NCERT Textbook: Kosh - Ek Parichay | Hindi Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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dks'kµ,d ifjp;
16
dks'kµ,d
ifjp;
bl ikB esa---
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vn`'; dh vkM+ osQ ihNs fNih gSa oqQN
,slh lqjaxsa] tks vius xqIr jkLrksa ls 'kCnksa
dh tUedFkk rd ys tkrh gSaA
µjkts'k tks'kh
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vpkud ,d oaQdM+h vk i¡Qlh gksA lkjk
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dh Nqfêð;ksa osQ nkSjku ?kj eas ysVh fdlh
vkSj gh nqfu;k dh lSj dj jgh Fkh ysfdu
vpkud ogk¡ ls okil ykSVuk iM+kA leL;k
osQ lekèkku osQ fy, og yrk nhnh osQ
dejs esa Hkkxh ysfdu og Hkh dgha ckgj
xbZ gqbZ FkhaA
pafnzdk osQ fy, vc dksbZ pkjk ugha
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og vkuan ys jgh Fkh vc mls vkxs i<+us
dh bPNk ugha gks jgh FkhA miU;kl i<+rs&i<+rs
[kkus esa dadM+h dh rjg ,d 'kCn vpkud
chp esa vkdj mlosQ vkuan esa [kyy Mky
jgk FkkA 'kCn dk vFkZ pafnzdk dks irk ugha
FkkA cxSj vFkZ tkus og vkxs c<+uk ugha
pkgrh Fkh] ekuks dksbZ czsd yx x;k gksA
Rationalised 2023-24
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dks'kµ,d ifjp;
16
dks'kµ,d
ifjp;
bl ikB esa---
4 'kCndks'k
4 fo'odks'k
4 lkfgR; dks'k
vn`'; dh vkM+ osQ ihNs fNih gSa oqQN
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dh tUedFkk rd ys tkrh gSaA
µjkts'k tks'kh
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oqQN i<+rs le; tc fdlh 'kCn dk vFkZ
vFkok mldk lanHkZ vkiosQ ”ksgu esa Li"V
ugha gksrk rc vki D;k djrs gSa\ ”kkfgj gS
vkiosQ eu esa i
+
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gy gqbZA
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vpkud ,d oaQdM+h vk i¡Qlh gksA lkjk
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dh Nqfêð;ksa osQ nkSjku ?kj eas ysVh fdlh
vkSj gh nqfu;k dh lSj dj jgh Fkh ysfdu
vpkud ogk¡ ls okil ykSVuk iM+kA leL;k
osQ lekèkku osQ fy, og yrk nhnh osQ
dejs esa Hkkxh ysfdu og Hkh dgha ckgj
xbZ gqbZ FkhaA
pafnzdk osQ fy, vc dksbZ pkjk ugha
FkkA ftl miU;kl osQ dkYifud txr dk
og vkuan ys jgh Fkh vc mls vkxs i<+us
dh bPNk ugha gks jgh FkhA miU;kl i<+rs&i<+rs
[kkus esa dadM+h dh rjg ,d 'kCn vpkud
chp esa vkdj mlosQ vkuan esa [kyy Mky
jgk FkkA 'kCn dk vFkZ pafnzdk dks irk ugha
FkkA cxSj vFkZ tkus og vkxs c<+uk ugha
pkgrh Fkh] ekuks dksbZ czsd yx x;k gksA
Rationalised 2023-24
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194
'kCn FkkµfonXèkA ;g 'kCn mldk eq¡g fp<+k jgk Fkk vkSj ;g ijkt; Hkko pafnzdk dks Lohdk;Z
ugha FkkA
ysVs&ysVs og blh 'kCn osQ ckjs esa lkspus yxhA lksprs&lksprs mls ,slk yxk tSls lkeus
f[kM+dh ls dksbZ Nk;k&lh vanj vkbZ vkSj mlosQ lkeus [kM+h gks xbZA
vjs! ;g rks dksbZ ijh gSA pafnzdk mls ns[kdj pkSadhA FkksM+h ?kcjkbZ HkhA exj rqjar gh mlus Lo;a
dks laHkky fy;kA lkgl cVksj dj mlus ijh ls iwNkµ¶rqe dkSu gks vkSj ;gk¡ fdlfy, vkbZ gks¸A
¶eSa pafnzdk gw¡A 'kCnyksd ls vkbZ gw¡¸A
¶exj pafnzdk rks esjk uke gS¸A
¶gk¡! eSaus gh rqEgsa viuk uke mèkkj fn;k gSA ?kcjkuk erA eSa bl ckr dh dksbZ I
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fdjk;k ugha ysrh¸] 'kCnijh pafnzdk g¡lrs gq, ifjgkl osQ Loj esa cksyhA
¶vkSj gk¡! eSa rqEgkjh leL;k Hkh lqy>k ldrh gw¡A fonXèk Hkh esjs yksd esa gh jgrk gSA cgqr
vPNk yM+dk gSA eSa mlls rqEgkjh nksLrh djk nw¡xhA blosQ ckn og rqEgsa dHkh ijs'kku ugha djsxkA¸
pafnzdk us 'kCnijh ls dgkµ¶exj rqEgkjs yksd osQ tks nwljs fuoklh gSa os rks eq>s ijs'kku
djrs jgsaxsA¸
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gksxhA esjs yksd osQ leLr fuoklh rqEgkjs fe=k cu tk,¡xsA pyks] eSa rqEgsa vius yksd esa ys pyrh gw¡A¸
¶exj eSa pyw¡xh oSQls\ esjs ikl rks rqEgkjh rjg ia[k gSa ughaA¸ µpafnzdk us FkksM+k vk'p;Z
izdV djrs gq, dgkA
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geuke 'kCnijh osQ lkFk iwQyksa osQ jFk ij oqQN le; rd mM+rh jghA vc iwQyksa dk jFk ,d
fo'kky uxj osQ mQij FkkA pafnzdk us jFk ls uhps ns[kkA uxj dh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd blesa ,d
vR;ar iz'kLr jktekxZ Fkk vkSj lkjs Hkou bl jktekxZ osQ ,d gh rjI
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kQ iafDrc¼ :i esa fufEZkr
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kQ oqQN Hkh ugha FkkA
¶gekjs yksd esa ukxfjdksa dks 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d vkn'kZ yksdra=k gS vkSj ;gk¡ lHkh
'kCn leku gSaA dksbZ NksVk&cM+k ugha] dgha m¡Qp&uhp ughaA ;gk¡ bruh lqanj O;oLFkk gS fd fdlh
jktk ;k 'kkld dh ”k:jr Hkh ugha gksrhA¸
¶dkSu&lk 'kCn bl jktekxZ osQ fdukjs dgk¡ jgsxk] bl ckr ij D;k dksbZ fookn ugha
gksrk\¸ pafnzdk us iwNkA
'kCnijh cksyhµ¶geus blosQ fy, fu;e fuèkkZfjr dj j[ks gSaA gj 'kCn vuq'kklu dk iDdk
gSA fcuk fdlh cyiz;ksx osQ og viuh txg [kqn ys ysrk gSA tc fdlh u, 'kCn dks ;gk¡ dh
ukxfjdrk feyrh gS rks og Hkh ;gk¡ osQ fu;eksa osQ vkèkkj ij gh bl jktekxZ osQ fdukjs viuh
txg ys ysrk gSA ;gk¡ osQ Hkou Hkh ,sls gSa fd os FkksM+k&FkksM+k vkxs f[kld dj u, 'kCn dks
mldk lgh LFkku vius vki ns nsrs gSaA¸
pafnzdk dh vxyh ftKklk Fkhµ¶u, 'kCnksa dks vkiosQ yksd dh ukxfjdrk D;k vklkuh ls
fey tkrh gS\¸
Rationalised 2023-24
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Rationalised 2023-24
Page 4


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Rationalised 2023-24
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Rationalised 2023-24
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Rationalised 2023-24
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izdV djrs gq, dgkA
¶¯prk er djksA eSa rqEgkjs fy, iwQyksa dk jFk ysdj vkbZ gw¡A pyks pyrs gSaA¸µpafnzdk viuh
geuke 'kCnijh osQ lkFk iwQyksa osQ jFk ij oqQN le; rd mM+rh jghA vc iwQyksa dk jFk ,d
fo'kky uxj osQ mQij FkkA pafnzdk us jFk ls uhps ns[kkA uxj dh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd blesa ,d
vR;ar iz'kLr jktekxZ Fkk vkSj lkjs Hkou bl jktekxZ osQ ,d gh rjI
+
kQ iafDrc¼ :i esa fufEZkr
FksA jktekxZ osQ nwljh rjI
+
kQ oqQN Hkh ugha FkkA
¶gekjs yksd esa ukxfjdksa dks 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d vkn'kZ yksdra=k gS vkSj ;gk¡ lHkh
'kCn leku gSaA dksbZ NksVk&cM+k ugha] dgha m¡Qp&uhp ughaA ;gk¡ bruh lqanj O;oLFkk gS fd fdlh
jktk ;k 'kkld dh ”k:jr Hkh ugha gksrhA¸
¶dkSu&lk 'kCn bl jktekxZ osQ fdukjs dgk¡ jgsxk] bl ckr ij D;k dksbZ fookn ugha
gksrk\¸ pafnzdk us iwNkA
'kCnijh cksyhµ¶geus blosQ fy, fu;e fuèkkZfjr dj j[ks gSaA gj 'kCn vuq'kklu dk iDdk
gSA fcuk fdlh cyiz;ksx osQ og viuh txg [kqn ys ysrk gSA tc fdlh u, 'kCn dks ;gk¡ dh
ukxfjdrk feyrh gS rks og Hkh ;gk¡ osQ fu;eksa osQ vkèkkj ij gh bl jktekxZ osQ fdukjs viuh
txg ys ysrk gSA ;gk¡ osQ Hkou Hkh ,sls gSa fd os FkksM+k&FkksM+k vkxs f[kld dj u, 'kCn dks
mldk lgh LFkku vius vki ns nsrs gSaA¸
pafnzdk dh vxyh ftKklk Fkhµ¶u, 'kCnksa dks vkiosQ yksd dh ukxfjdrk D;k vklkuh ls
fey tkrh gS\¸
Rationalised 2023-24
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dks'kµ,d ifjp;
'kCnijh us xoZHkko ls dgkµ¶ukxfjdrk osQ
fy, rks gT
+
kkjksa 'kCn dksf'k'k djrs gSa exj og bruh
vklkuh ls ugha feyrhA tc rd fdlh 'kCn vkSj
mlosQ vFkZ ;k vFkks± dks rqEgkjs lekt dh ekU;rk
ugha fey tkrh rc rd ge vius yksd esa mls
izos'k dh Hkh vuqefr ugha nsrs] ukxfjdrk rks nwj dh
ckr gSA gekjs yksd dh ukxfjdrk ,d cgqr cM+k
lEeku gS] ftlosQ fy, ^'kCnksa* dks yacs le; rd
dksf'k'k djuh gksrh gSA¸
jFk uhps mrjk vkSj 'kCnyksd osQ izos'k }kj ls
gksrk gqvk jktekxZ ij èkhjs&èkhjs pyus yxkA
pafnzdk us iwNkµ¶'kCnijh] rqEgkjs yksd dh vkcknh
D;k gksxh\¸
¶vHkh rks gekjs yksd dh vkcknh yxHkx
ik¡p yk[k gSA tSlk fd eSaus rqEgsa crk;k] gekjs yksd esa u, 'kCn Hkh tqM+rs jgrs gSaA¸
'kCnijh us vkxs dgkµ¶ftl izdkj rqEgkjh i`Foh ij u, uxjksa dks ;kstukc¼ <ax ls [kaMksa
vkSj mi[kaMksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS vkSj fiQj gj edku dks ,d la[;k iznku djrs gSa mlh izdkj
gekjs yksd dks Hkh igys [kaMksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS vkSj fiQj ml [kaM esa gj 'kCn osQ Hkou dks
gekjs fu;e osQ vuqlkj Øeokj O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA¸ pafnzdk dk vxyk loky Fkkµ¶;gk¡
[kaMksa dk ukedj.k oSQls djrs gSa\¸
;gk¡ [kaMksa osQ uke o.kZekyk osQ v{kjksa ij j[ks x, gSaA tSls] ^d [kaM* ^p [kaM* ^i [kaM* vkfnA
bu [kaMksa dk Øe Hkh o.kZekyk osQ v{kjksa osQ Øe osQ gh vuqlkj gSA gk¡] nks egÙoiw.kZ varj gSa\
¶os D;k\¸
¶igyk varj rks ;g gS fd ¯gnh o.kZekyk ^v* ls 'kq: gksrh gS exj bl yksd dk igyk
[kaM ^va [kaM* gSA blosQ ckn ^v [kaM*] ^vk [kaM*] ^b [kaM* bR;kfn o.kZekyk osQ Øe ls gh
vkrs gSaA¸
¶nwljk varj D;k gS\¸
¶¯gnh o.kZekyk esa la;qDrk{kj {k] =k] K] J o.kZekyk osQ var esa vkrs gSaA ysfdu gekjs 'kCn
yksd esa ;s mu o.kks± osQ vaR;k{kj osQ lkFk vkrs gSaA¸
¶ckr iwjh rjg ls le> esa ugha vkbZ¸] pafnzdk us Hkksysiu ls dgkA
lc le> tkvksxhA cl bl jktekxZ ij esjs lkFk vkxs pyksA
iwQyksa dk jFk vc jktekxZ ij pyus yxkA ,d vksj izÑfr dk v{kr lkSan;Z Fkk vkSj nwljh
vksj 'kCnksa osQ Hkou FksA igyk [kaM ^va* [kaM FkkA fiQj ^v* [kaM] ^vk* [kaM] ^b* [kaM] ^bZ*
[kaM vkfn ,d&,d dj vkus yxsA
Loj o.kks± ls ukfer vkf[kjh [kaM ^vkS* [kaM FkkA fiQj O;atu o.kZ ls ukfer igyk [kaM ^oQ*
[kaM vk x;kA
oqQN egÙoiw.kZ dks'k
Rationalised 2023-24
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196
'kCnijh cksyhµ¶vc O;atu o.kks± ls ukfer [kaM 'kq: gks jgs gSaA bu [kaMksa dh ,d [kkl
ckr ;g gS fd ;s mi[kaMksa esa foHkkftr gSaA [kaM osQ Hkhrj osQ mi[kaMksa dks O;atu ij yxh ek=kk
}kjk ukfer fd;k tkrk gSA¸
pafnzdk fiQj cksy iM+h] ¶ckr iwjh rjg le> esa ugha vkbZA¸
'kCnijh us le>k;k] gesa O;atuksa esa vko';drkuqlkj ek=kk,¡ Hkh yxkuh gksrh gSaA bl ckr
dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gesa O;atu ukfer [kaMksa dks ek=kkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij mi[kaMksa esa ck¡Vuk gksrk
gSA vc ^d* [kaM dh gh ckr yksA ge blosQ lkeus ls vHkh xq”kj jgs gSaA ns[kks] igyk mi[kaM
^oQ* gSA bl mi[kaM esa ^oQ* ls 'kq: gksus okys ^'kCnksa* osQ Hkou gSaA igys ^oaQ* fiQj ^oQ*
mi[kaM] ^dk* mi[kaM bR;kfn ,d&,d dj vkrs tk,¡xsA
jFk vkxs c<+ jgk FkkA ^d* [kaM osQ fofHkUu mi[kaM ,d&,d dj xq”kjus yxsA ^oaQ*] ^d*]
^dk*] ^fd*] ^dh*] ^oqQ*] ^owQ*] ^osQ*] ^oSQ* vkSj ^dks* mi[kaMksa ls xq”kjrs gq, jFk ^dkS* mi[kaM
rd igq¡p pqdk FkkA rHkh pafnzdk osQ eu esa ,d loky mBkA
esjh geuke th] fofHk ek=kkvksa ls ukfer mi[kaM rks u”kj vk, exj os lkjs 'kCn bl yksd
esa dgk¡ fuokl djrs gSa tgk¡ nks O;atu feydj la;qDrk{kj cukrs gSaA vHkh ge ^d* [kaM dk
u”kkjk ns[k jgs gSaA exj ^D;kjh*] ^Øanu*] ^ØhM+k* bR;kfn 'kCn rks u”kj gh ugha vk,!
'kCnijh cksyhµ;g rqeus vPNk loky mBk;kA gekjs yksd esa blosQ Hkh fuf'pr fu;e gSaA
vc ^d* [kaM dh gh ckr yksA ^oaQ* mi[kaM ls pyrs&pyrs ge ^dkS* mi[kaM rd igq¡p pqosQ
gSaA blosQ ckn la;qDrk{kj dk mi[kaM 'kq: gksxkA
'kCnijh us lp gh dgk FkkA ^dkS* mi[kaM osQ rqjar ckn ^D* mi[kaM 'kq: gks x;kA ^D;k*]
^D;kjh*] ^D;ksa*] tSls 'kCn vkus yxsA
'kCnijh cksy iM+h] ¶eSaus rqEgsa oqQN
nsj igys crk;k Fkk fd ^{k* ^=k* ^J*
tSls o.kks± ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCn bu o.kks±
osQ izFkek{kj osQ lkFk vkrs gSaA¸
pafnzdk us ;kn djrs gq, dgk] ¶gk¡
vkSj vkidh ckr esjh le> esa ugha vkbZ
FkhA¸ 'kCnijh le>kus dh eqnzk esa cksyh]
¶ns[kks] vc ^{k* dk gh mnkgj.k yksA
;g ^d* vkSj ^"k* osQ ;ksx ls cuk gqvk
la;qDrk{kj gSA bl la;qDrk{kj dk igyk
v{kj ;kuh izFkek{kj ^d* gS vr% ;g
blh mi[kaM esa vkxs tkdj gSA¸
jFk dh ;k=kk tkjh FkhA pafnzdk us
è;ku fn;k fd ^d* izFkek{kj ls 'kq:
gksus okys 'kCn ,d&,d dj lkeus ls
è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa
4 'kCndks'k] 'kCnksa dk [k”kkuk gSA blesa ,d Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh leqnk;
esa iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa dks lafpr fd;k tkrk gSA
4 'kCndks'k esa 'kCnksa dh O;qRifÙk] lzksr] ¯yx] 'kCn&:i ,oa
fofHkUu lanHkZijd vFkks± osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA
4 ¯gnh 'kCndks'k esa ¯gnh o.kZekyk dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS
ijarq va ls izkjaHk gksus okys 'kCn lcls igys fn, tkrs gSaA
4 ;|fi ¯gnh o.kZekyk esa oqQN la;qDr O;atu lcls var esa vkrs
gSa ijarq 'kCndks'k esa mUgsa ml Øe esa j[kk tkrk gS ftu O;atuksa
ls feydj os cus gSa] tSls o~Q$"k¾{k] t~$×k¾K] r~$j¾=k]
'k~$j¾JA
4 Loj jfgr O;atu ls izkjaHk gksus okys 'kCn ml O;atu esa
bLrseky gksus okys lHkh Lojksa osQ ckn esa j[ks tkrs gSa] tSls
^D;k* 'kCn ^dkSLrqHk* osQ ckn gh vk,xkA
Rationalised 2023-24
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dks'kµ,d ifjp;
lanHkZ&xzaFk
4 ftl izdkj ^'kCndks'k* esa 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ
fn, gksrs gSa mlh izdkj ^lanHkZ&xazFkksa* esa
ekuo }kjk lafpr Kku dks laf{kIr :i esa
izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
4 lanHkZ&xzaFk dbZ izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA lanHkZ&xzaFk
dk lcls fo'kn :i ^fo'o Kku dks'k*
gSA blesa ekuo }kjk lafpr gj izdkj dh
tkudkjh vkSj lwpuk dk laf{kIr ladyu
gksrk gSA
4 lanHkZ&xazFkksa osQ vU; egÙoiw.kZ izdkj gSa
^lkfgR; dks'k* vkSj ^pfj=k dks'k* ^lkfgR;
dks'k* esa lkfgfR;d fo"k;ksa ls lacafèkr
tkudkfj;k¡ ladfyr gksrh gSaA ^pfj=k
dks'k* esa lkfgR;] laLÑfr] foKku vkfn
{ks=kksa ds egku O;fDr;ksa osQ O;fDrRo
vkSj ÑfrÙo osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ladfyr
gksrh gSA
4 lanHkZ&xzaFk xkxj esa lkxj osQ leku gSaA
tc Hkh fdlh fo"k; ij rqjar tkudkjh
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] lanHkZ&xzaFk
gekjs dke vkrs gSaA
4 lanHkZ&xzaFkksa esa tkudkfj;ksa dk flyflysokj
ladyu ^'kCndks'k* osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj
gh gksrk gSA
xq”kj jgs FksA Øe o.kZekyk dk gh FkkA gk¡] os nks
fu;e Hkh ykxw gks jgs Fks] tks 'kCnijh us 'kq: esa
crk, FksA ^d* vkSj ^;* ls feydj cus la;qDrk{kjksa
ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa ls vkxs c<+rs gq, nksuksa ^d*
vkSj ^j* ls cus la;qDrk{kj ^Ø* ls 'kq: gksus okys
'kCnksa osQ Hkou vk,A ^ozaQnu* vkSj ^ozaQfnr* osQ ckn
^Ø* dk uacj vk;k vkSj ^Øe*] ^Øe'k%* bR;kfn
'kCnksa osQ Hkou vk,A fiQj ^Øk*] ^fØ* bR;kfn ls
izkjaHk gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ Hkou vkrs x,A
^Ø* osQ ckn ^Dy* ,oa ^Do* ls 'kq: gksus okys
'kCn vk,A fiQj 'kq: gqvk ^{k* ls izkjaHk gksus okys
'kCnksa osQ Hkouksa dk flyflykA ;g bl yksd osQ
fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj gh Fkk pw¡fd ^{k* la;qDrk{kj ^d*
vkSj ^"k* ls feydj cuk gS vr% bls ^d* vkSj ^o*
ls feydj cus ^Do* la;qDrk{kj ls 'kq: gksus okys
'kCnksa osQ ckn gh vkuk FkkA
pafnzdk [kq'k gksdj cksyhµ¶vc ckr esjh le>
esa vk xbZA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd pw¡fd ^=k*
la;qDrk{kj ^r* vkSj ^j* o.kks± ls feydj cuk gS]
vr% blls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ Hkou ^r* [kaM
esa fu;ekuqlkj fuèkkZfjr LFkyksa ij vk,¡xsA¸
'kCnijh iz'kalk Hkko ls eqldjkbZµ¶gk¡] fcyoqQy
BhdA ^K* la;qDrk{kj ^t* vkSj ^×k* o.kks± osQ la;ksx
ls cuk gSA vr% blls izkjaHk gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ
Hkou ^t* [kaM esa vius fuèkkZfjr LFkkuksa ij vk,¡xsA
^J* la;qDrk{kj ^'k* vkSj ^j* o.kks± ls feydj cuk
gSA vr% blls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ fuokl LFky ^'k* [kaM esa gksaxsA¸
jFk pyrk tk jgk FkkA FkksM+h nsj esa ^p* [kaM vk x;kA bl yksd osQ fu;eksa osQ fglkc ls igys
^p* mi[kaM vk;kA pafnzdk [kq'kh ls fpYyk iM+hA 'kCnijh cksyhµ¶yks] rqEgkjk mi[kaM rks vk x;kA
rqEgkjk ?kj rks blh mi[kaM eas gksxkA¸
¶fcyoqQy Bhd¸µFkksM+h gh nsj esa bl jktekxZ osQ fdukjs esjk ?kj vkus okyk gSA¸
^p* mi[kaM esa fuokl djus okys 'kCnksa osQ Hkou ,d&,d dj vkrs tk jgs FksA igys mu
'kCnksa osQ Hkou Fks ftudk nwljk o.kZ ^d* ls 'kq: gksrk FkkA ;kuh ;gk¡ Hkh fu;e ogh Fkk tks igys
o.kZ osQ fy, FkkA
èkhjs&èkhjs mu 'kCnksa osQ Hkou vk, ftudk nwljk o.kZ ^n* FkkA ^panu*] ^pansy* bR;kfn 'kCnksa
osQ ckn ^n* vkSj ^j* osQ la;qDrk{kj ^nz* dk uacj vk;kA bl Øe dk igyk 'kCn ^panz* FkkA
Rationalised 2023-24