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The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

 Boron Family (Group 13 Elements )

  • Members: B, Al, Ga, In & Tl
  • Melting Point: Decreases from B to Ga and then increases up to Tl.
  • Ionization Energies: 1st <<< 2nd < 3rd
  • Metallic Character:  Increases from B to Tl. B is non-metal

Boron
Preparation of Boron:

  • From Boric Acid: B2O3(s) + 3Mg(s) →  2B(s) +3 MgO(s)
  • From Boron Trichloride
    • (at 1270 k): 2BCl3+ 3H2 (g) →  2B(s) + 6HCl (g)
    • (at 900 0C): 2BCl3(g) + 3Zn (s) →  2B(s) + 3 ZnCl2 (s)
  • By electrolysis of fused mixture of boric anhydride (B2O3) and magnesium oxide (MgO) & Magnesium fluoride at 1100 0C
    • 2 MgO- →  2Mg + O2(g)
    • B2O3 + 3Mg →  2B + 3MgO
  • By thermal decomposition of Boron hydrides & halides:
    B2H6 (g) + Δ →  2B(s) + 3H2 (g)

Compounds of Boron:
Orthoboric acid (H3BO3)
Preparation of Orthoboric acid

  • From borax : Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O →  Na2SO+ 4H3BO3
  • From colemanite : Ca2B6O11 + 2SO2 + 11H2O →  2Ca(HSO3)2 + 6H3BO3

Properties of Orthoboric acid

  • Action of Heat:
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry
  • Weak monobasic acidic behavior:
    B(OH)3 ↔ H3BO3 ↔ H+ + H2O +

Thus on titration with NaOH, it gives sodium metaborate salt

H3BO+ NaOH ↔ NaBO2  + 2H2

  • Reaction with Metaloxide:
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry
  • Reaction with Ammonium boro fluoride:
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na2B4O7. 10H2

Preparation from Boric Acid
4H3BO3 + Na2CO3 --> Na2B4O7 + 6H2O + CO2
Properties of Borax

  • Basic Nature:-

Aqueous solution of borax  is alkaline in nature due to its hydrolysis
Na2B4O7 + 3H2O →  NaBO2 + 3H3BO3
NaBO2 + 2H2O → NaOH + H3BO3

  • Action of heat:
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Diborabe( B2H6)
Preparation of Diborane:
Reduction of Boron Trifluoride:
BF3 + 3LiAlH4 →  2B2H6 + 3 LiAl F4
From NaBH4:
2NaBH4 + H2SO4 →  B2H6 + 2H+ Na2SO4
2NaBH4 + H3PO4 →  B2H6 + 2H2 + NaH2PO4

Properties of Diborane:

  • Reaction with water: B2H6 + H2O -->2H3BO3 + 6H2
  • Combustion: B2H6 +2O2 --? B2O+ 3H2O  ΔH =  -2615 kJ/mol

Compounds of Aluminium:
Aluminium Oxide or Alumina (Al2O3)
2Al(OH)3 +Heat → Al2O3 + 2H2O
2Al(SO4)3 +Heat → Al2O3 + 2SO3
(NH4)2Al2(SO4)3·24H2O --> 2NH+Al2O3 + 4SO3 + 25 H2O

Aluminum Chloride AlCl3:
Structure of Aluminium Chloride:
The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Properties of Aluminium Chloride

  • White, hygroscopic solid
  • Sublimes at 183 0C
  • Forms addition compounds with NH3, PH3, COCl2 etc.
  • Hydrolysis: AlCl+ 3H2O --> Al(OH)3 + 3HCl + 3H2
  • Action of Heat: 2AlCl3 .6H2O --> 2Al(OH)à Al2O3+ 6HCl + 3H2O

Carbon Family (Group 14 Elements):

  • Members: C, Si, Ge, Sn, & Pb
  • Ionization Energies: Decreases from C to Sn and then increases up to Pb.
  • Metallic Character:  C and Si are non metals, Ge is metalloid and Sn and Pb are metals
  • Catenation:  C and Si show a tendency to combine with its own atoms to form long chain polymers

Compounds of Carbon:
Carbon Monoxide
Preparation  of Carbon Monoxide

  • By heating carbon in limited supply of oxygen: C + 1/2O2 --> CO.
  • By heating oxides of heavy metals e.g. iron, zinc etc with carbon.
    • Fe2O3 + 3C →  2Fe + 3CO
    • ZnO + C →  Zn + CO
  • By passing steam over hot coke: C + H2O →  CO + H2 (water gas)
  • By passing air over hot coke: 2C + O2 + 4N→  2CO + 4N2 (Producer gas)

 Properties of Carbon Monoxide:

  • A powerful reducing agent : Fe2O+ 3CO →  2Fe + 3CO2
    CuO + CO →  Cu + CO2
  • Burns in air to give heat and carbon dioxide: CO + 1/2O2 →  CO2 + heat.

Tests For Carbon Monoxide:

  • Burns with blue flame
  • Turns the filter paper soaked in platinum or palladium chloride to pink or green.

Carbon di-oxide
Preparation of Carbon di-oxide

  • By action of acids on carbonates: CaCO3 + 2HCl →  CaCl+ H2O + CO2
  • By combustion of carbon: C + O2 →  CO2

Properties of Carbon di-oxide

  • It turns lime water milky Ca(OH)2 + CO→  CaCO3 ¯ + H2O,
  • Milkiness disappears when CO2 is passed in excess
    CaCO3 + H2O + CO→  Ca(HCO3)2
  • Solid carbon dioxide or dry ice is obtained by cooling COunder pressure. It passes from the soild state straight to gaseous state without liquefying (hence dry ice).

Carbides:

  • Salt like Carbides : These are the ionic salts containing either C22- (acetylide ion) or C4- (methanide ion)e.g. CaC2, Al4C3, Be2C.
  • Covalent Carbides : These are the carbides of non-metals such as silicon and boron. In such carbides, the atoms of two elements are bonded to each other through covalent bonds. SiC also known as Carborundum.
  • Interstitial Carbides : They are formed by transition elements and consist of metallic lattices with carbon atoms in the interstices. e.g. tungsten carbide WC, vanadium  carbide VC.

Compounds of Silicon:
Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3):
Prepared by fusing soda ash with pure sand at high temperature:
Na2CO3+ SiO3 →  Na2SiO3 +CO2

Silicones:
Silicon polymers containing Si – O – Si linkages formed by the hydrolysis of alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes and their subsequent polymerisation.

Silicates:
Salts of silicic acid, H4SiO4 comprised of SiO44- units having tetrahedral structure formed as result of sphybridization.

Nitrogen Family (Group 15 Elements)

  • Members: N, P, As, Sb & Bi
  • Atomic Radii: Increases down the group. Only a small increases from As to Bi.
  • Oxidation state: +3, +4 & +5.Stability of +3 oxidation state increases down the group.
  • Ionization energy: Increases from N to Bi.

Nitrogen
Preparation of Nitrogen:

  • 3CuO + 2NH3 + Heat --> N+ Cu + 3H2O
  • CaOCl+ 2NH3 + Heat --> CaCl2+ 3H2O + N2
  • NH4NO2 +Heat --> 3H2O + N+Cr2O3

 Properties of Dinitrogen:

  • Formation of Nitrides (with Li, Mg, Ca & Al):  Ca + N2 +Heat →  Ca3N2
  • Oxidation: N2 + O2 →  2NO
  • Reaction with carbide (at 1273 K): CaC2 + N2 →  CaCN2 + C

Oxides of Nitrogen
The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Oxy -Acids of Nitrogen :

Oxy Acids
Name of oxy – acid
1.   H2N2O2
Hyponitrous acid
2.   H2 NO2
Hydronitrous acid
3.   HNO2
Nitrous acid
4.   HNO3
Nitric acid
5.   HNO4
Per nitric acid


Ammonia (NH3):
Preparation of Ammonia:

  • By heating an ammonium salt with a strong alkali ;NH4Cl + NaOH --> NH + NaCl + H2O
  • By the hydrolysis of magnesium nitride: Mg3N2 + 6H2O --> 3Mg(OH)+ 2NH3.
  • Haber's process :  N2(g) + 3H2(g) --> 2NH3(g).

Properties of Ammonia:

  • Basic nature : Its aq. solution is basic in nature and turns red litmus blue.
    NH+ H2O  ↔  NH4+ + OH-
  • Reaction with halogens :
    • 8NH+ 3Cl2 --> 6NH4Cl + N2
    • NH3 + 3Cl2 (in excess) → NCl3 + 3HCl
    • 8NH3 + 3Br2 →  6NH4Br + N2
    •  NH3 + 3Br2 (in excess) →  NBr3 + 3HBr
    • 2NH3 + 3I→  NH3.NI3 + 3HI
    • 8NH3.NI3 →  6NH4I + 9I+ 6N2
  • Complex formation :
    • Ag+ + NH→  [Ag(NH3)2]+
    • Cu2+ + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4]2+
    • Cd2+ + 4NH3 → [Cd(NH3)4]2+

Precipitation of heavy metal ions from the aq. solution of their salts :

  •  FeCl3 + 3NH4OH →  Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
                                  Brown ppt.
  • AlCl3 + 3NH4OH →  Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
                         White ppt.
  • CrCl3 + 3NH4OH →  Cr(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
                                  Green ppt.

Phosphorus:
Allotropy of Phosphorus:
a) White phosphorus:
The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

  • Translucent white waxy solid
  • Extremely reactive
  • Poisonous and insoluble in water

b) Red Phosphorus:

  • Formed by heating white phosphorus in absence of air.
  • Does not burn spontaneously at room temperature.
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

c) Black Phosphorus:  Formed by further heating of red phosphorus.
Compounds of Phosphorus:

a) Phosphine, PH3:
Preparation of Phosphine

  • Ca3P2 + 6H2O →  2 PH3 + 3 Ca(OH)2
  • 4H3PO3 +Heat →  PH3+ 3 H3PO4
  • PH4I +KOH →  PH3+KI + H2O
  • P4 + 3KOH + 3H2O →  PH3 +3KH3PO2

Properties of Phosphine:

  • Formation of Phosphonic Iodide: PH3 + HI  à PH4I
  • Combustion: PH3 + 2O2  à H3PO4

b) Phosphorous Halides:

Preparation:

  • P4+ 6Cl2 →  4PCl3
  • P4+ 10Cl2 →  4PCl5
  • P4+ 8SOCl2 →  4PCl3 + 4SO2+ 2S2Cl2
  • P4+ 10SOCl→  4PCl+ 10SO2

Properties:

  • PCl3 + 3H2O → H3PO3 + 3HCl
  • PCl5 + 4H2O →  POClà H3PO+5HCl
  • PCl3 + 3CH3COOH →  3 CH3COCl +H3PO3
  • PCl5 + CH3COOH →   CH3COCl + POCl3+ HCl
  • 2Ag + PCl →  2AgCl + PCl3
  • 2Sn + PCl5 → SnCl+ 2PCl3
  • PCl5 + Heat →  PCl+ Cl2

 C) Oxides of Phosphorus:
The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

d) Oxy – Acids of Phosphorus:

Oxo acid
Name 
      H3PO2
Hypophosphorus acid
      H3PO3
Phosphorus acid
      H4P2O6
Hypophosphoric acid
      H3PO4
Orthophosphoric acid
      H4P2O7
Pyrophosphoric acid
      HPO3
Metaphosphoric acid
 

Oxygen Family (Group 16 Elements) :

Sr. No.
Property
Oxygen
Sulfur
Selenium
Tellurium
Polonium
1.
Configuration
[He]2s22p4
[Ne]3s23p4
[Ar]4s24p4
[Kr]5s25p4
[Xe]6s26p4
2.
Common oxidation state
-2
-2, +4, +6
+4, +6
+4, +6
 
3.
Atomic radius (pm)
66
104
116
143
167
4.
First ionization energy (KJ/mol)
1314
1000
941
869
812
5.
Electronegativity
3.5
2.5
2.4
2.1
2.0


Chemical Properties of Group 16:
Formation of volatile Hydrides:
The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Formation of Halides:
The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry
Formation of Oxide:
a) All elements (except Se) forms monoxide.
b) All elements form dioxide with formula MO2, SO2 is a gas, SeOis volatile solid. While TeO2 and PoOare non – volatile crystalline solids.
c) Ozone: It is unstable and easily decomposes into oxygen. It acts as a strong oxidising agent due to the case with which it can liberate nascent oxygen.

Oxyacids:

Sulphur
Selenium
Tellurium
Sulphurous acid H2SO3.
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Peroxomonosulphuric acid H2SO5(Caro’s acid)
Peroxodisulphuric acid
H2S2O8 (Marshell’s acid)
Thio sulphuric acid H2S2O3
Dithiconic acid H2S2O6
Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7
Selenious acid H2SeO3
Selnenic acid H2SeO4
Tellurous acid H2TeO3.
Telluric acid H2TeO4.

Allotropes of Sulphur :

Rhombic sulphur:

  • It has bright yellow colour.
  • It is insoluble in water and carbon disulphide. Its density is 2.07 gm cm-3 and exists as S8 molecules. The 8 sulphur atoms in S8­ molecule forms a puckered ring.

Monoclinic Sulphur :

  • Stable only above 369 K. It is dull yellow coloured solid, also called b - sulphur. It is soluble in CSbut insoluble in H2O.
  • It slowly changes into rhombic sulphur. It also exist as S8 molecules which have puckered ring structure. It however, differs from the rhombic sulphur in the symmetry of the crystals

Plastic Sulphur: 

  • It is obtained by pouring molten sulphur to cold water.
  • It is amorphous form of sulphur.
  • It is insoluble in water as well as CS2.

Sulphuric Acid:

  •  Due to strong affinity for water, H2SOacts as a powerful dehydrating agent. 
  • Concentrated H2SOreacts with sugar, wood, paper etc to form black mass of carbon. This phenomenon is called charring.
  • It is moderately strong oxidizing agent.
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry
  • Decomposes carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphides, sulphites, thiosulphates and nitrites at room temperatures.
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry
  • Salts like chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, acetates, oxalates are decomposed by hot conc. H2SO4 liberating their corresponding acids.
    The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Halogen Family ( Group 17 Elements)
Inter halogen compounds:

Type XX’1 (n = 1) (with linear shape)
Type XX’3 (n = 3) (with T-shape)
XX’(n = 5)
(with square pyramidal shape)
XX’(n = 7) with pentagonal bipyramidal shape)
CIF
ClF3
ClF5
 
BrF BrCl
BrF3
BrF5
 
ICl, IBr, IF
ICl3, IF3
IF5
IF7


Hydrogen Halides:
Properties of Hydrogen Halides:

  • All the three acids are reducing agents  HCl is not attacked by H2SO4.
    • 2HBr + H2SO→  2H2O + SO2 + Br2 ­
    • 2HI + H2SO4  → 2H2O + SO2 + I2
  • All the three react with KMnOand K2Cr2O7
    • 2KMnO4 + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl+ 8H2O + 5Cl2
    •  K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr → 2KBr + 2CrBr3 + 7H2O + 3Br2­
  • Other reactions are similar.
    • Dipole moment : HI < HBr < HCl < HF
    • Bond length: HF < HCl < HBr < HI
    • Bond strength: HI < HBr < HCl < HF
    • Thermal stability: HI < HBr < HCl < HF
    • Acid strength: HF < HCl < HBr < BI
    • Reducing power: HF < HCl < HBr < HI

Pseudohalide ions and pseudohalogens:
Ions which consist of two or more atoms of which at least one is nitrogen and have properties similar to those of halide ions are called pseudohalide ions. Some of these pseudohalide ions can be oxidised to form covalent dimers comparable to halogens (X­2). Such covalent dimers of pseudohalide ions are called pseudohalogens.
The best known psuedohalide ion is CN

Pseudohalide ions     
Name
CN
Cyanide ion   
OCN
Cyanate ion  
SCN
Thiocyante ion
SeCN
Selenocyanate ion
NCN2– 
Cyanamide ion
N3– 
Azide ion
OMC– 
Fulminate ion

Pseudohalogen

  • (CN)2 cyanogen
  • (SCM)thiocyanogen

Some important stable compound of Xenon

  • XeO3            Pyramidal
  • XeO           Tetrahedral
  • XeOF         Square pyramidal
  • XeO2F2           Distorted octahedral

First rare gas compound discovered was Xe+ (PtF6]– by Bartlett.

Oxyacids of Chlorine

Formula
Name
Corresponding Salt
HOCl
        Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorites
HClO2
        Chlorous acid
Chlorites
HClO3
        Chloric acid
Chlorates
HClO4
        Perchloric acid
Perchlorates

Acidic Character: Acidic character of the same halogen increases with the increase  in oxidation number of the halogen: HClO4> HClO> HClO2 > HOCl

Preparation

HOCl :     

  • Ca(OCl)2 + 2HNO→  Ca(NO3)2 + 2HOCl

HClO2 :    

  • BaO2 + 2ClO→  Ba(ClO2)2 (liquid) + O2
  • Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4(dil.) →  BaSO4 ¯ + 2HClO2

HClO3 :    

  • 6Ba(OH)2 + 6Cl2 →  5BaCl2 + Ba(ClO3)2 + 6H2O
  • Ba(ClO3)2 + H2SO4(dil.) →  BaSO4 ¯ + 2HClO3

HClO4 :    

  • KClO+ H2SO→  KHSO+ HClO4
  • 3HClO3 →  HClO4 + 2ClO2 + H2O

The Noble Gases (Group 18 Elements):
The noble gases are inert in nature. They do not participate in the reactions easily because they have

  • stable electronic configuration i.e. complete octet.
  • high ionization energies.
  • low electron affinity.

Compounds of Xenon
The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

Molecule
Total electron pairs (BP + LP)
Hybridisation
Shape
XeF2
5
Sp3d
Linear
XeF4
6
Sp3d2
Square planar
XeF6
7
sp3d3
Distorted octahedral

Uses of Nobles gas

The noble gases are used in following ways:

(A) Helium

  • It is used to fill airships and observation balloons.
  • In the oxygen mixture of deep sea divers.
  • In treatment of asthma.
  • Used in inflating aeroplane tyres.
  • Used to provide inert atmosphere in melting and welding of easily oxidizable metals.

(B)  Neon

  • It is used for filling discharge tubes, which have different characteristic colours and are used in advertising purposes.
  • Also used in beacon lights for safety of air navigators as the light possesses fog and stram perpetrating power.

(C)  Argon
Along with nitrogen it is used in gas – filled electric lamps because argon is more inert than nitrogen.

The document The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry is a part of the NEET Course NCERT Exemplar & Revision Notes for NEET.
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FAQs on The p-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry

1. What are p-block elements and where are they located in the periodic table?
Ans. p-block elements are a group of elements in the periodic table that belong to groups 13 to 18. They are located on the right side of the periodic table, after the s-block and d-block elements.
2. How many valence electrons do p-block elements typically have?
Ans. P-block elements typically have valence electrons ranging from 3 to 8. The number of valence electrons depends on the specific group the element belongs to in the p-block.
3. What are some common properties of p-block elements?
Ans. Some common properties of p-block elements include being nonmetals, metalloids, and metals. They can have a wide range of physical and chemical properties, such as high electronegativity, low melting points, and diverse reactivity.
4. What are the uses of p-block elements in everyday life?
Ans. P-block elements have various uses in everyday life. For example, carbon (a p-block element) is the basis of organic chemistry and is found in many compounds, such as plastics and fuels. Nitrogen (also a p-block element) is used in fertilizers and as a component of the Earth's atmosphere.
5. How do p-block elements form compounds with other elements?
Ans. P-block elements form compounds by either gaining, losing, or sharing electrons with other elements. This allows them to achieve a stable electron configuration and form bonds, resulting in the formation of various compounds with different properties.
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