Electrical Engineering (EE) Exam  >  Electrical Engineering (EE) Notes  >  Signals and Systems  >  Linear Shift Invariant Systems

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

Linear Shift-Invariant systems: 

Linear Shift-Invariant systems, called LSI systems for short, form a very important class of practical systems, and hence are of interest to us. They are also referred to as Linear Time-Invariant systems, in case the independent variable for the input and output signals is time. Remember that linearity means that is y1(t) and y2(t) are responses of the system to signals x1(t) and x2(t) respectively, then the response to ax1(t) + bx2(t) is ay1(t) + by2(t). 

Shift invariance implies that the response of the system to x1(t - t0) is given by y1(t - t0for all values of t and t0. Linear systems are of interest to us for primarily two reasons: first, several real-life systems can be well approximated by linear systems. Second, linear systems come with several properties which make their analysis simple. Similarly, shift-invariant systems allow us to use simpler math to analyse the system. As we proceed with our analysis, we will point out cases where some results (which are rather intuitive) are valid for only LSI systems.

The unit impulse (discrete time): 
How do we go on with studying the responses of systems to various signals? It would be great if we can study the response of the system to one (or a few) signal(s) and predict the responses to all signals. It turns out that LSI systems can in fact be treated in such manner. The signal whose response we study is the unit impulse signal. If we know the response of the system to the unit impulse (called, for obvious reasons, the unit impulse response), then the system is completely characterized - we can find the response of the system to all possible inputs. This follows rather intuitively in discrete signals, so let us begin our analysis with discrete signals. In discrete signals, the unit impulse is a signal which has zero values everywhere except at one point, where its values is 1. Typically, this point is taken to be the origin (n=0).

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The unit impulse is denoted by the Greek letter delta . For example, the above impulses are denoted by δ[n] and δ[n-4] respectively.

Note: We are towards invoking shift invariance of the system here -

we have shifted the signal δ[n] by 4 units. We can thus use δ[n] to pick up a certain point from a discrete signal: suppose our signal x[n] is multiplied by δ[n -k] then the value Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE) is zero at all point except n=k. At this point, the value of x1[k] equals the value x[k].

 

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)    Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Now, we can express any discrete signal as a sum of several such terms:

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

This may seem redundant now, but later we shall find this notation useful when we take a look at convolutions etc. Here, we also want to introduce a convention for denoting discrete signals. For example, the signal x[n] and its representation are shown below :

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)    Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The number below the arrow shows the starting point of the time sequence, and the numbers above are the values of the dependent variable at successive instants from then onwards. We may not use this too much on the web site, but this turns out to be a convenient notation on paper.

The unit impulse response: 

The response of a system to the unit impulse is of importance, for as we shall show below, it characterizes the LSI system completely. Let us consider the following system and calculate the unit step response to it: y[n] = x[n] - 2x[n-1] + 3x[n-2]. Now, we apply a unit step x[n]=d[n] to the system and calculate the response :

 

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)
The graphical calculation and the response are as follows :

 

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)
                     Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Arbitrary input signals:

Now let us consider some other input, say x[0]=1, x[1]=1 and x=0 for n other than and 1. What will be the response of the above LSI system to this input? We calculate the response in a table as below

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)
 

Ah! What we have actually done, is applied the additive (linear), homogenous (linear) and shift invariance properties of the system to get the output. First, we decomposed the input signal as a sum of known signals: first being the unit step Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE) . The second signal is derived from the unit step by shifting it by 1. Thus, our input signal is as shown in the figure below. Then, we invoke the LSI properties of the system to get the responses to the individual signals: the first calculation is show above, while the calculation of response for is Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE) shown below

 

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

                Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

 

Finally, we add the two responses to get the response y[n] of the system to the input x[n]. The image below shows the final response with an alternative method of calculating it:

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

This brings us up to the concept of convolutions, covered in detail in a later section.

The document Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE) is a part of the Electrical Engineering (EE) Course Signals and Systems.
All you need of Electrical Engineering (EE) at this link: Electrical Engineering (EE)
41 videos|52 docs|33 tests

Top Courses for Electrical Engineering (EE)

FAQs on Linear Shift Invariant Systems - Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What is a linear shift-invariant system?
Ans. A linear shift-invariant system is a type of system in signal processing and control theory that exhibits the properties of linearity and shift invariance. Linearity means that the system's output is a linear function of its input, while shift invariance means that a time-shifted input will result in a corresponding time-shifted output.
2. How does a linear shift-invariant system process signals?
Ans. A linear shift-invariant system processes signals by applying a linear operation to the input signal and producing an output signal. The linear operation can include operations such as addition, multiplication, differentiation, or integration, and it remains the same regardless of the time at which the input signal is applied.
3. What are the advantages of using linear shift-invariant systems in signal processing?
Ans. Linear shift-invariant systems have several advantages in signal processing. They provide a mathematical framework for analyzing and designing signal processing systems, allowing for efficient implementation and optimization. Additionally, the linearity and shift invariance properties make it easier to manipulate and process signals, enabling various signal processing techniques such as filtering, convolution, and Fourier analysis.
4. Can you give an example of a linear shift-invariant system?
Ans. An example of a linear shift-invariant system is a digital filter. Digital filters are widely used in various applications, including audio and image processing. They process discrete-time signals by applying a linear operation, such as convolution, to the input signal. The output signal is determined by the filter coefficients and the input signal's values at different time instances.
5. How are linear shift-invariant systems relevant in real-world applications?
Ans. Linear shift-invariant systems find wide application in various fields, including telecommunications, image and video processing, audio processing, control systems, and more. For example, in telecommunications, linear shift-invariant systems are used to transmit and receive signals, ensuring reliable communication. In image and video processing, they are utilized for tasks like image filtering, enhancement, and compression. Overall, linear shift-invariant systems play a crucial role in analyzing and manipulating signals to extract meaningful information for diverse applications.
41 videos|52 docs|33 tests
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for Electrical Engineering (EE) exam

Top Courses for Electrical Engineering (EE)

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

,

past year papers

,

Summary

,

Free

,

pdf

,

ppt

,

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

,

Sample Paper

,

Viva Questions

,

mock tests for examination

,

Linear Shift Invariant Systems | Signals and Systems - Electrical Engineering (EE)

,

MCQs

,

Exam

,

practice quizzes

,

Important questions

,

Semester Notes

,

study material

,

Objective type Questions

,

Extra Questions

,

video lectures

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

shortcuts and tricks

;