NCERT Textbook - सप्तभगिन्यः | NCERT Textbooks & Solutions for Class 8 PDF Download

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lIrHkfxU;%
lIrHkfxU;%
¹^lIrHkfxuh* ;g ,d miuke gSA mÙkj&iwoZ osQ lkr jkT; fo'ks"k dks mDr mikf/ nh
x;h gSA bu jkT;ksa dk izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z vR;Ur foy{k.k gSA bUgha osQ lkaLÑfrd vkSj
lkekftd oSf'k"V~; dks è;ku esa j[kdj izLrqr ikB dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSAº
izR;;%
vè;kfidk & lqizHkkre~A
Nk=kk% & lqizHkkre~A lqizHkkre~A
vè;kfidk & HkorqA v| ¯d iBuh;e~\
Nk=kk% & o;a losZ Lons'kL; jkT;kuka fo"k;s KkrqfePNke%A
vè;kfidk & 'kksHkue~A onrA vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr jkT;kfu lfUr\
lk;jk & prqfo±'kfr% egksn;s!
flYoh & u fg u fg egkHkkxs! i×p¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA
vè;kfidk & vU;% dks¿fi----\
Lojk & (eè;s ,o) egksn;s! es Hkfxuh dFk;fr ;nLekoaQ ns'ks
v"Vk¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA ,rnfrfjP; v"V osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk%
vfi lfURkA
vè;kfidk & lE;Xtkukfr rs HkfxuhA Hkorq] vfi tkuhFk ;w;a ;nsrs"kq
jkT;s"kq lIrjkT;kuke~ ,d% leok;ks¿fLr ;% lIrHkfxU;%
bfr ukEuk izfFkrks¿fLrA
uoe% ikB%
2024-25
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lIrHkfxU;%
lIrHkfxU;%
¹^lIrHkfxuh* ;g ,d miuke gSA mÙkj&iwoZ osQ lkr jkT; fo'ks"k dks mDr mikf/ nh
x;h gSA bu jkT;ksa dk izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z vR;Ur foy{k.k gSA bUgha osQ lkaLÑfrd vkSj
lkekftd oSf'k"V~; dks è;ku esa j[kdj izLrqr ikB dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSAº
izR;;%
vè;kfidk & lqizHkkre~A
Nk=kk% & lqizHkkre~A lqizHkkre~A
vè;kfidk & HkorqA v| ¯d iBuh;e~\
Nk=kk% & o;a losZ Lons'kL; jkT;kuka fo"k;s KkrqfePNke%A
vè;kfidk & 'kksHkue~A onrA vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr jkT;kfu lfUr\
lk;jk & prqfo±'kfr% egksn;s!
flYoh & u fg u fg egkHkkxs! i×p¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA
vè;kfidk & vU;% dks¿fi----\
Lojk & (eè;s ,o) egksn;s! es Hkfxuh dFk;fr ;nLekoaQ ns'ks
v"Vk¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA ,rnfrfjP; v"V osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk%
vfi lfURkA
vè;kfidk & lE;Xtkukfr rs HkfxuhA Hkorq] vfi tkuhFk ;w;a ;nsrs"kq
jkT;s"kq lIrjkT;kuke~ ,d% leok;ks¿fLr ;% lIrHkfxU;%
bfr ukEuk izfFkrks¿fLrA
uoe% ikB%
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
losZ & (lk'p;Ze~ ijLija i';Ur%) lIrHkfxU;%\ lIrHkfxU;%\
fudksyl% & bekfu jkT;kfu lIrHkfxU;% bfr fdeFk± dF;Urs\
vè;kfidk & iz;ksxks¿;a izrhdkRedks orZrsA dnkfpr~ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd&
ifjn`';kuka lkE;kn~ bekfu mDrksikf/uk izfFkrkfuA
leh{kk & dkSrwgya es u [kyq 'kkfUra xPNfr] Jko;rq rkon~ ;r~ dkfu
rkfu jkT;kfu\
vè;kfidk & Ük`.kqr
!
v};a e=k;a pSo u&f=k&;qDra rFkk };e~A
lIrjkT;lewgks¿;a HkfxuhlIroaQ ere~AA
bRFka HkfxuhlIrosQ bekfu jkT;kfu lfUr&v#.kkpyizns'k%] vle%]
ef.kiqje~] fetksje%] es?kky;%] uxkyS.M%] f=kiqjk psfrA ;|fi
{ks=kifjek.kS% bekfu y?kwfu orZUrs rFkkfi xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k c`gÙkjkf.k
izrh;UrsA
losZ & dFke~\ dFke~\
vè;kfidk & bek% lIrHkfxU;% Loh;s izkphusfrgkls izk;% Lok/huk% ,o
n`"Vk%A u osQukfi 'kklosQu bek% Lok;ÙkhÑrk%A vusd&
laLÑfr&fof'k"Vk;ka HkkjrHkwekS ,rklka Hkfxuhuka laLÑfr%
egÙokèkkf;uh bfrA
rUoh & v;a 'kCn% loZizFkea dnk iz;qDr%\
vè;kfidk & Jqre/qj'kCnks¿;a loZizFkea foxr'krkCnL; f}lIrfrres o"ksZ
f=kiqjkjkT;L;ksn~?kkVuØes osQukfi izofrZr%A vfLeUuso dkys ,rs"kka
jkT;kuka iqu% lÄ~?kVua fofgre~A 
Lojk & vU;r~ fdefi oSf'k"V~;efLr ,rs"kke~\
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lIrHkfxU;%
lIrHkfxU;%
¹^lIrHkfxuh* ;g ,d miuke gSA mÙkj&iwoZ osQ lkr jkT; fo'ks"k dks mDr mikf/ nh
x;h gSA bu jkT;ksa dk izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z vR;Ur foy{k.k gSA bUgha osQ lkaLÑfrd vkSj
lkekftd oSf'k"V~; dks è;ku esa j[kdj izLrqr ikB dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSAº
izR;;%
vè;kfidk & lqizHkkre~A
Nk=kk% & lqizHkkre~A lqizHkkre~A
vè;kfidk & HkorqA v| ¯d iBuh;e~\
Nk=kk% & o;a losZ Lons'kL; jkT;kuka fo"k;s KkrqfePNke%A
vè;kfidk & 'kksHkue~A onrA vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr jkT;kfu lfUr\
lk;jk & prqfo±'kfr% egksn;s!
flYoh & u fg u fg egkHkkxs! i×p¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA
vè;kfidk & vU;% dks¿fi----\
Lojk & (eè;s ,o) egksn;s! es Hkfxuh dFk;fr ;nLekoaQ ns'ks
v"Vk¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA ,rnfrfjP; v"V osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk%
vfi lfURkA
vè;kfidk & lE;Xtkukfr rs HkfxuhA Hkorq] vfi tkuhFk ;w;a ;nsrs"kq
jkT;s"kq lIrjkT;kuke~ ,d% leok;ks¿fLr ;% lIrHkfxU;%
bfr ukEuk izfFkrks¿fLrA
uoe% ikB%
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
losZ & (lk'p;Ze~ ijLija i';Ur%) lIrHkfxU;%\ lIrHkfxU;%\
fudksyl% & bekfu jkT;kfu lIrHkfxU;% bfr fdeFk± dF;Urs\
vè;kfidk & iz;ksxks¿;a izrhdkRedks orZrsA dnkfpr~ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd&
ifjn`';kuka lkE;kn~ bekfu mDrksikf/uk izfFkrkfuA
leh{kk & dkSrwgya es u [kyq 'kkfUra xPNfr] Jko;rq rkon~ ;r~ dkfu
rkfu jkT;kfu\
vè;kfidk & Ük`.kqr
!
v};a e=k;a pSo u&f=k&;qDra rFkk };e~A
lIrjkT;lewgks¿;a HkfxuhlIroaQ ere~AA
bRFka HkfxuhlIrosQ bekfu jkT;kfu lfUr&v#.kkpyizns'k%] vle%]
ef.kiqje~] fetksje%] es?kky;%] uxkyS.M%] f=kiqjk psfrA ;|fi
{ks=kifjek.kS% bekfu y?kwfu orZUrs rFkkfi xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k c`gÙkjkf.k
izrh;UrsA
losZ & dFke~\ dFke~\
vè;kfidk & bek% lIrHkfxU;% Loh;s izkphusfrgkls izk;% Lok/huk% ,o
n`"Vk%A u osQukfi 'kklosQu bek% Lok;ÙkhÑrk%A vusd&
laLÑfr&fof'k"Vk;ka HkkjrHkwekS ,rklka Hkfxuhuka laLÑfr%
egÙokèkkf;uh bfrA
rUoh & v;a 'kCn% loZizFkea dnk iz;qDr%\
vè;kfidk & Jqre/qj'kCnks¿;a loZizFkea foxr'krkCnL; f}lIrfrres o"ksZ
f=kiqjkjkT;L;ksn~?kkVuØes osQukfi izofrZr%A vfLeUuso dkys ,rs"kka
jkT;kuka iqu% lÄ~?kVua fofgre~A 
Lojk & vU;r~ fdefi oSf'k"V~;efLr ,rs"kke~\
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lIrHkfxU;%
vè;kfidk & uwue~ vfLr ,oA ioZr&o`{k&iq"i&izHk`frfHk% izkÑfrdlEif‰%
lqle`¼kfu lfUr bekfu jkT;kfuA Hkkjro`{ks p iq"i&
Lrcdln`'kkfu fojktUrs ,rkfuA
jktho% & Hkofr! x`gs ;Fkk lokZf/dk jE;k euksjek p Hkfxuh Hkofr
rFkSo Hkkjrx`gs¿fi lokZf/dk% jE;k% bek% lIrHkfxU;% lfUrA
vè;kfidk & euL;kxrk rs b;a Hkkouk ijedY;k.ke;h ija losZ u rFkk
voxPNfUrA vLrq] vfLr rkonsrs"kka fo"k;s fdf×pn~ oSf'k"V~;efi
dFkuh;e~A lkofgreulk  Ük`.kqr&
tutkfrcgqyizns'kks¿;e~A xkjks&[kklh&uxk&fetks&izHk`r;% cgo%
tutkrh;k% v=k fuolfUrA 'kjhjs.k ÅtZfLou% ,rRizknsf'kdk%
cgqHkk"kkfHk% lefUork%] ioZijEijkfHk% ifjiwfjrk%]Loyhyk&
dykfHk'p fu".kkrk% lfUrA
ekyrh & egksn;s
!
 r=k rq oa'ko`{kk vfi izkI;Urs\
vè;kfidk & vke~A izns'ks¿fLeu~ gLrf'kYikuka ckgqY;a orZrsA vkoL=kkHkw"k.ksH;%
x`gfuekZ.ki;ZUra izk;% oa'ko`{kfufeZrkuka oLrwuke~ mi;ksx% fØ;rsA
;rks fg v=k oa'ko`{kk.kka izkpq;± fo|rsA lkEizra oa'kks|ksxks¿;a
vUrkjkf"Vª;[;kfre~ vokIrks¿fLrA
vfHkuo% & Hkfxuhizns'kks¿;a càkd"kZd% bfr izrh;rsA
lyhe% & ¯d Hkze.kk; Hkfxuhizns'kks¿;a lehphu%\
losZ Nk=kk% & (mPpS%) egksn;s
!
 vkxkfefu vodk'ks o;a r=kSo xUrqfePNke%A
Lojk & HkoR;fi vLekfHk% lk¼± pyrqA
vè;kfidk & jksprs es¿;a fopkj%A ,rkfu jkT;kfu rq Hkze.kkFk± LoxZln`'kkfu
bfrA
2024-25
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lIrHkfxU;%
lIrHkfxU;%
¹^lIrHkfxuh* ;g ,d miuke gSA mÙkj&iwoZ osQ lkr jkT; fo'ks"k dks mDr mikf/ nh
x;h gSA bu jkT;ksa dk izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z vR;Ur foy{k.k gSA bUgha osQ lkaLÑfrd vkSj
lkekftd oSf'k"V~; dks è;ku esa j[kdj izLrqr ikB dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSAº
izR;;%
vè;kfidk & lqizHkkre~A
Nk=kk% & lqizHkkre~A lqizHkkre~A
vè;kfidk & HkorqA v| ¯d iBuh;e~\
Nk=kk% & o;a losZ Lons'kL; jkT;kuka fo"k;s KkrqfePNke%A
vè;kfidk & 'kksHkue~A onrA vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr jkT;kfu lfUr\
lk;jk & prqfo±'kfr% egksn;s!
flYoh & u fg u fg egkHkkxs! i×p¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA
vè;kfidk & vU;% dks¿fi----\
Lojk & (eè;s ,o) egksn;s! es Hkfxuh dFk;fr ;nLekoaQ ns'ks
v"Vk¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA ,rnfrfjP; v"V osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk%
vfi lfURkA
vè;kfidk & lE;Xtkukfr rs HkfxuhA Hkorq] vfi tkuhFk ;w;a ;nsrs"kq
jkT;s"kq lIrjkT;kuke~ ,d% leok;ks¿fLr ;% lIrHkfxU;%
bfr ukEuk izfFkrks¿fLrA
uoe% ikB%
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
losZ & (lk'p;Ze~ ijLija i';Ur%) lIrHkfxU;%\ lIrHkfxU;%\
fudksyl% & bekfu jkT;kfu lIrHkfxU;% bfr fdeFk± dF;Urs\
vè;kfidk & iz;ksxks¿;a izrhdkRedks orZrsA dnkfpr~ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd&
ifjn`';kuka lkE;kn~ bekfu mDrksikf/uk izfFkrkfuA
leh{kk & dkSrwgya es u [kyq 'kkfUra xPNfr] Jko;rq rkon~ ;r~ dkfu
rkfu jkT;kfu\
vè;kfidk & Ük`.kqr
!
v};a e=k;a pSo u&f=k&;qDra rFkk };e~A
lIrjkT;lewgks¿;a HkfxuhlIroaQ ere~AA
bRFka HkfxuhlIrosQ bekfu jkT;kfu lfUr&v#.kkpyizns'k%] vle%]
ef.kiqje~] fetksje%] es?kky;%] uxkyS.M%] f=kiqjk psfrA ;|fi
{ks=kifjek.kS% bekfu y?kwfu orZUrs rFkkfi xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k c`gÙkjkf.k
izrh;UrsA
losZ & dFke~\ dFke~\
vè;kfidk & bek% lIrHkfxU;% Loh;s izkphusfrgkls izk;% Lok/huk% ,o
n`"Vk%A u osQukfi 'kklosQu bek% Lok;ÙkhÑrk%A vusd&
laLÑfr&fof'k"Vk;ka HkkjrHkwekS ,rklka Hkfxuhuka laLÑfr%
egÙokèkkf;uh bfrA
rUoh & v;a 'kCn% loZizFkea dnk iz;qDr%\
vè;kfidk & Jqre/qj'kCnks¿;a loZizFkea foxr'krkCnL; f}lIrfrres o"ksZ
f=kiqjkjkT;L;ksn~?kkVuØes osQukfi izofrZr%A vfLeUuso dkys ,rs"kka
jkT;kuka iqu% lÄ~?kVua fofgre~A 
Lojk & vU;r~ fdefi oSf'k"V~;efLr ,rs"kke~\
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lIrHkfxU;%
vè;kfidk & uwue~ vfLr ,oA ioZr&o`{k&iq"i&izHk`frfHk% izkÑfrdlEif‰%
lqle`¼kfu lfUr bekfu jkT;kfuA Hkkjro`{ks p iq"i&
Lrcdln`'kkfu fojktUrs ,rkfuA
jktho% & Hkofr! x`gs ;Fkk lokZf/dk jE;k euksjek p Hkfxuh Hkofr
rFkSo Hkkjrx`gs¿fi lokZf/dk% jE;k% bek% lIrHkfxU;% lfUrA
vè;kfidk & euL;kxrk rs b;a Hkkouk ijedY;k.ke;h ija losZ u rFkk
voxPNfUrA vLrq] vfLr rkonsrs"kka fo"k;s fdf×pn~ oSf'k"V~;efi
dFkuh;e~A lkofgreulk  Ük`.kqr&
tutkfrcgqyizns'kks¿;e~A xkjks&[kklh&uxk&fetks&izHk`r;% cgo%
tutkrh;k% v=k fuolfUrA 'kjhjs.k ÅtZfLou% ,rRizknsf'kdk%
cgqHkk"kkfHk% lefUork%] ioZijEijkfHk% ifjiwfjrk%]Loyhyk&
dykfHk'p fu".kkrk% lfUrA
ekyrh & egksn;s
!
 r=k rq oa'ko`{kk vfi izkI;Urs\
vè;kfidk & vke~A izns'ks¿fLeu~ gLrf'kYikuka ckgqY;a orZrsA vkoL=kkHkw"k.ksH;%
x`gfuekZ.ki;ZUra izk;% oa'ko`{kfufeZrkuka oLrwuke~ mi;ksx% fØ;rsA
;rks fg v=k oa'ko`{kk.kka izkpq;± fo|rsA lkEizra oa'kks|ksxks¿;a
vUrkjkf"Vª;[;kfre~ vokIrks¿fLrA
vfHkuo% & Hkfxuhizns'kks¿;a càkd"kZd% bfr izrh;rsA
lyhe% & ¯d Hkze.kk; Hkfxuhizns'kks¿;a lehphu%\
losZ Nk=kk% & (mPpS%) egksn;s
!
 vkxkfefu vodk'ks o;a r=kSo xUrqfePNke%A
Lojk & HkoR;fi vLekfHk% lk¼± pyrqA
vè;kfidk & jksprs es¿;a fopkj%A ,rkfu jkT;kfu rq Hkze.kkFk± LoxZln`'kkfu
bfrA
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
ck<e~ & cgqr vPNk
iBuh;e~ & i<+uk pkfg,
Kkrqe~ & tkuus osQ fy,
dfr & fdrus
prqfo±'kfr% & pkSchl
i×p¯o'kfr% & iphl
Hkfxuh & cgu
v"Vk¯o'kfr% & vBkbZl
osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk% & osQUnz }kjk 'kkflr izns'k
vfrfjP; & vfrfjDr
Hkorq & vPNk
leok;% & lewg
izfFkr% & izfl¼
izrhdkRed% & lkÄsïfrd
(izrhd$vkRed%)
dnkfpr~ & lEHkor%
lkE;kn~ & lekurk osQ dkj.k
mDrksikf/uk & dgh x;h mikf/ ls@osQ dkj.k
(mDr$mikf/uk)
ukfEu & uke esa
la'k;% & lUnsg
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
2024-25
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lIrHkfxU;%
lIrHkfxU;%
¹^lIrHkfxuh* ;g ,d miuke gSA mÙkj&iwoZ osQ lkr jkT; fo'ks"k dks mDr mikf/ nh
x;h gSA bu jkT;ksa dk izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z vR;Ur foy{k.k gSA bUgha osQ lkaLÑfrd vkSj
lkekftd oSf'k"V~; dks è;ku esa j[kdj izLrqr ikB dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSAº
izR;;%
vè;kfidk & lqizHkkre~A
Nk=kk% & lqizHkkre~A lqizHkkre~A
vè;kfidk & HkorqA v| ¯d iBuh;e~\
Nk=kk% & o;a losZ Lons'kL; jkT;kuka fo"k;s KkrqfePNke%A
vè;kfidk & 'kksHkue~A onrA vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr jkT;kfu lfUr\
lk;jk & prqfo±'kfr% egksn;s!
flYoh & u fg u fg egkHkkxs! i×p¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA
vè;kfidk & vU;% dks¿fi----\
Lojk & (eè;s ,o) egksn;s! es Hkfxuh dFk;fr ;nLekoaQ ns'ks
v"Vk¯o'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA ,rnfrfjP; v"V osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk%
vfi lfURkA
vè;kfidk & lE;Xtkukfr rs HkfxuhA Hkorq] vfi tkuhFk ;w;a ;nsrs"kq
jkT;s"kq lIrjkT;kuke~ ,d% leok;ks¿fLr ;% lIrHkfxU;%
bfr ukEuk izfFkrks¿fLrA
uoe% ikB%
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
losZ & (lk'p;Ze~ ijLija i';Ur%) lIrHkfxU;%\ lIrHkfxU;%\
fudksyl% & bekfu jkT;kfu lIrHkfxU;% bfr fdeFk± dF;Urs\
vè;kfidk & iz;ksxks¿;a izrhdkRedks orZrsA dnkfpr~ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd&
ifjn`';kuka lkE;kn~ bekfu mDrksikf/uk izfFkrkfuA
leh{kk & dkSrwgya es u [kyq 'kkfUra xPNfr] Jko;rq rkon~ ;r~ dkfu
rkfu jkT;kfu\
vè;kfidk & Ük`.kqr
!
v};a e=k;a pSo u&f=k&;qDra rFkk };e~A
lIrjkT;lewgks¿;a HkfxuhlIroaQ ere~AA
bRFka HkfxuhlIrosQ bekfu jkT;kfu lfUr&v#.kkpyizns'k%] vle%]
ef.kiqje~] fetksje%] es?kky;%] uxkyS.M%] f=kiqjk psfrA ;|fi
{ks=kifjek.kS% bekfu y?kwfu orZUrs rFkkfi xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k c`gÙkjkf.k
izrh;UrsA
losZ & dFke~\ dFke~\
vè;kfidk & bek% lIrHkfxU;% Loh;s izkphusfrgkls izk;% Lok/huk% ,o
n`"Vk%A u osQukfi 'kklosQu bek% Lok;ÙkhÑrk%A vusd&
laLÑfr&fof'k"Vk;ka HkkjrHkwekS ,rklka Hkfxuhuka laLÑfr%
egÙokèkkf;uh bfrA
rUoh & v;a 'kCn% loZizFkea dnk iz;qDr%\
vè;kfidk & Jqre/qj'kCnks¿;a loZizFkea foxr'krkCnL; f}lIrfrres o"ksZ
f=kiqjkjkT;L;ksn~?kkVuØes osQukfi izofrZr%A vfLeUuso dkys ,rs"kka
jkT;kuka iqu% lÄ~?kVua fofgre~A 
Lojk & vU;r~ fdefi oSf'k"V~;efLr ,rs"kke~\
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61
lIrHkfxU;%
vè;kfidk & uwue~ vfLr ,oA ioZr&o`{k&iq"i&izHk`frfHk% izkÑfrdlEif‰%
lqle`¼kfu lfUr bekfu jkT;kfuA Hkkjro`{ks p iq"i&
Lrcdln`'kkfu fojktUrs ,rkfuA
jktho% & Hkofr! x`gs ;Fkk lokZf/dk jE;k euksjek p Hkfxuh Hkofr
rFkSo Hkkjrx`gs¿fi lokZf/dk% jE;k% bek% lIrHkfxU;% lfUrA
vè;kfidk & euL;kxrk rs b;a Hkkouk ijedY;k.ke;h ija losZ u rFkk
voxPNfUrA vLrq] vfLr rkonsrs"kka fo"k;s fdf×pn~ oSf'k"V~;efi
dFkuh;e~A lkofgreulk  Ük`.kqr&
tutkfrcgqyizns'kks¿;e~A xkjks&[kklh&uxk&fetks&izHk`r;% cgo%
tutkrh;k% v=k fuolfUrA 'kjhjs.k ÅtZfLou% ,rRizknsf'kdk%
cgqHkk"kkfHk% lefUork%] ioZijEijkfHk% ifjiwfjrk%]Loyhyk&
dykfHk'p fu".kkrk% lfUrA
ekyrh & egksn;s
!
 r=k rq oa'ko`{kk vfi izkI;Urs\
vè;kfidk & vke~A izns'ks¿fLeu~ gLrf'kYikuka ckgqY;a orZrsA vkoL=kkHkw"k.ksH;%
x`gfuekZ.ki;ZUra izk;% oa'ko`{kfufeZrkuka oLrwuke~ mi;ksx% fØ;rsA
;rks fg v=k oa'ko`{kk.kka izkpq;± fo|rsA lkEizra oa'kks|ksxks¿;a
vUrkjkf"Vª;[;kfre~ vokIrks¿fLrA
vfHkuo% & Hkfxuhizns'kks¿;a càkd"kZd% bfr izrh;rsA
lyhe% & ¯d Hkze.kk; Hkfxuhizns'kks¿;a lehphu%\
losZ Nk=kk% & (mPpS%) egksn;s
!
 vkxkfefu vodk'ks o;a r=kSo xUrqfePNke%A
Lojk & HkoR;fi vLekfHk% lk¼± pyrqA
vè;kfidk & jksprs es¿;a fopkj%A ,rkfu jkT;kfu rq Hkze.kkFk± LoxZln`'kkfu
bfrA
2024-25
62
#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
ck<e~ & cgqr vPNk
iBuh;e~ & i<+uk pkfg,
Kkrqe~ & tkuus osQ fy,
dfr & fdrus
prqfo±'kfr% & pkSchl
i×p¯o'kfr% & iphl
Hkfxuh & cgu
v"Vk¯o'kfr% & vBkbZl
osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk% & osQUnz }kjk 'kkflr izns'k
vfrfjP; & vfrfjDr
Hkorq & vPNk
leok;% & lewg
izfFkr% & izfl¼
izrhdkRed% & lkÄsïfrd
(izrhd$vkRed%)
dnkfpr~ & lEHkor%
lkE;kn~ & lekurk osQ dkj.k
mDrksikf/uk & dgh x;h mikf/ ls@osQ dkj.k
(mDr$mikf/uk)
ukfEu & uke esa
la'k;% & lUnsg
'kCnkFkkZ%
'kCnkFkkZ%
2024-25
63
lIrHkfxU;%
vijr% & nwljh vksj
{ks=kifjek.kS% & {ks=kiQy ls
y?kwfu & NksVs
xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k & xq.k ,oa xkSjo dh n`f"V ls
c`gÙkjkf.k & cM+s
Lok/huk% (Lo$v/huk%) & LorU=k
Lok;ÙkhÑrk% & vius v/hu fd;s x;s
egÙok/kf;uh & egÙo dks j[kus okyh] egÙoiw.kZ
(egÙo$vk/kf;uh)
Jqre/qj'kCn% & lquus esa e/qj 'kCn
izHk`frfHk% & vkfn ls
fofgre~ & fof/iwoZd fd;k x;k
izkÑfrdlEif‰% & izkÑfrd lEinkvksa ls
lqle`¼kfu & cgqr le`¼
Hkkjro`{ks & Hkkjr :ih o`{k esa@ij
iq"iLrcdln`'kkfu & iq"i osQ xqPNs osQ leku
â|k & fiz; (ân; dks fiz; yxus okyh)
euksje
jE;k & je.kh;
lkofgreulk & lko/ku eu ls
ÅtZfLou% & ÅtkZ ;qDr
ioZijEijkfHk% & ioks± dh ijEijk ls
ifjiwfjrk% & iw.kZ] Hkjs&iwjs
lefHkuUnuh;e~ & Lokxr ;ksX;
2024-25