Worksheet Solutions: Tertiary And Quaternary Activities | Geography Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: Trade and commerce involve buying and selling of items produced elsewhere at ____________ points.
Ans: trading centres
Trade and commerce involve buying and selling of items produced elsewhere at trading centres, which act as hubs for commercial activities and transactions.

Q2: A well-developed transport system consists of nodes and ____________.
Ans: links
A well-developed transport system consists of nodes and links, where nodes serve as meeting points of multiple routes and links connect these nodes, forming a comprehensive transportation network.

Q3: Communication services involve the transmission of words, messages, facts, and ideas through ____________.
Ans: telecommunications
Communication services involve the transmission of words, messages, facts, and ideas through telecommunications, encompassing technologies like phones, internet, and satellites for efficient data exchange.

Q4: Tourism can be influenced by factors such as improvement in ____________ and increased leisure time.
Ans: standard of living
Tourism can be influenced by factors such as improvement in standard of living, indicating that higher living standards often lead to increased leisure activities and travel opportunities.

Q5: Medical services combined with international tourism form the basis of ____________ in countries like India.
Ans: medical tourism
Medical services combined with international tourism form the basis of medical tourism, where individuals travel abroad for medical treatment while also enjoying tourism-related activities.

Q6: Outsourcing provides employment opportunities in countries like India, China, and ____________.
Ans: Botswana
Outsourcing provides employment opportunities in countries like India, China, and Botswana, demonstrating how various nations participate in outsourcing industries, boosting employment.

Q7: BPO stands for ____________ which involves customer support services and call centers.
Ans: Business Process Outsourcing
BPO stands for Business Process Outsourcing, involving tasks like customer support services and call centers being outsourced to specialized agencies for efficiency.

Q8: KPO stands for Knowledge Process Outsourcing, which involves skilled workers in areas like ____________ and business research.
Ans: e-learning
KPO stands for Knowledge Process Outsourcing, which involves skilled workers in areas like e-learning and business research, signifying outsourcing of knowledge-intensive tasks to external agencies.

Q9: The uneven spread of development in information and communication technology across the globe is known as ____________.
Ans: digital divide
The uneven spread of development in information and communication technology across the globe is known as digital divide, referring to disparities in access to technology and its benefits among different regions and populations.

Q10: In rural areas, periodic markets are held on specified dates, and shopkeepers move from one place to another, a system known as ____________.
Ans: weekly or bi-weekly markets
In rural areas, periodic markets are held on specified dates, and shopkeepers move from one place to another, a system known as weekly or bi-weekly markets, facilitating the exchange of goods and services in a mobile market format.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion: Tertiary activities are related to the service sector.
Reason: Tertiary activities involve the production and exchange of goods.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are True, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is True, but Reason is False.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are False.
Ans: (b)
Both the assertion and the reason are true. Tertiary activities are indeed related to the service sector, and they do involve the production and exchange of services, not goods. While both statements are true, the reason does not correctly explain the assertion. Tertiary activities are primarily concerned with services, not the production and exchange of goods.

Q2: Assertion: Tourism can be seasonal or throughout the year.
Reason: Tourist attractions depend only on climate and weather conditions.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are True, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is True, but Reason is False.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are False.
Ans: (b)
Both the assertion and the reason are true. Tourism can indeed be seasonal, with some destinations attracting more visitors during specific times of the year. However, tourist attractions depend on more than just climate and weather conditions. They also depend on factors such as historical significance, cultural attractions, and events. Therefore, while both statements are true, the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Q3: Assertion: Quaternary activities involve high level decision-makers and research scientists.
Reason: Quaternary activities are primarily affected by environmental factors.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are True, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is True, but Reason is False.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are False.
Ans: (c)
The assertion is true as quaternary activities do involve high-level decision-makers and research scientists. However, the reason is false. Quaternary activities are not primarily affected by environmental factors; they are knowledge-oriented and typically not tied to the environment. These activities rely on specialized knowledge and technical skills, rather than being influenced by environmental conditions.

Q4: Assertion: Outsourcing involves contracting work to an outside agency.
Reason: Outsourcing is always done within the same country.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are True, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is True, but Reason is False.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are False.
Ans: (b)
The assertion is true as outsourcing does involve contracting work to an outside agency, which can be either within the same country or overseas. The reason is false because outsourcing can involve both domestic and international contracts. Therefore, while both statements are true, the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Q5: Assertion: The digital divide is more prominent in developed countries than in developing countries.
Reason: Metropolitan cities in developing countries are more developed in terms of information and communication technology.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are True, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is True, but Reason is False.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are False.
Ans: (b)
Both the assertion and the reason are true. The digital divide is more prominent in developed countries, and metropolitan cities in developing countries often have better access to information and communication technology. However, the reason does not correctly explain the assertion. The digital divide is influenced by various factors, including economic disparities and infrastructure development, not just the state of technology in metropolitan areas.

Very Short Answers Type Questions

Q1: What are the two components of the service sector that are crucial for tertiary activities?
Ans: Skilled labour and professionally trained experts and consultants.

Q2: Name the types of tertiary activities mentioned in the text.
Ans: Trade, transport, communication, and services.

Q3: What is the purpose of rural marketing centres in trade and commerce?
Ans: They cater to local needs and areas, often hosting wholesale and retail markets.

Q4: What are nodes in the context of a transport network?
Ans: Nodes are meeting points of two or more routes in a transport network.

Q5: What is the main factor affecting demand for transport services?
Ans: The size of the population and the standard of living of people.

Q6: Name one example of a mass media communication channel.
Ans: Television.

Q7: What does BPO stand for?
Ans: Business Process Outsourcing.

Q8: Give an example of a quaternary activity.
Ans: Software development.

Q9: What does the term 'digital divide' refer to?
Ans: The uneven spread of development emerging from information and communication technology across the globe.

Q10: What is the main purpose of outsourcing?
Ans: To improve efficiency and reduce costs for businesses.

Short Answers Type Questions

Q1: Explain the concept of rural marketing centres and their role in trade and commerce.
Ans: Rural marketing centres are quasi-urban points catering to local needs and areas, hosting wholesale and retail markets. Periodic markets in rural areas, held weekly or bi-weekly, facilitate people from nearby areas to meet their demands. These centres serve as important nodes in the trade network, connecting producers with consumers in rural regions.

Q2: Discuss the factors influencing the demand for transport services.
Ans: Demand for transport services is influenced by the size of the population and their standard of living. Routes and the availability of transport networks also play a crucial role. Economic activities in regions determine the demand, with industrial centers requiring extensive transport services.

Q3: Explain the significance of nodes and links in a transport network.
Ans: Nodes are meeting points of two or more routes in a transport network. Links are roads or routes that connect these nodes. Nodes serve as hubs, enabling the flow of goods and people between different locations, while links facilitate the actual transportation between these nodes.

Q4: Describe the impact of telecommunications on communication services.
Ans: Telecommunications, including technologies like satellites and mobile phones, have revolutionized communication. Messages are transmitted instantly, overcoming the barriers of time and distance. This advancement has greatly facilitated global communication, enhancing business operations and personal interactions.

Q5: Explain the role of mass media in the tourism industry.
Ans: Mass media, including television, radio, and newspapers, play a vital role in promoting tourist destinations and attractions. They create awareness about various places, events, and cultural aspects, influencing tourists' choices. The Internet, as part of mass media, has further expanded the reach, allowing tourists to research and plan their trips efficiently.

Q6: Discuss the types of services included in the high order services category.
Ans: High order services include specialized and less common services like accountants, consultants, and physicians. These services often require advanced skills and expertise, catering to specific needs of individuals, businesses, and industries. They are typically supervised or regulated by the government to maintain standards and quality.

Q7: Explain the concept of outsourcing and provide an example.
Ans: Outsourcing refers to contracting out specific tasks or services to external agencies or individuals to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Example: Many companies outsource customer support services to call centers in countries like India. These call centers handle customer inquiries and complaints, allowing the parent company to focus on core activities.

Q8: Describe the impact of the digital divide on global development.
Ans: The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to digital technology and those who do not. This divide can hinder global development as it limits opportunities for education, employment, and participation in the digital economy. It creates inequalities in access to information and resources, making it crucial to bridge this gap for inclusive growth.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Discuss the impact of tourism on local economies and the factors that influence tourist attractions.
Ans: Tourism plays a significant role in boosting local economies by generating revenue, creating employment opportunities, and promoting the development of infrastructure. It has the potential to stimulate economic growth and improve the standard of living in many regions. Several factors influence tourist attractions and contribute to the impact of tourism on local economies.

• Natural and Cultural Resources: The presence of natural attractions such as beaches, mountains, wildlife, and cultural sites like historical monuments, museums, and local traditions can draw tourists to a particular destination. The availability and uniqueness of these resources can greatly influence the attractiveness of a place and its economic potential.
• Infrastructure Development: Adequate infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, and communication facilities, is crucial for attracting tourists. Well-developed roads, airports, hotels, and internet connectivity enhance the ease of access and overall experience for visitors. Investments in infrastructure contribute to job creation and economic growth.
• Government Policies and Support: Government policies and initiatives play a significant role in promoting tourism. Supportive policies that facilitate investment, infrastructure development, and tourism marketing can attract both domestic and international tourists. Governments can also provide incentives to encourage the private sector to invest in tourism-related businesses.
• Marketing and Promotion: Effective marketing and promotion campaigns are essential for attracting tourists. Tourism boards, travel agencies, and local businesses need to showcase the unique features and attractions of a destination through various marketing channels. Collaborations with travel influencers and social media platforms can further enhance the visibility and desirability of a place.
• Safety and Security: The perception of safety and security is crucial in attracting tourists. Destinations that prioritize the safety of visitors and provide a secure environment for them to explore and enjoy their stay tend to attract more tourists. Measures such as effective law enforcement, emergency services, and tourist-friendly policies contribute to the overall appeal of a destination.
• Socio-cultural Factors: The socio-cultural environment of a destination, including the hospitality and friendliness of the local population, can greatly influence the tourist experience. Positive interactions with locals, cultural festivals, and authentic experiences can create a memorable and attractive destination for tourists.
• Economic Factors: Affordability, exchange rates, and economic stability also play a role in attracting tourists. Destinations that offer competitive prices, favorable exchange rates, and a stable economic environment are more likely to attract tourists, as they provide value for money and a sense of financial security.

In conclusion, tourism has a significant impact on local economies, and various factors contribute to the attractiveness of tourist destinations. By leveraging natural resources, developing infrastructure, implementing favorable policies, and focusing on marketing and safety, destinations can maximize the economic benefits of tourism.

Q2: Explain the concept of quaternary activities and their role in the modern global economy.
Ans: Quaternary activities refer to the knowledge-based sector of the economy that involves the creation, manipulation, and dissemination of information, as well as the development of advanced technology and innovative ideas. These activities are primarily focused on intellectual and creative endeavors rather than the production of tangible goods. Quaternary activities play a crucial role in the modern global economy for several reasons.

• Innovation and Research: Quaternary activities are centered around research and development, fostering innovation, and creating new knowledge. This sector includes scientific research, technological advancements, and the development of new products and services. Innovation and research are vital for economic growth and competitiveness in the global marketplace.
• High-Value Services: Quaternary activities encompass high-value services such as information technology, finance, consulting, education, healthcare, and creative industries. These services require specialized skills, expertise, and advanced knowledge. They contribute significantly to the economy by generating high-income jobs and attracting foreign investment.
• Global Connectivity: Quaternary activities are often global in nature, relying on advanced communication and information technologies to connect people and organizations worldwide. The ability to collaborate and share knowledge across borders facilitates international trade, investment, and the transfer of ideas. This interconnectedness strengthens the modern global economy.
• Increased Productivity: Quaternary activities leverage technology and knowledge to enhance productivity in various sectors. The development and implementation of advanced systems, automation, artificial intelligence, and data analysis contribute to efficiency gains, cost reduction, and improved quality in industries ranging from manufacturing to healthcare.
• Economic Diversification: Quaternary activities provide opportunities for economic diversification, allowing countries to move away from traditional sectors and rely more on knowledge-intensive industries. This diversification reduces dependence on limited resources and can lead to sustainable economic development.
• Job Creation: The quaternary sector creates high-skilled jobs that require specialized knowledge and expertise. These jobs tend to offer higher wages, contributing to improved standards of living and socioeconomic development. The growth of quaternary activities can also stimulate the demand for supporting industries and services.
• Intellectual Property and Trade: Quaternary activities often involve the creation and protection of intellectual property, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Intellectual property rights support innovation and incentivize investment in research and development. They also enable countries to engage in trade and generate revenue through the export of intellectual property-intensive products and services.

In summary, quaternary activities play a vital role in the modern global economy by driving innovation, providing high-value services, fostering global connectivity, increasing productivity, enabling economic diversification, creating high-skilled jobs, and facilitating intellectual property-driven trade. Emphasizing and investing in the quaternary sector can lead to sustainable economic growth and increased competitiveness in today's knowledge-based world.

Q3: Discuss the challenges faced by developing countries in bridging the digital divide and strategies to overcome them.
Ans: The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals and communities that have access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) and those who do not. Developing countries face several challenges in bridging the digital divide, but various strategies can be employed to overcome them.

• Infrastructure: Limited or inadequate ICT infrastructure, including broadband internet connectivity and reliable electricity supply, is a major challenge in developing countries. Governments and stakeholders need to invest in building and improving infrastructure to ensure widespread access to digital technologies. This may involve expanding network coverage, establishing internet service providers, and improving electricity infrastructure.
• Affordability: The cost of internet access and digital devices can be a significant barrier to bridging the digital divide in developing countries. Governments and organizations can address this challenge by implementing policies that promote affordable access, such as subsidizing internet tariffs or providing low-cost devices. Public-private partnerships can also play a crucial role in making digital technologies more affordable and accessible.
• Digital Literacy and Skills: Many individuals in developing countries lack the necessary digital literacy and skills to fully utilize ICTs. Educational institutions, governments, and non-profit organizations should focus on providing training programs and initiatives to enhance digital literacy and skills development. This includes both basic digital literacy and more advanced skills required for employment and entrepreneurship in the digital economy.
• Content and Language: The availability of relevant and localized digital content is essential for bridging the digital divide. Developing countries need to prioritize the creation and dissemination of content that is culturally and linguistically relevant to their populations. This can involve translating existing digital content, supporting local content creators, and promoting the use of local languages in digital platforms.
• Gender Disparity: Gender inequality is a significant challenge in bridging the digital divide. Women and girls in developing countries often face cultural, social, and economic barriers that limit their access to and use of digital technologies. Strategies to overcome this challenge include promoting gender equality and empowerment, providing targeted training programs for women and girls, and addressing cultural norms and stereotypes that hinder their participation in the digital sphere.
• Connectivity in Rural Areas: Rural areas in developing countries often face a lack of connectivity due to their remote locations and limited infrastructure. Governments can implement initiatives such as community networks, satellite internet, and mobile connectivity to ensure that rural populations have access to digital technologies. Public-private partnerships can also play a role in extending connectivity to underserved areas.
• Digital Governance and Policy: Effective governance and policy frameworks are crucial for bridging the digital divide. Governments need to develop and implement comprehensive policies that promote digital inclusion, regulate the ICT sector, protect user privacy and data, and ensure cybersecurity. Collaboration between governments, private sector entities, and civil society organizations is vital in shaping inclusive and effective digital governance.

In conclusion, developing countries face various challenges in bridging the digital divide, including infrastructure limitations, affordability issues, lack of digital literacy, content gaps, gender disparities, rural connectivity, and governance issues. However, through strategic investments, policy interventions, and collaborative efforts, these challenges can be addressed, enabling developing countries to harness the transformative power of digital technologies for socioeconomic development and inclusive growth.

Q4: Examine the impact of outsourcing on employment patterns in developing countries and its implications for the global economy.
Ans: Outsourcing, the practice of contracting work to external organizations or individuals, has had a significant impact on employment patterns in developing countries. This impact has both positive and negative implications for the global economy.

• Increased Employment Opportunities: Outsourcing has created employment opportunities in developing countries, particularly in the services sector. Companies from developed countries often outsource tasks such as call center operations, software development, data entry, and customer support to developing countries. This has led to the creation of jobs, especially for educated and skilled individuals, contributing to poverty reduction and economic growth.
• Skill Development and Knowledge Transfer: Outsourcing has facilitated skill development and knowledge transfer in developing countries. By working for multinational companies and gaining exposure to international standards and practices, employees in outsourcing industries acquire valuable skills and expertise. This knowledge can be applied in other sectors, promoting innovation, productivity, and competitiveness within the domestic economy.
• Foreign Direct Investment: Outsourcing attracts foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries. Multinational companies set up operations in these countries to take advantage of lower labor costs and other advantages. FDI inflows stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and contribute to infrastructure development in host countries. This can have positive spillover effects on various sectors of the economy.
• Income Disparities: Outsourcing has contributed to income disparities within developing countries. While it has created employment opportunities, the wages paid in outsourcing industries may be lower than those in traditional sectors. This can exacerbate income inequalities and lead to social tensions. Governments and industry stakeholders must ensure that fair labor practices and wage regulations are in place to address this issue.
• Dependency on Outsourcing: Developing countries that heavily rely on outsourcing face the risk of economic vulnerability. If there is a decline in outsourcing contracts or if companies decide to relocate operations, it can lead to job losses and economic instability. Governments need to diversify their economies and promote other sectors to reduce dependence on outsourcing as the primary source of employment and revenue.
• Global Competition and Cost Efficiency: Outsourcing has increased global competition by enabling companies to access cost-efficient labor markets. This has led to efficiency gains and cost savings for businesses, which can benefit consumers through lower prices. However, it can also result in job losses in developed countries as companies seek cheaper labor abroad. The balance between cost efficiency and job creation is a complex issue that requires careful consideration.
• Ethical Concerns: Outsourcing has raised ethical concerns regarding labor conditions, worker rights, and environmental sustainability. Developing countries must ensure that outsourcing practices adhere to international labor standards, promote fair working conditions, and prioritize environmental sustainability. Responsible sourcing and corporate social responsibility initiatives can address these concerns and contribute to sustainable development.

In summary, outsourcing has had a significant impact on employment patterns in developing countries. While it has created job opportunities, facilitated knowledge transfer, attracted foreign direct investment, and improved global competitiveness, it has also contributed to income disparities and dependency on outsourcing. Governments and industry stakeholders must carefully manage the implications of outsourcing to ensure sustainable and inclusive economic development in developing countries and maintain a balanced global economy.