Vector and Scalar Fields
Definition
Let C : R3 →F
, where F is a field. We say that C is a scalar fieldIn the physical world, examples of scalar fields are
(i) The electrostatic potential
in space(ii) The distribution of temperature in a solid body, T(r)
Definition
Let V
be a vector space. Let F : R3 → V , we say that F is a vector field; it associates a vector from V with every point of R3 .In the physical world, examples of vector fields are
(i) The electric and magnetic fields in space
(ii) The velocity field in a fluid
The Gradient
Let C
be a scalar field. We define the gradient as an "operator" ∇ mapping the field C to a vector in R3 such thator as is commonly denoted
We shall encounter the physicist's notion of "operator" before defining it formally in the chapter Hilbert Spaces. It can be loosely thought of as "a function of functions"
Gradient and the total derivative
Recall from multivariable calculus that the total derivative of a function f : R3 →R
at a ∈ R3 is defined as the linear transformation A that satisfiesIn the usual basis, we can express as the row matrix
It is customary to denote vectors as column matrices. Thus we may write
The transpose of a matrix given by constituents aij
is the matrix with constituentsThus, the gradient is the transpose of the total derivative.
Divergence
Let F : R3 → R3
be a vector field and let F be differentiable.We define the divergence as the operator (∇.)
mapping F to a scalar such thatCurl
Let F : R3 → R3
be a vector field and let F be differentiable.We define the curl as the operator ( ∇ x)
mapping F to a linear transformation from R3 onto itself such that the linear transformation can be expressed as the matrixwritten in short as Here, x1,x2,x3
denote x,y,z and so on.the curl can be explicitly given by the matrix:
this notation is also sometimes used to denote the vector exterior or cross product,
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