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Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Thus matter is classified mainly into three categories depending upon its physical state namely solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry


DISTINCTION BETWEEN THREE STATES OF MATTER
Property 

(i) Shape

  • Solid - Definite shape
  • Liquid - Indefinite shape
  • Gas - Indefinite shape

(ii) Volume

  • Solid - Definite Volume
  • Liquid - Definite Volume
  • Gas - Indefinite Volume

(iii) Inter particular Forces

  • Solid - Strong Inter particular Forces
  • Liquid - Comparatively weaker  Inter particular Forces
  • Gas - Inter particular forces are negligible

(iv) Inter particular Space

  • Solid - Negligible inter particular space
  • Liquid - Comparatively large inter particular space
  • Gas - Very large Inter particular space

(v) Particular Motion

  • Solid - Particle motion is restricted to vibratory motion.
  • Liquid - Particle motion is very slow
  • Gas - Particle motion is very rapid and also random.

(vi) Packing of Particles

  • Solid - Particles are very Closely packed
  • Liquid - Particles are loosely packed
  • Gas - Particles are very loosely packed

(vii) Compressibility

  • Solid - Incompressible
  • Liquid - Compressible
  • Gas - Highly Compressible

(viii) Density

  • Solid - Very High Density
  • Liquid - Low Density
  • Gas - Very low density


PARAMETERS OF GASES
The characteristics of gases are described in terms of following four parameters

  • Mass
  • Volume
  • Pressure
  • Temperature

(i) Mass (m):
The mass of the gas is related to the number of moles as
n = w/M
Where  n = number of moles
w = mass of gas in grams
M = molecular mass of the gas  
(ii) Volume (V): 
Since gases occupy the entire space available to them, therefore the gas volume means the
volume of the container in which the gas is enclosed.
Units of Volume: Volume is generally expressed in litre (L), cm3 & dm3
1m= 103 litre = 10dm3 = 106 cm3.
(iii) Pressure:
Pressure of the gas is due to its collisions with walls of its container i.e. the force exerted by the gas per unit area on the walls of the container is equal to its pressure.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Pressure is exerted by a gas due to kinetic energy of its molecules.
As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of molecules increases, which results in increase in pressure of the gas. So, pressure of any gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Units of Pressure: 
The pressure of a gas is expressed in atm, Pa, Nm–2, bar and lb/In2 (psi).
760 mm = 1 atm = 10132.5 KP­a = 101325 Pa = 101325 Nm–2
760 mm of Hg = 1.01325 bar = 1013.25 milli bar = 14.7 lb/2n2 (psi)
(iv) Temperature (T):
Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness. The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin.  oC and oF are the two other units used for measuring temperature. On the Celsius scale water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C where as in the Kelvin scale water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K.  
K = oC + 273.5
F = (9/5) oC + 32

GAS LAWS
(i) Boyle’s Law:
"At constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount (i.e., number of moles n) of gas varies inversely with its volume".
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Graphical Representation of Boyle’s Law:

A plot of P versus 1/V at constant temperature for a fixed mass of gas would be a straight line passing through the origin.
A plot of P versus V at constant temperature for a fixed mass of a gas would be a rectangular hyperbola.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

A plot of P (or V ) versus PV at constant temperature for a fixed mass of a gas is a straight line parallel to the PV axis.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry(ii) Charles’ Law:
"At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature”
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
or
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Graphical Representation of Charles’s Law :
(i) For a definite mass of the gas a plot of V vs T (oK) at constant pressure is a straight line passing through the origin.

Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

(ii) A plot of V vs t (oC) at constant pressure is a straight line cutting the temperature axis at -273 oC
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
(iii) Combined Gas Law:- 
This law states that “at constant volume, the pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature”.
the combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law:
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
4. Gay Lussac’s Law:
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Where,
P = Pressure of Gas
T= Absolute Temperature
If the pressure and temperature of a gas changes from P1 & Tto P2 & T2 , volume remaining constant , we have
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
where,
P= Pressure of gas at t oC
Po = Pressure of gas at 0 oC
t = Temperature in oC.
Graphical Representation of Gay-Lussac’s LawGaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry5. Avogadro Law:
“Samples of different gases which contain the same number of molecules (any complexity, size, shape) occupy the same volume at the same temperature and pressure”.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes ChemistryIt follows from Avogadro’s hypothesis that Vαn (when T and P are constant).
Mathematically
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
6. Ideal Gas Equation: 
Ideal gas obey all the three laws i.e. Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Avogadro‘s law strictly.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistrypv = nRT
Where,
where R is the constant of proportionality or universal gas constant    
The value of R was found out to be  
R = 8.314 J mol–1 K–1  
R = 0.0821 litre atm K–1 mol–1  
R = 2 cal K–1 mol–1  
Ideal gas equation is also known as equation of state.
7. Dalton’s law of partial pressures: 
The total pressure of mixture of non-reactive gases at constant temperature and pressure is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases.
ptotal  = p1 +p2+p3+p4
p1 = xptotal
p= x2 ptotal
p3 = x3 ptotal 
Aqueous tension:
Pressure exerted by saturated water vapour.
pdry gas = pTotal –Aqueous Tension

Gas Eudiometry:

Gas
Absorbing Reagent used
O3
 Turpentine oil
 
O2
Alkaline pyrogallol
 
NO
FeSO4 solution
 
CO2,SO2
Alkali solution (NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, HOCH2CH2NH2, etc.)
 
NH3
Acid solution or CuSO4 solution
 

Equation for combustion of hydrocarbons:
CxHy + (x + y/4) O2  → xCO2 + y/2  H2O

Kinetic molecular theory of gases:

  • Gases are made of large number of identical particles (atoms or molecules), which are very small and perfectly hard spheres.
  • The actual volume of the molecules is negligible as compare to the space between them and hence they are considered as the point  masses.
  • Interaction between the particles is negligible.
  • Particles of a gas are always in constant and random motion and the collision between them is perfectly elastic.
  • The average kinetic energy of the particles of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
  • Pressure of the gas is due to the collision between gas molecules and walls of the container.  

The Kinetic Equation
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Velocities of gas molecules
Average Velocity

Average velocity =
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Root Mean Square Velocity:

Maxwell proposed the term Urms as the square root of means of square of all such velocities.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
also
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Most probable velocity:

It is the velocity which is possessed by maximum no. of molecules.
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Furthermore
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

KINETIC ENERGY OF GAS
As per kinetic equation
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
For 1 mole m × n = Molecular Mass (M)
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Also
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Where k is the Boltzmann constant (k = R / N)

GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION/EFFUSION
(i) Diffusion: ability of a gas to spread and occupy the whole available volume irrespective of other gases present in the container
(ii) Effusion: process by which a gas escapes from one chamber of a vessel through a small opening or an orifice
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
r ∝ 1 / √d
where r is the rate of diffusion and d is the density of the gas.  
Now, if there are two gases A and B having r1 and r2 as their rates of diffusion and dand d2 their densities respectively. Then
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
and
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
or
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
The rate of diffusion (r) of a gas at constant temperature is directly preoperational to its pressure
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

DEVIATION FROM IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOR
For ideal gas,
Compressibility factor i.e. Z = PV/nRT =1
For non-Ideal gas, Z ≠1
Thus for non-ideal gas,Z can be < 1 or > 1
When Z < 1, it is a negative deviation. It shows that the gas is more compressible than expected from ideal behaviour.
When Z > 1, it is a positive deviation. It shows that the gas is less compressible than expected from ideal behaviour.
(i) Causes of deviation from ideal behaviour:
The volume occupied by gas molecules is negligibly small as compared to the volume occupied by the gas.
The forces of attraction between gas molecules are negligible.
(ii) Van der waals Equation:
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Where,
a and b are van der waals constants.
At low pressures:
PV = RT – a/V  
or
PV < RT
This accounts for the dip in PV vs P isotherm at low pressure
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry
AT FAIRLY HIGH PRESSURES
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistrya/V2  may be neglected in comparison with P. The Vander Waals equation becomes
PV = RT + Pb
or
PV > RT
This accounts for the rising parts of the PV vs P isotherm at high pressures
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes ChemistryBoyle’s Temperature (Tb): temperature at which real gas obeys the gas laws over a wide range of pressure.
Tb = a / Rb = 1/2 T1

LIQUEFACTION OF GASES

  • Critical temperature (Tc):- temperature at which a gas liquefies. T= 8a / 27Rb
  • Critical Volume: (Vc:- volume of one mole of a gas at critical temperature. Vc = 3b 
  • Critical pressure (pc):- pressure of A gas at its critical temperature.  P= a/27b2
  • Molar heat capacity of ideal gases:-the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a gas trough 10C.

CP - CV = R &
Poisson's ratio (γ) = CP/CV
For monatomic gas Cp = 5 cal and Cv =3 cal
γ = 5/3 = 1.67            
For diatomic gas Cp = 7 cal and Cv = 5 cal
γ =7/5 = 1.4
For polyatomic gas Cp = 8 cal and Cv= cal
γ   = 8/6 = 1.33
Also Cp = Cpm,
Where, Cp and Care specific heat and m, is molecular weight.

LIQUID STATE
Surface Tension (γ):- It is the force acting at right angles to the surface along one centimeter length of the surface.
Surface tension (γ) = Work done / Change in area
Units: CGS: dcm-1
SI:  Nm-1
Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes ChemistryThe surface of the liquid tends to contract to the smallest possible area for a given volume of the liquid i.e. spherical shape.
Surface Tension of liquid decreases with increase of temperature and becomes zero at its critical temperature.
Surface Tension in everyday life:

  • Cleansing action of soap and detergents.
  • Efficacy of tooth pastes, mouth washes and nasal jellies.

Viscosity: 
It is the force of friction which one part of the liquid offers to another part of the liquid.
Coefficient of viscosity: is the force per unit area required to maintain unit difference of velocity between two parallel layers in the liquid one unit apart.
Units:CGS: dscm-1
S.I:  Nsm-1
Viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature.

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FAQs on Gaseous & Liquid State Class 11 Notes Chemistry

1. What is the difference between the gaseous and liquid state?
Ans. In the gaseous state, particles are far apart and move freely, while in the liquid state, particles are closer together and have some degree of attraction.
2. What are some properties of gases?
Ans. Gases have no fixed shape or volume, can be compressed easily, and fill the container they are in completely.
3. How can gases be converted into liquids?
Ans. Gases can be converted into liquids through a process called condensation, which occurs when the temperature of the gas is lowered below its boiling point.
4. What is vapor pressure?
Ans. Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor of a substance in equilibrium with its liquid phase at a given temperature.
5. How does temperature affect the behavior of gases and liquids?
Ans. Increasing the temperature of a gas causes its particles to move faster and exert more pressure, while increasing the temperature of a liquid generally leads to expansion and increased kinetic energy of its particles.
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