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Is the equilibrium level of income found only at full employment level?
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Equilibrium Level of Income : Full Employment, Underemployment, Over Full Employment!

According to the classical economists, equilibrium level of income is attained always at full employment level, i.e. there is absence of involuntary unemployment. However, as per the Keynesian theory, equilibrium level can be achieved at:

(i) Full employment level; or

(ii) Underemployment level, i.e. less than full employment level; or

(ii) Over full employment level, i.e. more than full employment level.

Equilibrium Level of Income : Full Employment, Underemployment, Over Full Employment - B Com

Let us discuss the three possibilities of equilibrium level:

Full Employment Equilibrium:

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It refers to a situation when the aggregate demand is equal to the aggregate supply at full employment level.

1. In Fig. 8.3, E is the full employment equilibrium because aggregate demand ‘EQ’ is equal to full employment level of output ‘OQ’.

2. At OQ level of output, all those who are willing to work at the prevailing wage’ rate, are able to find employment, i.e. there is no involuntary unemployment.

Underemployment Equilibrium:

It refers to a situation when the aggregate demand is equal to the aggregate supply when the resources are not fully employed. It occurs prior to the full employment level.

Equilibrium Level of Income : Full Employment, Underemployment, Over Full Employment - B Com

1. In Fig. 8.4, AD= AS at point ‘F which is lower than full employment level.

2. As OQ1 is less than OQ, point ‘F’ signifies the under employment equilibrium.

Over Full Employment Equilibrium:

It refers to a situation when AD is equal to AS beyond the full employment level. It occurs after the full employment level.

Equilibrium Level of Income : Full Employment, Underemployment, Over Full Employment - B Com

1. In Fig. 8.5, AD, = AS at point ‘G’ which is higher than the full employment level.

2. As OQ, is more than OQ, point ‘G’ signifies the over full employment equilibrium.

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FAQs on Equilibrium Level of Income : Full Employment, Underemployment, Over Full Employment - B Com

1. What is the equilibrium level of income?
Ans. The equilibrium level of income refers to the point at which aggregate demand (total spending in the economy) equals aggregate supply (total production in the economy). It represents a state of balance where there is no tendency for the economy to either expand or contract.
2. What does full employment mean in the context of the equilibrium level of income?
Ans. Full employment, in the context of the equilibrium level of income, refers to a situation where all available labor resources in an economy are utilized. It means that there is no involuntary unemployment, and the economy is operating at its maximum potential output level.
3. What is underemployment?
Ans. Underemployment refers to a situation where individuals are employed, but their skills or qualifications are not fully utilized. It occurs when people are working in jobs that are below their skill level or are working part-time when they desire full-time employment. Underemployment is considered a form of labor market inefficiency.
4. What happens when an economy is over full employment?
Ans. When an economy is over full employment, it means that the labor resources are fully utilized and there is an excess demand for labor. This can lead to wage inflation as employers compete for the limited supply of labor, resulting in higher wages and potentially higher prices. It may also cause production bottlenecks and inefficiencies in the long run.
5. How does the equilibrium level of income relate to economic stability?
Ans. The equilibrium level of income is crucial for economic stability as it represents a state of balance in the economy. When the economy is at the equilibrium level of income, there is no pressure for it to either expand or contract. This stability helps to avoid inflationary or recessionary pressures and ensures a sustainable level of economic growth.
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