Some frequently used analog filters
In the previous two examples we have used Butterworth filter. The Butterworth filter of order n is described by the magnitude square frequency response of
It has the following properties
1.
2.
3. is monotonically decreasing function of Ω
4. As n gets larger, approaches an ideal low pass filter
5. is called maximally flat at origin, since all order derivative exist and they are zero at
The poles of a Butterworth filter lie on circle of radius in s-plane.
There are two types of Chebyshev filters, one containing ripples in the passband (type I) and the other containing a ripple in the stopband (type II). A Type I low pass normalizer Chebyshev filter has the magnitude squared frequency response.
where order Chebyshev polynomial. We have the relationship
with
Chebyshev filters have the following properties
An elliptic filter has ripples both in passband and in stopband. The square magnitude frequency response is given by
where is Chebyshev rational function of O determined from specified ripple characteristics.
An nth order Chebyshev filter has sharper cutoff than a Butterworth filter, that is, has a narrower transition bandwidth. Elliptic filter provides the smallest transition width.
Design of Digital filter using Digital to Digital transformation
There exists a set of transformation that takes a low pass digital filter and turn into highpass, bandpass, bandstop or another lowpass digital filter. These transformations are given in table 9.1.
The transformations all take the form of replacing the some function of.
Type From | To | Transformation | Design Formula |
Low pass cutoff θp | Low pass cutoff ωp | ||
LPF | HPF | ||
LPF | BPF | ||
LPF | BSF |
Starting with a set of digital specifications and using the inverse of the design equation given in table 9.1, a set of lowpass digital requirements can be established. A LPF digital prototype filter Hp(z) is then selected to satisfy these requirements and the proper digital to digital transformation is applied to give the desired.
Example
Using the digital to digital transformation, find the system function H(z) for a low-pass digital filter that satisfies the following set the requirements (a) monotone stop and passband (b)-3dB cutoff frequency of 0.5π(c) attenuation at and past 0.75π is at least 15dB.
Because of monotone requirement, a Butterworth filter is selected. The required n is given by
rounded to 2
For we get from table 9.1. From standard tables (or MATLAB) we find standard 2 nd order Butterworth filter with cut off and then apply the digital transform to get
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