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What is an Ideal Solution? |
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What is a Non-Ideal Solution? |
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Types of Non-Ideal Solution |
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What are Azeotropes? |
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Raoult’s Law states that the mole fraction of the solute component is directly proportional to its partial pressure.
On the basis of Raoult’s Law, liquid-liquid solutions are classified into two types of solutions, they are:
• Ideal Solutions
• Non-ideal Solutions
An ideal solution is a mixture in which the molecules of different species are distinguishable, however, unlike the ideal gas, the molecules in ideal solution exert forces on one another. When those forces are the same for all molecules independent of species then a solution is said to be ideal.
Note: Perfectly ideal solutions are rare in nature, only some solutions show some ideal behaviour.
The solutions which don’t obey Raoult’s law at every range of concentration and at all temperatures are called Non-Ideal Solutions. Non-ideal solutions deviate from ideal solutions and are also known as Non-Ideal Solutions.
Types of Non-Ideal Solutions
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Example: consider two components A and B to form non-ideal solutions.
Let the vapour pressure, pure vapour pressure and mole fraction of component A be PA , PA0 and xA respectively and that of component B be PB , PB0 and xB respectively.
These liquids will show positive deviation when Raoult’s Law when
Examples: Following are examples of solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult’s Law
Examples: Following are examples of solutions showing negative deviation from Raoult’s Law
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Ideal & Non-Ideal Solutions
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Azeotropes are defined as a mixture of two liquids which has a constant composition in the liquid and vapour phase at all temperatures.
Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point.
The boiling point of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope).
Maximum Boiling Azeotrope is formed when we mix two non-ideal solutions at some specific composition, showing a large negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
Examples:
Minimum Boiling Azeotrope is formed when we mix two non-ideal solutions at some specific composition, which shows a large positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.
Example: Ethanol ( 95.5%) and water (4.5%) form minimum boiling azeotrope at a boiling temperature of 351.5 K
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1. What is an Ideal Solution? | ![]() |
2. What is a Non-Ideal Solution? | ![]() |
3. What are the types of Non-Ideal Solutions? | ![]() |
4. What are Azeotropes? | ![]() |
5. What is the difference between an ideal and non-ideal solution? | ![]() |