Preposition-1 | English Grammar Basic - Class 10 PDF Download

Introduction

• Prepositions are essential components of English grammar, serving as connectors that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. They provide critical information about relationships, indicating direction, location, time, and other connections between elements in a sentence. Prepositions help clarify the meaning of sentences, making them more precise and informative.
• In English, prepositions are small but powerful words that play a significant role in expressing complex ideas and relationships. They help answer questions like "where?" "when?" "how?" and "why?" by indicating spatial, temporal, and logical relationships. For example, prepositions can specify the location of an object ("on the table"), the time of an event ("at noon"), or the means by which something is done ("by car"). Understanding and using prepositions correctly is crucial for clear and effective communication.

Preposition

A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stand in regard to something else.
As,
There is someone in the room.
                                     ↓
                                 preposition
    She is fond of honey.
                        ↓
                    preposition
    The horse jumped off the wall.
                                      ↓
                                preposition

Kinds of Preposition

Simple Preposition

• Simple Preposition include at, by, for, from, in, on, of, off, to, through, up, with, out, till etc.
• Of these, at, by, with, in and on are used after verbs indicating rest in a place.
• As,
  • Moni is at Darjeeling.
  • I sat by John.
  • I was in the garden.
  • The keys were with me.
  • The book was on the table.
  • To, from, of, through and up are used after verbs indicating motion.
• As,
  • I went to London.
  • Tom came from his house.
  • You came of a high family.
  • We went through the field.
  • Jack and Jill went up the hill.
  • Let us start for school.

Compound Prepositions

• Compound Prepositions include above, across, along, amidst, around, about, among, amongst, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, into, inside, outside, undereath, within, without etc.
• Compound Prepositions are generally formed by prefixing preposition to a Noun, Adjective or an Adverb.
• As,
  • above = on + by + up
  • across = on + cross
  • into = in + to

Participial Prepositions

• Participial Prepositions include barring, concerning, considering, during, expecting, judging, notwithstanding, regarding, respecting etc., are the present participles of verbs. These participles have acquired the character of prepositions, no longer needing the prop of a noun to cling to.
• As,
  • Barring accident, the mail will arrive in time.
        ↓
    expecting,
    apart from.
    Concerning yesterday's murder, many persons were arrested.      
         ↓                                                                  
    about
    Considering the quality, the price is too high.
         ↓
    taking into account
    Notwithstanding the resistance offered by him, he was arrested.
       ↓                                                
    in spite of
    Touching this matter, I have not as yet made up my mind.
               ↓                                                                    
    with regard to

Double Preposition

• Double Prepositions include from behind, from beyond, from within etc., where, often two prepositions are used with the same object.
• As,
  • The mischief was done from behind the screen.
  • The news came from beyond the Atlantic.
  • Somebody shouted from within the room.

Disguised Prepositions

• Disguised Prepositions include ahunting, ashore (a = on), o'clock (o' = of), once a week, two rupees a day (a = on)
• As,
  • We jumped overboard at 3 o' clock and swam ashore.

Detached Prepositions

• Detached Prepositions are those which are far removed from their objects.
• As,
  • Whom did you speak to?

Phrasal Prepositions

• Phrasal Prepositions or Phrase Prepositions are the groups of words which are used with the force of a single preposition.
• As,
  • Jack succeeded by means of hard labour.
                                       ↓
                                     by
    James failed on account of his negligence.
                                    ↓
                                  for

The object to a Preposition may also be a Descriptive adverb, an Adverbial phrase or a Noun clause

• Adverbs as objects to a Preposition:
  • John is by far the best boy of his class.
  • He will have reached home by then.
  • Much might happen between now and then.
  • He left at once to come back before now.
  • From here to there is a long distance.
• Adverbial phrases as objects to a Preposition:
  • The ship suddenly came to view from beyond the horizon.
  • He did not reach till long after midnight.
• Noun clauses as objects to a Preposition:
  • He informed me of what had happened there.
  • It depends on whether you can go or not.

A list of Phrasal Preposition

Several words are used sometimes as Adverbs and sometimes as Prepositions. A word is a preposition, when it governs a noun or pronoun and it is an adverb, when it does not.
As,