Question 1: Look at the diagram showing the positive feedback mechanism on page 13. Can you list the inputs that went into tool making? What were the processes that were strengthened by tool-making?
Answer: In the diagram, we have lines of two colors. The red-colored lines indicate the ‘inputs’, whereas the blue-colored lines indicate ‘processes’ that was, in turn, strengthened by tool making.
Considering the red-colored lines, we have enlisted (below) the inputs that facilitated the tool-making process.
Now, let us consider the blue-colored lines.
The processes that were strengthened by tool-making are mentioned below.
Question 2: Humans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behavior and anatomy. This indicates that humans possibly evolved from apes. List these resemblances in two columns under the headings of (a) behavior and (b) anatomy. Are there any differences that you think are noteworthy?
Answer: Humans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviors and anatomy. This shows that humans possibly evolved from apes.
Basis of Similarities between humans and other mammals | Similarities |
Behavior |
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Anatomy |
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Besides the aforementioned similarities, both humans and primates have considerable differences in their behavior and anatomy.
Points of difference | Mammals or Primates | Humans |
Behavior |
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Anatomy |
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Question 3: Discuss the arguments advanced in favor of the regional continuity model of human origins. Do you think it provides a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: Two different views have been expounded regarding human origins:
Question 4: Which of the following do you think is best documented in the archaeological record: (a) gathering, (b) tool making, (c) the use of fire?
Answer: The technique of tool making is best documented in archaeological records. The earliest evidence of making and using stone tools comes from the archaeological sites in Ethiopia and Kenya. The remains of various types of tools found after excavations prove that man had mastered the skill of tool making. Moreover, according to the need of the time, the shape and size of the tools were also changed.
Question 5: Discuss the extent to which (a) hunting and (b) constructing shelters would have been facilitated by the use of language. What other modes of communication could have been used for these activities?
Answer: Early man was a food gatherer and scavenger. These were more of an individual’s activities. With homo- Erectus social groups because larger and man matured from being a scavenger to hunting.
Hunting activities of humans
Construction of shelters by human beings
Question 6: Choose any two developments each from Timelines 1 and 2 at the end of the chapter and indicate why you think these are significant.
Answer:
1. Earliest stone tools: The making of the earliest stone tools is significant as it marked the initial phase of technological innovation. As the early man started making tools, executing daily tasks such as hunting and construction got easier. Simultaneously, he started crafting tools to suit farming needs. Farming provided a comparatively secure and stable source of food. This allowed early man to give up his nomadic life and settle down in one place. It can thus be rightly stated that the making of the earliest tools marked the beginning of the initial phase of human civilizations.
2. Development of the voice box: The development of the voice box in early humans around 200000 years ago helped man to start speaking or communicating. Gestures, as a mode of communication, were replaced by speech. Expression and communication of ideas and emotions became less cumbersome. The power to speak also helped the early man to conduct hunting and constructing shelters in the following manner:
a) Hunting
b) Constructing shelters:
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3. How does the cosmic microwave background radiation support the Big Bang theory? |
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