Worksheet Solutions: Natural Vegetation | Geography Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: Farm Forestry refers to the _______________.
Ans: integration of trees and shrubs on agricultural lands
Farm Forestry involves managing trees on both public and private lands.

Q2: Tropical evergreen forests are found in regions with an annual precipitation of over _______________.
Ans: 200 cm
These forests require high rainfall for their lush, evergreen character.

Q3: India's rich wetland habitats, such as Chilika Lake, contribute significantly to the country's _______________.
Ans: biodiversity
Wetlands like Chilika Lake play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity.

Q4: The new forest policy of 1988 emphasizes _______________.
Ans: sustainable forest management and conservation
The policy aims to manage forests in a way that ensures their long-term health and productivity.

Q5: Montane forests can be classified into _______________.
Ans: tropical montane forests and temperate montane forests
The classification is based on the geographical location of mountain forests.

Q6: India's mangrove forests spread over _______________ of the world's mangrove forests.
Ans: 7%
India has a significant portion of the world's mangrove forests.

Q7: Agro-forestry combines forestry with agriculture to produce _______________.
Ans: sustainable agricultural products and timber
Agro-forestry integrates tree cultivation with traditional agriculture.

Q8: The main objectives of the Wildlife Act include protecting endangered species and supporting _______________.
Ans: wildlife conservation
The Act aims to safeguard endangered species and key conservation areas.

Q9: Project Tiger aims to ensure the maintenance of a viable population of tigers in India for scientific, aesthetic, cultural, and ecological values, and to preserve areas of biological importance as natural heritage for the _______________.
Ans: future generations
Project Tiger focuses on preserving tiger populations for multiple reasons.

Q10: A Biosphere Reserve is internationally recognized within the framework of _______________ Programme.
Ans: UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme
Biosphere Reserves are part of an international conservation program.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion: Farm Forestry involves raising trees on public and privately owned lands.
Reason: Farm Forestry aims to promote agro-forestry and community-forestry.
(a) Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true.
Ans: (b)
While both statements are true, the reason does not directly explain the assertion. Farm Forestry does involve trees on public and private lands, but the reason focuses on the promotion of agro-forestry and community-forestry, which is related but not an explanation.

Q2: Assertion: Tropical deciduous forests are also known as monsoon forests.
Reason: They spread over regions with rainfall between 70-200 cm.
(a) Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Both the assertion and reason are true. Tropical deciduous forests are indeed known as monsoon forests because they coincide with monsoon rainfall, which is between 70-200 cm. The reason correctly explains the assertion.

Q3: Assertion: Project Elephant was launched in 1973.
Reason: Project Elephant aims to protect tigers in India.
(a) Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true.
Ans: (c)
The assertion is true; Project Elephant was launched in 1992 to protect wild elephants. However, the reason is false, as it incorrectly states the objective of Project Elephant as protecting tigers.

Q4: Assertion: The new forest policy of 1988 emphasizes increasing the forest cover through social forestry and afforestation.
Reason: Social forestry involves the raising of trees on public or community land.
(a) Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Both the assertion and reason are true. The new forest policy indeed emphasizes increasing forest cover through social forestry and afforestation, and the reason correctly explains how social forestry contributes to this objective.

Q5: Assertion: Biosphere Reserves are unique and representative ecosystems recognized by UNESCO.
Reason: India has 18 Biosphere Reserves.
(a) Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Both the assertion and reason are true. Biosphere Reserves are unique ecosystems recognized by UNESCO, and India has 18 such reserves, making the reason a correct explanation for the assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: What is the meaning of "natural vegetation"?
Ans: Natural vegetation refers to the plant species that grow and thrive in a specific region without any human intervention.

Q2: Where are tropical rainforests found in India?
Ans: Tropical rainforests are primarily found in the Western Ghats and the northeastern states of India, such as Assam and Meghalaya.

Q3: What types of vegetation are found in the desert areas of Rajasthan?
Ans: The desert areas of Rajasthan have sparse vegetation, primarily consisting of thorny bushes, cacti, and hardy grasses.

Q4: Define "Tropical Thorn Forests" and name some species found in them.
Ans: Tropical Thorn Forests are a type of vegetation characterized by short, stunted trees with thorny branches and small leaves. Some species found in tropical thorn forests include Acacia, Prosopis, and various species of cacti.

Q5: What are Montane Forests, and how do they change with altitude?
Ans: Montane Forests are forests that occur at high altitudes, typically in mountainous regions. As the altitude increases, the montane forests undergo changes in vegetation types, with species adapted to colder temperatures and higher levels of moisture.

Q6: Name two objectives of the Wildlife Act of 1972.
Ans: Two objectives of the Wildlife Act of 1972 are the protection of wildlife species and their habitats, as well as the regulation of hunting and poaching activities.

Q7: What is the main objective of Project Tiger?
Ans: The main objective of Project Tiger is to conserve and protect the endangered Bengal tigers and their habitats by establishing tiger reserves and implementing conservation measures.

Q8: What are the three categories of social forestry?
Ans: The three categories of social forestry are farm forestry, community forestry, and agroforestry.

Q9: How is agroforestry different from other forms of social forestry?
Ans: Agroforestry is a specific form of social forestry that involves the integration of trees or forests with agricultural practices. It aims to provide both economic benefits and environmental sustainability by combining agriculture and forestry.

Q10: How many Biosphere Reserves does India have?
Ans: India currently has 18 Biosphere Reserves, which are designated areas that aim to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable development.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain the differences between tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Provide examples of species found in each.
Ans: Tropical evergreen forests are dense forests characterized by a continuous canopy cover throughout the year. They are found in areas with high rainfall and temperature. Examples of species found in tropical evergreen forests include mahogany, ebony, and rosewood.
On the other hand, semi-evergreen forests have a mix of evergreen and deciduous tree species. They experience a seasonal variation in leaf shedding. Semi-evergreen forests are found in regions with a moderate climate and rainfall. Examples of species found in semi-evergreen forests include teak, sal, and bamboo.

Q2: Describe the characteristics of tropical deciduous forests. Differentiate between moist and dry deciduous forests.
Ans: Tropical deciduous forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves during a particular season. They are found in areas with distinct wet and dry seasons.
Moist deciduous forests have a higher moisture content and are found in regions with higher rainfall. They are dominated by species such as teak, sal, and shisham.
Dry deciduous forests, on the other hand, have a lower moisture content and are found in regions with less rainfall. They are dominated by species such as acacia, neem, and tamarind.

Q3: Discuss the importance of farm forestry and how it can benefit farmers and the environment.
Ans: Farm forestry refers to the practice of growing trees on agricultural land. It is important as it provides multiple benefits to farmers and the environment.
For farmers, farm forestry can provide additional income through timber and non-timber forest products. It also helps in soil conservation, water management, and biodiversity conservation.
For the environment, farm forestry contributes to carbon sequestration, mitigates climate change, and helps in conserving natural resources. It also improves air and water quality and provides habitat for wildlife.

Q4: What are the main objectives of the Wildlife Act of 1972, and how does it contribute to wildlife conservation in India?
Ans: The main objectives of the Wildlife Act of 1972 in India are:

• Protection of wildlife species and their habitats.
• Regulation of hunting and poaching.
• Establishment and management of protected areas.
• Conservation of endangered species.
• Prevention of illegal trade in wildlife and their products.

The Wildlife Act contributes to wildlife conservation in India by providing a legal framework for the protection and conservation of wildlife. It enables the government to take necessary measures for the conservation of wildlife, such as declaring wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, regulating hunting and trade, and imposing penalties for offenses related to wildlife conservation.

Q5: Explain the concept of Biosphere Reserves and provide examples of such reserves in India.
Ans: Biosphere Reserves are areas designated by UNESCO to promote the conservation of biodiversity while promoting sustainable development. They are usually large areas that consist of three zones: a core zone, a buffer zone, and a transition zone.
In India, some examples of Biosphere Reserves are:

• Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: Located in the Western Ghats, it includes parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. It is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to several endangered species.
• Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve: Located in West Bengal, it is the largest mangrove forest in the world and serves as a critical habitat for the Royal Bengal Tiger.
• Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve: Located in Uttarakhand, it is known for its unique high-altitude ecosystems and is home to several rare and endangered species.
  
  

Q6: Detail the main features of social forestry and its three categories.
Ans: Social forestry is a concept that involves the participation of local communities in the management and conservation of forests. It aims to meet the needs of the community while also conserving the environment.
Social forestry can be categorized into three main types:

• Agroforestry: It involves the integration of trees with agriculture. Farmers grow trees along with crops or livestock to provide additional income and other benefits.
• Community Forestry: It involves the management of forests by local communities. They are given the responsibility to protect and manage the forest resources sustainably.
• Urban Forestry: It involves the planting and management of trees in urban areas for various benefits such as improving air quality, providing shade, and enhancing the aesthetics of the city.
  
  

Q7: Describe the reasons for the declining wildlife in India and the initiatives taken for wildlife conservation.
Ans: The declining wildlife in India can be attributed to various factors such as habitat loss, poaching, illegal trade, pollution, and human-wildlife conflict.
To address these issues and conserve wildlife, several initiatives have been taken in India. These include the establishment of protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, implementation of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, creation of anti-poaching squads, conservation breeding programs for endangered species, awareness campaigns, community-based conservation projects, and international collaborations for wildlife conservation.

Q8: Discuss the significance of wetland habitats and their conservation in India.
Ans: Wetland habitats are ecologically important as they support a wide range of plant and animal species, provide breeding grounds for migratory birds, regulate water flow, and act as natural water filters. They also play a crucial role in maintaining the overall health of the ecosystem.
In India, wetlands are under threat due to factors like urbanization, pollution, encroachment, and unsustainable development. To conserve wetlands, initiatives like the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules have been implemented. These rules aim to regulate activities in and around wetlands, promote their conservation, and restore degraded wetlands. Conservation efforts also include the identification and listing of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain the various types of forests found in India, their characteristics, and their geographical distribution.
Ans: India is rich in diverse forest ecosystems, which can be broadly classified into the following types:

• Tropical Rainforests: These forests are found in regions with high rainfall and humidity, mainly along the Western Ghats, northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are characterized by dense vegetation, tall trees, and a wide variety of plant and animal species.
• Deciduous Forests: These forests are dominant in central India, including states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra. They undergo seasonal leaf shedding, with trees losing their leaves during the dry season. Deciduous forests support a mix of broadleaf trees, shrubs, and grasses.
• Thorn Forests: Primarily found in the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and parts of Central India, thorn forests are characterized by trees with thorny branches, small leaves, and adaptations to survive in dry conditions. Acacias and other drought-resistant species are commonly found in these forests.
• Evergreen Forests: These forests are found in the northeastern states, the Western Ghats, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They retain their green foliage throughout the year due to the relatively high rainfall in these regions. Evergreen forests harbor a wide range of flora and fauna, including rare and endemic species.
• Alpine Forests: Located in the higher altitudes of the Himalayas, alpine forests consist of coniferous trees like pine, fir, and spruce. These forests are characterized by cold temperatures, high altitudes, and low oxygen levels. Alpine forests play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of the Himalayan region.

The geographical distribution of these forests varies across India due to differences in climate, topography, and rainfall patterns. The Western Ghats, northeastern states, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a higher concentration of tropical rainforests and evergreen forests. Deciduous forests are predominant in central India, while thorn forests are found in arid regions. Alpine forests are mainly restricted to the Himalayan region.

Q2: Describe the forest conservation policy in India, including the objectives of the new forest policy of 1988 and the importance of social forestry.
Ans: Forest conservation in India has been a priority since ancient times, and various policies have been implemented to protect and sustainably manage forests. The Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 to regulate the diversion of forestland for non-forest purposes.
In line with this, the new forest policy of 1988 was introduced with the following objectives:

• Environmental Stability: The policy aimed to maintain and restore the ecological balance by conserving forests, protecting wildlife habitats, and preventing soil erosion, floods, and other environmental hazards.
• Sustainable Use of Forest Resources: The policy emphasized the sustainable utilization of forest resources, ensuring their availability for present and future generations. It promoted the concept of "Van Dhan," which involves the sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products by local communities.
• People's Participation: The policy recognized the role of local communities in forest conservation and emphasized their involvement through Joint Forest Management (JFM) and social forestry initiatives. It aimed to enhance community livelihoods and promote their ownership and responsibility towards forest resources.

Social forestry plays a crucial role in forest conservation by involving local communities in tree planting, afforestation, and sustainable management of forests. It aims to meet the needs of rural households for fuelwood, fodder, and small timber, thereby reducing pressure on natural forests. Social forestry programs also contribute to environmental education, awareness, and the overall well-being of communities dependent on forest resources.

Q3: Discuss the importance of wildlife conservation in India and the measures taken, including the Wildlife Act of 1972 and conservation projects like Project Tiger and Project Elephant.
Ans: Wildlife conservation is of utmost importance in India due to its rich biodiversity and the ecological services provided by various species. India is home to numerous endangered and iconic wildlife species, and their conservation is crucial for maintaining ecosystem balance. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 is a significant legislation that provides legal protection to wildlife and their habitats. It aims to prevent poaching, illegal trade, and habitat destruction.
To further strengthen wildlife conservation efforts, India has implemented several conservation projects.
Some key initiatives include:

• Project Tiger: Launched in 1973, Project Tiger aims to protect the Bengal tiger and its habitats. It focuses on the conservation of tiger reserves, anti-poaching activities, habitat management, and community participation. The project has played a crucial role in increasing tiger populations and ensuring their long-term survival.
• Project Elephant: Started in 1992, Project Elephant focuses on the conservation and management of Asian elephants. It aims to protect elephant habitats, minimize human-elephant conflicts, and address issues related to poaching and illegal trade. The project emphasizes scientific research, capacity building, and community participation.
• Conservation of Endangered Species: India has specific conservation programs for various endangered species like the Indian rhinoceros, snow leopard, Gangetic dolphin, and blackbuck. These initiatives involve habitat protection, anti-poaching measures, captive breeding, and public awareness campaigns.

These measures, along with the establishment of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and protected areas, have contributed significantly to wildlife conservation in India. They help in preserving biodiversity, protecting endangered species, and maintaining ecological balance.

Q4: Elaborate on the significance of Biosphere Reserves, their role in environmental conservation, and the importance of international recognition through UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme.
Ans: Biosphere Reserves are designated areas that aim to conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable development, and provide opportunities for research, education, and monitoring.
These reserves play a crucial role in environmental conservation for the following reasons:

• Biodiversity Conservation: Biosphere Reserves are established in representative ecosystems to protect and conserve unique and diverse species. They serve as important habitats for endangered plants, animals, and microorganisms, contributing to the overall preservation of biodiversity.
• Sustainable Development: Biosphere Reserves promote the sustainable use of natural resources by integrating conservation with local development activities. They encourage research and implementation of sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and tourism, ensuring socio-economic benefits while minimizing environmental impacts.
• Research and Education: Biosphere Reserves provide platforms for scientific research, monitoring, and education. They facilitate studies on ecological processes, climate change, species interaction, and socio-economic factors. These reserves also offer opportunities for environmental education, awareness, and capacity building.

International recognition through UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB) is essential for Biosphere Reserves as it brings global attention and support. The MAB Programme provides a framework for exchanging knowledge, sharing best practices, and promoting international cooperation in biosphere reserve management. It helps in establishing networks, conducting joint research, and implementing conservation strategies based on global expertise.
The recognition of Biosphere Reserves under the MAB Programme also enhances their conservation status and attracts funding for conservation activities. It promotes the sustainable development of local communities by encouraging eco-tourism, cultural preservation, and community engagement.
Overall, Biosphere Reserves serve as model areas for demonstrating the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. They contribute to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, while promoting sustainable development and fostering environmental stewardship.