fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, are essential for the industrial sector. They are used as a source of heat and power in manufacturing processes, such as iron and steel production, chemical manufacturing, and textile production. Energy resources also drive machinery and equipment used in industries, contributing to productivity and economic growth.
• Transportation Sector: Energy resources are crucial for the transportation sector, which heavily relies on fossil fuels. Petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel, power vehicles and enable the movement of goods and people. The availability and affordability of energy resources directly impact transportation costs and logistics, influencing trade and economic activities.
• Residential Sector: Energy resources are essential for meeting the energy needs of households. They are used for cooking, heating, lighting, and running household appliances. In rural areas, traditional energy sources like firewood and biomass are still significant, while urban areas rely on electricity, natural gas, or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Access to reliable and affordable energy resources improves the quality of life and enhances living standards.
• Agricultural Sector: Energy resources are crucial for the agricultural sector, which relies on mechanization, irrigation, and the production and distribution of fertilizers and pesticides. Electricity and fossil fuels power agricultural machinery, pumps, and vehicles. Energy resources also contribute to the processing, storage, and distribution of agricultural products, ensuring food security and supporting rural livelihoods.
• Services Sector: The services sector, including commercial buildings, hospitals, educational institutions, and offices, requires energy resources for lighting, air conditioning, heating, and operating electrical equipment. The availability of reliable and affordable energy resources is essential for the functioning and productivity of the services sector.

The significance of energy resources in various sectors of the national economy extends beyond their direct use. They influence the cost of production, competitiveness, and sustainability of industries, impact employment generation, and have environmental implications. Therefore, ensuring a diversified and sustainable energy mix is crucial for the overall development and growth of the national economy.

Q4: Discuss the importance of non-conventional energy sources for India's energy needs.
Ans: Non-conventional energy sources, also known as renewable energy sources, play a crucial role in meeting India's energy needs. Here is a discussion on the importance of non-conventional energy sources for India:

• Energy Security: Non-conventional energy sources help reduce India's dependence on fossil fuel imports, enhancing energy security. India is heavily reliant on imported oil and gas, which can be vulnerable to price fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. By promoting non-conventional energy sources like solar, wind, and biomass, India can diversify its energy mix and reduce its dependence on foreign energy sources.
• Environmental Sustainability: Non-conventional energy sources are clean and have a lower carbon footprint compared to fossil fuels. India is striving to address its environmental challenges, including air pollution and climate change. By transitioning to non-conventional energy sources, India can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the adverse environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel combustion.
• Rural Electrification: Non-conventional energy sources are particularly important for rural electrification in remote areas where grid connectivity is limited. Solar energy, in particular, has the potential to provide decentralized and off-grid power solutions. This is crucial for improving the livelihoods of rural communities, powering irrigation systems, and supporting economic activities in agriculture and small-scale industries.
• Employment Generation: The development and deployment of non-conventional energy sources create job opportunities in manufacturing, installation, operation, and maintenance. India's renewable energy sector has the potential to generate significant employment, contributing to economic growth and poverty alleviation. The decentralized nature of renewable energy projects also promotes local entrepreneurship and empowerment.
• Price Stability: Non-conventional energy sources have the potential to provide long-term price stability. Unlike fossil fuels, which are subject to price volatility, renewable energy sources have zero fuel costs. Once the initial investment is made, the operational costs of renewable energy projects are relatively low, providing more stable and predictable energy prices in the long run.
• Technological Innovation: The promotion of non-conventional energy sources encourages technological innovation and research and development. India has made significant strides in developing indigenous technology and manufacturing capabilities in the renewable energy sector. This not only facilitates energy independence but also creates opportunities for export and global competitiveness.

Given the vast renewable energy potential in India, particularly in solar and wind energy, the government has implemented various policies and incentives to promote non-conventional energy sources. These include targets for renewable energy capacity addition, financial incentives, tax benefits, and simplified regulatory frameworks. The continued development and utilization of non-conventional energy sources are crucial for sustainable and inclusive growth in India.