Worksheet Solutions: Collection of Data- 1 | Economics Class 11 - Commerce PDF Download

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Q1: Statistics is:
(a) Science
(b) Art
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Both A and B

Statistics is considered both a science and an art because it involves systematic methods for collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data (science), while also requiring skill and creativity to apply these methods effectively (art).

Q2: Statistics are:
(a) Aggregates of facts
(b) Numerically expressed
(c) Collected for a predetermined purpose
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above

Statistics encompass all the features mentioned: they are aggregates of facts, expressed numerically, and collected with a specific purpose in mind.

Q3: The term 'statistics' was first used by:
(a) Gottfried Achenwall
(b) Paul A. Samuelson
(c) Lord Robinson
(d) J.B. Say
Answer: (a) Gottfried Achenwall

Gottfried Achenwall is credited with the first use of the term 'statistics' in the 18th century.

Q4: Which of the following is not a function of statistics?
(a) Economic forecasting
(b) Economic equilibrium
(c) Political equilibrium
(d) Construction of economic models
Answer: (c) Political equilibrium

While statistics can inform political decisions, political equilibrium itself is not a direct function of statistical analysis.

Q5: For drawing a lottery, ____ sampling is used:
(a) Random
(b) Purposive
(c) Stratified
(d) Quota
Answer: (a) Random

Random sampling ensures that every individual has an equal chance of being selected, which is essential for a fair lottery.

Q6: Data collected by the investigator himself is called:
(a) Secondary data
(b) Primary data
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of the above

Answer: (b) Primary data

Primary data refers to information collected directly by the researcher for a specific purpose.

Q7: Frequency is the number of times an observation repeats in the series:
(a) Years
(b) Weeks
(c) Days
(d) Times
Answer: (d) Times

Frequency refers to how many times a particular observation appears in a dataset.

Q8: In the plural sense, which of the following is not a characteristic of statistics?
(a) Aggregate of data
(b) Only expressed in words
(c) Affected by the multiplicity of causes
(d) Collected in a systematic manner
Answer: (b) Only expressed in words

Statistics can be expressed in various forms, including numerical and graphical representations, not just in words.

Q9: The process of converting raw material into goods is called:
(a) Production
(b) Saving
(c) Investment
(d) Exchange
Answer: (a) Production

Production refers to the process of transforming raw materials into finished goods.

Q10: Personal bias is possible under:
(a) Random Sampling
(b) Purposive Sampling
(c) Stratified Sampling
(d) Quota Sampling
Answer: (b) Purposive Sampling

Purposive sampling can introduce personal bias as the researcher selects specific individuals based on subjective criteria.

Q11: Under which method are chits taken out to form a sample?
(a) Lottery method
(b) Tippet’s method
(c) Sample method
(d) Convenience sampling
Answer: (a) Lottery method

The lottery method involves randomly selecting samples by drawing chits, ensuring fairness in the selection process.

Q12: Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Resources have alternative uses
(b) All numbers are statistics
(c) Macroeconomics studies large aggregates
(d) Statistics studies only the aggregates of quantitative facts
Answer: (b) All numbers are statistics

Not all numbers constitute statistics; statistics specifically refers to data that is collected, analyzed, and interpreted.

Assertion And Reasoning Type Questions

Q13: Assertion (A): Descriptive statistics refer to methods used for collecting, presenting, and analyzing data.
Reason (R): These methods involve estimations such as measuring central tendencies, dispersion, and correlation.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
​Ans: Option (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).

Q14: Assertion (A): Statistics involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data.
Reason (R): Statistics systematically studies numbers related to selected facts.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
​Ans: Option (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).

Q15: Assertion (A): Statistics helps establish cause-and-effect relationships between economic variables, aiding in the construction of economic theories.
Reason (R): Understanding conclusions drawn from statistics does not require studying the circumstances under which these conclusions were made.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans: Option (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Q16: Assertion (A) Statistics is a delicate science that can be misused by unscrupulous individuals, necessitating cautious data usage.
Reason (R) Statistical methods do not analyze phenomena that cannot be quantified.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
​Ans: Option (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).

Q17: Assertion (A) Statistics condenses large data sets into a few numerical measures like mean and variance.
Reason (R) These numerical measures summarize data effectively.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
​Ans: Option (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).

True False

Statistics deals with aggregate or collective data, not individual data. The average marks scored by Mohan is related to a single person, making it an individual fact, not a statistical fact. For it to be considered statistics, it should be part of a larger set of data, like the average marks of a group of students.

Q2: Statistical laws are universal.  
Ans: False

Statistical laws are not universal because they are based on probabilities, trends, and patterns derived from observations and data. Unlike scientific laws, statistical laws are not always applicable to every individual case; they are valid on average or in the majority of cases, not universally.

Short Answer Questions

Q1: Name the first step involved in a statistical investigation.
Ans: The first step involved in a statistical investigation is defining the problem or formulating the research question.

Q2: What are the main sources of data?
Ans: The main sources of data are primary sources and secondary sources.

Q3: Define primary data.
Ans: Primary data refers to data that is collected directly from the original source or firsthand by the researcher.

Q4: Give the meaning of secondary data.
Ans: Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected and recorded by someone else for a different purpose but can be used for the current research.

Q5: Mention the methods used for collection of data.
Ans: The methods used for the collection of data include surveys, experiments, observations, and existing records or documents.

Q6: What is the interview method?
Ans: The interview method is a data collection technique in which a researcher asks questions directly to individuals or respondents to gather information.

Q7: Define a questionnaire.
Ans: A questionnaire is a structured set of questions used to gather information from respondents in a systematic and standardized manner.

Q8: State three advantages of direct personal investigation.
Ans: Three advantages of direct personal investigation are:
(a) It allows the researcher to clarify doubts and obtain detailed information.
(b) It provides an opportunity to observe respondents' reactions and body language.
(c) It enables the collection of in-depth and specific data.

Q9: Define sample.
Ans: A sample is a subset of a larger group or population that is selected for the purpose of studying and drawing conclusions about the entire population.

Q10: Define “universe” or “population” in the context of statistics.
Ans: In the context of statistics, "universe" or "population" refers to the entire group or set of individuals or objects that are the subject of the study.

Q11: In which type of data precaution is highly required?
Ans: Precautions are highly required in the case of qualitative or non-numeric data, such as textual data or data that involve subjective interpretations.

Q12: What is meant by “sampling method”?
Ans: "Sampling method" refers to the technique or procedure used to select a representative subset (sample) from a larger population for data collection and analysis.

Higher Order Thinking Skills Questions

Q14: What is deliberate sampling and how it differs from systematic sampling?
Ans: Deliberate sampling is a non-random sampling method where specific elements or individuals are deliberately chosen for inclusion in the sample based on certain criteria. Systematic sampling, on the other hand, is a random sampling method where every nth element is selected from a list. The key difference is that deliberate sampling is not random, while systematic sampling is based on a predetermined pattern.

Q15: Why is the sampling method preferred to the census method?
Ans: The sampling method is preferred to the census method for several reasons:
(a) It is more cost-effective, as it involves studying a subset of the population rather than the entire population.
(b) It is less time-consuming and can provide results more quickly.
(c) It is often more practical when studying large populations.
(d) It reduces the burden on respondents and makes data collection more manageable.

Q16: State the essential features of a good questionnaire.
Ans: Essential features of a good questionnaire include:
(a) Clarity: Questions should be clear, concise, and easily understood.
(b) Relevance: Questions should be relevant to the research objectives.
(c) Unbiased: Questions should not lead or bias respondents' answers.
(d) Logical Sequence: Questions should follow a logical order.
(e) Standardization: The questionnaire should be consistent for all respondents.
(f) Pilot Testing: It should be pre-tested on a small group to identify and address any issues.