Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

TWO PORT NETWORK 

  • A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network is known as a port.
  • Two-terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors) result in one-port networks.
  • The four-terminal or two-port circuits are used in op amps, transistors, and transformers.
  • Two Port Network circuit is shown below.
    Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • The current entering one terminal leaves through the other terminal so that the net current entering the port equals zero. 
  • A two-port network consists of two pairs of terminals in which one pair of terminals is designated as input and other pair being output. 
  • Two port networks are useful in communications, control systems, power systems, and electronics. 
  • To characterize a two-port network requires that we relate the terminal quantities V1, V2, I1, and I2. The various terms that relate these voltages and currents are called parameters. 
  • When the voltage or current are compared at same port then the term defined the Driving Imminence Function,while on the other hand when the comparison is done at different port then the function will defined as Transfer Imminence Function.

1. (Z-parameters) Open circuit Impedance Parameters 
Its use is premised on selecting the input port current, I1, and the output port current, I2, as independent electrical variables.
where the zij are called the z-parameters of a two-port net­work. Here, input and output voltages are expressed in terms of input and output currents. The equations are given below.
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2 
where, Z11, Z12, Z21 and Z22 are called the Z-parameters.
So the Z-Parameter can be found as follow:
Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
The z-parameters are also called open-circuit impedance parameters since they are obtained as a ratio of voltage and current and the parameters are obtained by open-circuiting port 2 (I2 = 0) or port 1 (I1 = 0). 

  • Z11 is the driving Point impedance when output is open circuited. 
  • Z12 is the reverse transfer impedance when input is open-circuited. 
  • Z21 is the forward transfer impedance when output is open-circuit. 
  • Z22 is the driving Point impedance when input is open-circuited. 

2. (Y-parameters) Short Circuit Admittance parameters
These parameters are obtained by expressing currents at two ports in terms of voltages at two ports.Thus, voltages V1 and V2 are independent variables, while I1 and I2 are dependent variables.
The equations are given below.
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 
Where, Y11, Y12, Y21, Y22 are called the Y-parameters.
The y-parameters are also called short-circuit admittance parameters. They are obtained as a ratio of current and voltage and the parameters are found by short-circuiting port 2 (V2 = 0) or port 1 (V1 = 0).
So the Y-Parameter can be found as follow:

Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • Y11 Short-circuit driving point input admittance 
  • Y12 Short-circuit reverse transfer admittance 
  • Y21 Short-circuit forward transfer admittance 
  • Y22 Short-circuit driving point output admittance

3. h-parameters: Hybrid Parameters 

  • These parameters are obtained by expressing voltage at input port and the current at the output port. 
  • Two-port network variables selected as independent are the input current and the output voltage. 
  • The input voltage and the output current are the dependent variables of this model. 

Equations for voltage at input port and current at the output port are given below.
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2 
The h-Parameter can be found as follow:
Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • h11 Short-circuit input impedance: 
  • h21 Forward short-circuit current gain it is dimensionless. 
  • h12 Reverse open-circuit voltage gain it is dimensionless : 
  • h22 Open-circuit output admittance: 

The h-parameters are also called hybrid parameters since they contain both open-circuit parameters (I1 = 0) and short-circuit parameters (V2 = 0).

4. (g-parameters) Inverse hybrid parameters 

  • These parameters are obtained by expressing voltage at output port and the current at the input port. 
  • Off-diagonal g-parameters are dimensionless, while diagonal members have dimensions the reciprocal of one another. 

I1 = g11V1 + g12I2 
V2 = g21V1 + g22I2 

Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Here g12 and g21 are dimensionless coefficients, g22 is impedance and g11 is admittance.

5. (T-Parameters) or ABCD parameters Transmission Parameters 
These are generally used in the analysis of power transmission in which the input port is referred as the sending end while the output port is referred as receiving end. These parameters can be obtained by expressing voltage and current at the output port.
ABCD parameters can be defined as following: 

  • A is the reverse voltage ratio with open output. 
  • B is the reverse transfer impedance with shorted output. 
  • C is the reverse transfer admittance with open output. 
  • D is the reverse current ratio with shorted output. 

V1 = AV2 + B(–I2)
I1 = CV2 + D(–I2)

Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
The transmission parameters express the primary (sending end) variables V1 and I1 in terms of the secondary (receiving end) variables V2 and ' -I2 '. The negative of I2 is used to allow the current to enter the load at the receiving end. 

  • Symmetry Condition: if input impedance seen through both the port is same then both port are known as symmetric port.If port are symmetric then both port can be interchanged. 
  • Reciprocity Condition: If only single source is acting in the circuit then “By changing the position of response and excitation if ratio of response is to excitation is constant then circuit is reciprocal”. 

Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

6. Conversion of Z-parameter in term of Y-parameter
Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE) 

  • In the similar fashion we can obtain the other relationship
    Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

7. INTERCONNECTION OF TWO-PORT NETWORKS 
Two-port networks can be connected in series, parallel or cascade. the configuration listed below: 

  • Series Connection: When two 2-port network are connected in series configuration the z- parameter of each port will be directly added in the result of equivalent 2-port network.
    Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

This can be concluded that if two-port networks with Z-parameters [Z]1,[Z]2,[Z]3,[Z]n , are connected in series, then the equivalent two port-parameters are given as
[Z]eq = [Z]1+ [Z]2+ [Z]3+ [Z]n 

  • Parallel-connected Two-port Network: When two 2-port network are connected in Parallel configuration the Y- parameter of each port will be directly added in the result of equivalent 2-port network.
    Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)


This can be concluded that if two-port networks with Y-parameters [Y]1,[Y]2,[Y]3,[Y]n, are connected in Parallel, then the equivalent two port-parameters are given as
[Y]eq = [Y]1+ [Y]2+ [Y]3+ [Y]n 

  • Cascade Connection of Two-port Network:

When two 2-port network are connected in cascaded configuration then the T-parameter of equivalent two port network will be the Product of T-parameter of individual network. 

Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

networks have transmission parameters [A]1,[A]2,[A]3,[A]n, then the equivalent two-port parameter will have a transmission parameter given as
[A]eq = [A]1*[A]2*[A]3*[A]n

The document Study Notes - Two Port Network | Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE) is a part of the Electrical Engineering (EE) Course Network Theory (Electric Circuits).
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FAQs on Study Notes - Two Port Network - Network Theory (Electric Circuits) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What is a two-port network in electrical engineering?
Ans. A two-port network is an electrical circuit or device that has two pairs of external terminals. It can be used to model and analyze various electronic systems, such as amplifiers, filters, and transmission lines. The two-port network is characterized by its input and output characteristics, which relate the voltage and current at the input terminals to those at the output terminals.
2. How do you determine the parameters of a two-port network?
Ans. The parameters of a two-port network can be determined by measuring the voltage and current at the input and output terminals under different operating conditions. The most common parameters used to characterize a two-port network are the transmission parameters (also known as ABCD parameters), which relate the input and output voltages and currents. Other parameters include the impedance parameters (Z-parameters), admittance parameters (Y-parameters), and hybrid parameters (h-parameters).
3. What is the significance of two-port network analysis in electrical engineering?
Ans. Two-port network analysis is essential in electrical engineering as it allows engineers to understand and predict the behavior of complex electronic systems. By characterizing a two-port network and determining its parameters, engineers can analyze and design circuits and devices for specific applications. Two-port network analysis is particularly useful in areas such as telecommunications, signal processing, and power electronics.
4. How can two-port networks be used to design amplifiers?
Ans. Two-port networks are commonly used in the design of amplifiers. By characterizing the input and output characteristics of a two-port network, engineers can determine its gain, input impedance, output impedance, and other important parameters. These parameters can then be optimized to achieve the desired amplification performance. Two-port network analysis allows engineers to design amplifiers with specific voltage gain, current gain, bandwidth, and other performance characteristics.
5. Can two-port network analysis be used for transmission line analysis?
Ans. Yes, two-port network analysis is widely used for transmission line analysis. Transmission lines can be represented as two-port networks, allowing engineers to analyze their characteristics, such as impedance, reflection coefficient, and transmission coefficient. By understanding the behavior of transmission lines using two-port network analysis, engineers can design and optimize communication systems, ensuring efficient signal transmission and minimal signal distortion.
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