Is Matter Around Us Pure? Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 2

Pure Substances

• Pure substances, like elements or compounds such as diamond or carbon dioxide, consist of a single type of entity and cannot be broken down further through chemical or physical methods. 
• Elements, in particular, are pure materials made up of only one type of atom, ensuring consistency in composition and properties. 
• These substances exhibit homogeneity, with constant boiling and melting points. 
• In chemical reactions, pure substances play a role, producing predictable outcomes due to their stable nature.

Mixtures

It is made up of two or more elements or compounds mixed in any ratio/proportion.

Properties

• It may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
• The properties of constituent substances are retained.
• No new compound is formed after mixing.
• Constituents of a mixture can be separated by simple physical processes.
• It does not have a fixed melting and boiling point.

Solution

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (e.g., Lemonade, soda water). 

Table: Difference between Solute and Solvent.

Concentration of Solution

• The amount of solute that has dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution is measured as solution concentration.
•  A concentrated solution is one that has a significant amount of dissolved solute in it. 
• A diluted solution is one that has a small amount of dissolved solute in it.

Alloys

Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element that cannot be separated into their components by physical methods.

Examples:

• Steel – a combination of iron (metal) and carbon (non-metal).
• Bronze – a combination of copper (metal) and tin (metal).
• Brass – a mixture of copper (metal) and zinc (metal).

Suspension

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. Ex: Chalk in water, smoke in the air

Properties of Suspension :

1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.
3. The size of the particles is greater than 100 nm.
4. It is an unstable mixture. Solute settles down at the bottom over the period.
5. If the solution is passed through filter paper, the solute and solvent get separated.
6. It scatters light when light is passed through the solution i.e. it shows the Tyndall effect.

   
   

Colloidal Solution

• Colloidal particles can easily scatter a beam of visible light. 
• This phenomenon is called the Tyndall effect. 

Properties of Colloidal Solution:

1. The particles of colloids can’t be seen by the naked eye individually.
2. It is a heterogeneous mixture and thus solute and solvent can’t be separated by filter paper.
3. The size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).
4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom over a period of time.
5. They do not settle down when left undisturbed which means colloid is quite stable. 

Physical and Chemical Change

Types of Pure Substances

The pure substance is divided in two types based on their chemical composition:

(i)  Elements

• According to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, the element is a basic form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
• It is divided into three types which are metals, non-metals and metalloids.

1. They have a lustre (shine).
2. They have a silvery-grey or golden-yellow colour.
3. They conduct heat and electricity.
4. They are ductile (can be drawn into wires).
5. They are malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets).
6. They are sonorous (make a ringing sound when hit).

Note: Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

1. They display a variety of colours.
2. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
3. They are not lustrous, sonorous or malleable.

Metalloids: Elements having intermediate properties between those of metals and non-metals are called metalloids.  Examples are boron, silicon, germanium etc.

(ii) Compounds

Characteristics

• The properties of a compound differ from those of its constituents.
• The compound has a fixed melting point and boiling point.
• A compound is a homogeneous substance.
• Constituent elements can be separated by chemical processes.