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Types of Levelling Equipments, Surveying and Levelling | Surveying and Levelling Notes- Agricultural Engg - Agricultural Engineering PDF Download

Type of Levelling Equipments:
i) Dumpy level

ii) Tilting level
iii) Automatic level
iv) Digital Auto level

Dumpy level :  It is simple compact and stable.  The telescope is rigidly fixed to its support therefore cannot be rotated about its longitudinal axis.  A long bubble tube is attached to the top of telescope.  Dumpy literally means short and thick.

Tilting level :  It consists of a telescope attached with a level tube which can be tilted within few degrees in vertical plane by a tilting screw. The main peculiarity of this level is that the vertical axis need not be truly vertical, since the line of collimation is not perpendicular to it.  The line of collimation, is, however, made horizontal for each pointing of telescope by means of tilting screw.  It is mainly designed for precise levelling work.

The Automatic level  :  Also termed as self aligning level.  The fundamental difference between automatic and the classic spirit level is that in the former the line of sight is no longer levelled manually using a tubular spirit level, but is levelled automatically within a certain tilt range.  This is achieved by compensator in the telescope.

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FAQs on Types of Levelling Equipments, Surveying and Levelling - Surveying and Levelling Notes- Agricultural Engg - Agricultural Engineering

1. What are the different types of leveling equipment used in surveying and leveling?
Ans. The different types of leveling equipment used in surveying and leveling include: - Automatic levels: These are commonly used for basic surveying tasks and provide automatic compensations for errors. - Digital levels: These modern leveling instruments provide digital readouts, making it easier to obtain accurate measurements. - Laser levels: These levels use laser technology to create a horizontal or vertical plane, making them ideal for large-scale construction projects. - Total stations: Total stations combine electronic theodolites with electronic distance meters, allowing for precise measurements of both angles and distances. - GPS receivers: GPS receivers use satellite signals to determine accurate positions, making them useful for geodetic surveys and mapping.
2. What is the importance of surveying and leveling in agricultural engineering?
Ans. Surveying and leveling are crucial in agricultural engineering for several reasons: - Land preparation: Surveying helps determine the topography and boundaries of the land, allowing for proper planning and preparation before agricultural activities. - Irrigation planning: Accurate leveling ensures the proper flow of water during irrigation, preventing waterlogging or uneven distribution. - Drainage design: Surveying helps identify areas prone to waterlogging and enables the design of effective drainage systems to prevent crop damage. - Precision agriculture: Leveling helps in the implementation of precision agriculture techniques, such as variable rate application of fertilizers and pesticides, leading to optimized crop yields and reduced environmental impact. - Soil conservation: By identifying slopes and contours, surveying helps in the implementation of soil conservation practices like contour plowing and terracing, reducing soil erosion.
3. How do automatic levels work in surveying and leveling?
Ans. Automatic levels, also known as dumpy levels, work based on a compensator mechanism that automatically corrects the line of sight for any errors. The compensator consists of a pendulum or spring system that maintains the level bubble in the center, ensuring that the line of sight remains horizontal. When the instrument is set up properly, the compensator self-levels the telescope, allowing for accurate measurements of height differences. Automatic levels are widely used in construction and surveying due to their ease of use and ability to quickly obtain reliable measurements.
4. What are the advantages of using laser levels in surveying and leveling?
Ans. Laser levels offer several advantages in surveying and leveling, including: - Greater accuracy: Laser levels provide highly accurate measurements, ensuring precise leveling and alignment. - Efficiency: Laser levels allow for faster and more efficient work compared to traditional leveling methods, reducing surveying time. - Visibility: The laser beams emitted by laser levels are highly visible, making it easier to align and level over long distances or in bright conditions. - Versatility: Laser levels can be used for both horizontal and vertical leveling, making them suitable for a wide range of applications in construction and surveying. - Safety: Laser levels eliminate the need for manual leveling, reducing the risk of human error and improving safety on the worksite.
5. How are GPS receivers used in surveying and leveling for agricultural engineering?
Ans. GPS receivers play a vital role in surveying and leveling for agricultural engineering by providing accurate positioning and elevation data. They are used in the following ways: - Mapping and boundary determination: GPS receivers enable precise mapping of agricultural fields and the determination of accurate boundaries. - Yield monitoring: GPS receivers can be integrated with agricultural machinery to monitor crop yields in real-time, providing valuable data for yield mapping and analysis. - Variable rate application: GPS receivers allow for the implementation of variable rate application techniques, where fertilizers, pesticides, or irrigation are applied at varying rates based on the specific needs of different areas within a field. - Precision guidance: GPS receivers enable precision guidance systems in agricultural machinery, ensuring accurate and efficient operations such as seeding, spraying, and harvesting. - Soil sampling and analysis: GPS receivers help in the collection of soil samples from specific locations, enabling targeted soil analysis and customized nutrient management plans.
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